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d. All of these. 

With a rise in price the demand for ‘griffin’ goods Increase.

d. All of these

Mixed economy has a co-existence of Private and Public sector.

Types of Taxes 

(1) Direct and Indirect Taxes: 

(i) Direct Tax : Direct Taxes are those taxes which are paid by the same person whom they are levied. The person on whom direct tax is levied cannot shift its burden to others. It has to be borne by the tax-payer himself. In other words, when impact and incidence of tax fall on the same person, it is called direct tax, 

For Example, income tax, property tax, profession tax, wealth tax, etc,are regarded as direct taxes.

(ii) Indirect Tax: Indirect taxes are those taxes whose burden can be shifted i.e. , indirect tax is one which is imposed on one person but it is paid partly or wholly by another person. 

For example , union excise duties, sales tax, custom duties, etc. When we buy goods from a shopkeeper, we have to pay trade tax with the price of the goods. Shopkeeper pays tax on his sale to the government and diverts it on his consumer. Due to this shifting of the tax, trade tax is called indirect tax. 

(2) Proportional, Progressive and Regressive Taxes. 

(i) Proportional Tax – Taxes in which the rate of tax remains constant whatever the size of the tax base may be.

 For example, if the rate of income tax remains 20 percent whatever the size of income is, it will be a proportional tax. 

(ii) Progressive Tax- Taxes in which the rate of tax increases with the increases in the size of tax base, are called progressive taxes. In India, income tax is a progressive tax. 

(iii) Regressive Tax- When the rate of tax decreases as the tax base increases the taxes are called regressive taxes. The burden of such taxes falls, more heavily on the poor than on the rich. 

(3) Specific and Ad- valorem Tax 

According to method of assessment, taxes on commodities may be classified into two groups – specific and ad-valorem. 

(i) Specific tax – Specific taxes are those taxes which are based on specific qualities or attributes of goods such as weight, number or volume of the commodity taxed. 

For example, tax on the sugar on the basis of units of weight and on the cloth on the basis of length units are specific taxes. 

(ii) Ad-valorem tax – Whereas taxes are levied entirely on the basis of moneyvalue of the goods they are called ad-valorem taxes. 

For example, import or export duties are lived in terms of value. Imported or exported goods have nothing to do with their size, length and weight.

Foregin Exchange Rate : - Foreign exchange rate refers to the rate at which one unit of currency of a country can be exchanged for the number of units of currency of another country. In other words , it is the price paid in domestic currency in other to get one unit of foreign currency. In other words exchange rate expresses the ratio of exchange between the currencies of two countries. Hence , exchange rate is the price of currency expressed in terms of another currency. 

(1) According to sayer , “ the price of currencies in terms of each other are called foreign exchange rate.”

(II) According to Crowther , “ The rate of exchange measures number of units of one currency which is exchanged in the foreign market for one unit or another. Favourable and Unfavourable Exchange Rates : Exchange rate may be favourable or unfavourble. 

(A) In Domestic Currency : When exchange rate is experessed in terms of domestic Currency , then falling exchange rate will be favourable and increasing exchange rate becomes unfavourable. 

For example , let us assume that 1 Pound = Rs 80. If exchange rate decreases to Rs 78, it will be favourable for India because now we have to give less money for 1 Pound. On the contrary if 1 Pound = Rs 82 , exchange rate will be unfavourable for India because we have to give more money for one pound. 

(b) In foreign currency :- When exchange rate is expressed in terms of foreign currency, increasing exchange rate will be favourable for domestic currency and decreasing exchange rate will be unfavourable for the domestic country. 

For example: Suppose Rs 1 = 4 cent. If Rs 1 becomes equal to 5 cent, it will be favourable for our country as we will get 5 cent for Rs 1. On the contrary, if exchange rate becomes Rs 1 = 3 cent, then exchange rate will be unfavourable because now less goods could be purchased in lieu of Rs 1.

d. All of these 

The capability of a commodity to satisfy human wants as Utility.

Primary sector 

• It provides the base for all the other products .
• It uses the nature to produce the basic goods which are further put in industries or production units to be converted into useful products. 

Example:

• Farmers produce wheat by exploiting nature.Agriculture comes under primary sector which gives wheat, the basic product .Now wheat is sent to the industries or our mill to be converted into our. 
• Mining which is an activity of primary sector gives raw products which are further rened to obtain the usable product.

Hence, primary sector provides the base for all other products

Domestic product is the sum of value added by all the producers in the domestic territory of a country during a year. It means all value-added activities which are performed within the domestic territory would be included, whether this activity is done by the Indians or foreigners.

Answer is (c) 8

Inflation is a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. 

Due to inflation the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services; consequently, inflation reflects a reduction in the purchasing power per unit of money – a loss of real value in the medium of exchange and unit of account within the economy. In the situation the rising prices stimulate the production of all goods – both of consumption and of capital goods. As producers get more and more profit, they try to produce more and more by utilising all the available resources the their disposal. However, such favourable effects of inflation upon production are not always found. Sometimes, production may come to a standstill position despite rising prices, as was found in recent years in developing countries like India.

Answer is (a) 6

After the death of her husband, she was not given the rights over the property. As she didn't have any son, her daughters were not given the rights over the property. Mrs. Pandit became so sad on the thought that in the absence of her husband she didn't have any identity. Although she had given her full efforts in the struggle for Independence, her efforts were not considered after the death of her husband.

Answer is (a) (x + 4)/3

The correct answer is BharatPe.

• BharatPe
  • BharatPe, India’s largest merchant fintech company, has won the DigiDhan Mission Fintech Award 2018-2019 for 'Innovation in Digital Payments through Emerging Technology' at the MeitY Startup Summit 2019 held in Delhi.
  • The award was presented by Chief Guest, Shri Ravi Shankar Prasad, Minister of Communication, Electronics & IT, and Law & Justice.

• BharatQR, developed by NPCI, Mastercard, and Visa, is an integrated payment system in India.
  • The system, which was launched in September 2016, founded in 2018 facilitates users to transfer their money from one source to another.
  • The money transferred through BharatQR is received directly in the user's linked bank account.
• MobiKwik
  • MobiKwik is an Indian company founded in 2009 that provides a mobile phone-based payment system and digital wallet.
  • Customers add money to an online wallet that can be used for payments. 
  • Founded: April 2009
  • CEO: Bipin Preet Singh 
  • Headquarters location: Gurugram
  • Founders: Bipin Preet Singh, Upasana Taku
• Paytm
  • ​Paytm is an Indian e-commerce payment system and financial technology company, based in Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India. 
  • CEO: Vijay Shekhar Sharma 
  • Founder: Vijay Shekhar Sharma
  • Founded: 2009
• PhonePe​
  • PhonePe is an Indian digital payments and financial services company headquartered in Bangalore, India.
  • PhonePe was founded in December 2015, by Sameer Nigam, Rahul Chari, and Burzin Engineer.
  • The PhonePe app, based on the Unified Payments Interface, went live in August 2016. 
  • Founded: December 2015
  • CEO: Sameer Nigam 

Answer is (a) cos x

Answer is (b) a sec² ax

Answer is (c) 0

The correct answer is Ornithology.

• The study of birds is called ornithology.

• Entomology is the study of insects.
• Myrmecology is the scientific study of ants. It is a branch of entomology.
• Felinology is the study of cats.
• They are all branches of Zoology, which is the study of animals.

The correct answer is Sound waves.

• Echolocation is a technique used by bats, dolphins, and other animals to determine the location of objects using reflected sound. 
• Echolocation pulses consist of short bursts of sounds.

​ 

• ​Bats use echolocation for navigation (flying around at night), for prey detection, and for prey approaching and catching.
  • SONAR, (sound navigation ranging), is a technique used for detecting and determining the distance and direction of underwater objects by using sound waves.
• A wave is defined as a disturbance or variation that transfers energy progressively from point to point in a medium.
  • Electromagnetic waves are formed when an electric field comes in contact with a magnetic field.
  • They are deflected neither by the electric field nor by the magnetic field.
  • Electromagnetic waves do not need any object medium for propagation and can easily travel through the vacuum.
    • Microwaves and radio waves are types of electromagnetic waves.
    • Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies between 300MHz (0.3GHz) and 300GHz.
    • Radio waves are electromagnetic waves within the frequencies 30KHz - 300GHz and include microwaves.
  • ​Sound waves are longitudinal waves that travel through a medium like air or water.

Answer is (a) π/4

Personal income = Net domestic product at factor cost + Net factor income from abroad + (Interest received by households – Interest paid by households) + Transfer income – Corporate tax – Undis-bursed profit.

Therefore, PI = 8000+ 200+ (1500-1200)+ 300-500-1000.

= 8000 + 200 + 300 + 300 – 500- 1000 

= 7300

Personal disposable income = Personal income – Personal tax Therefore, PDI 

= 7300-500 

= 6800.

Perfect competition is a market where there will be existence of large number of buyers and sellers dealing with homogenous products. It is a market with highest level competition.

1. Large number of sellers and buyers: The first condition which a perfectly competitive market must satisfy is concerned with the sellers’ side of the market. The market must have such a large number of sellers that no one seller is able to dominate in the market. No single firm can influence the price of the commodity. The sellers will be the firms producing the product for sale in the market. These firms must be all relatively small as compared to the market as a whole.

Their individual outputs should be just a fraction of the total output in the market. There must be such a large number of buyers that no one buyer is able to influence the market price in any way. Each buyer should purchase just a fraction of the market supplies. Further, the buyers should have any kind of union or association so that they compete for the market demand on an individual basis.

2. Homogeneous products: Another prerequisite of perfect competition is that all the firms or sellers must sell completely identical or homogeneous goods. Their products must be considered to be identical by all the buyers in the market. There should not be any differentiation of products by sellers by way of quality, colour, design, packing or other selling conditions of the product.

3. Free entry and free exit for firms: Under perfect competition, there is absolutely no restriction on entry of new firms in the industry or the exit of the firms from the industry which want-to leave. This condition must be satisfied especially for long period equilibrium of the industry.

If these three conditions are satisfied, the market is said to be purely competitive. In other words, a market characterized by the presence of these four features is called purely competitive. For a market to be perfect, some conditions of perfection of the market must also be fulfilled.

4. Price taker: The single distinguishing character of perfect competition is the price-taking behaviour of the firms. A price-taking firm believes that if it sets a price above the market price, it will be unable to sell any quantity of the good that it produces. On the other hand, if the firm set the price less than or equal to the market price, the firm can sell as many units of the good as it wants to sell.

The firms in the perfect competitive market are price takers. That means, the producers will continue to sell their goods and services in the price existing in the market. Firms have no control over the price of the product.

5. Information is perfect: Price taking is often thought to be a reasonable assumption when the market, has many firms and buyers have perfect information about the price prevailing in the market. Since all firms produce the same good and all buyers are aware of the market price, the firm in question loses all its buyers if it raises price.

Expenditure method is the alternative way to calculate the GDP by looking at the demand side of the products. Here, the aggregate value of the output in the economy by expenditure method will be calculated in the following way.

In this method, we add the final expenditures that each firm makes. Final expenditure is that part of expenditure which is undertaken not for intermediate purposes. If the baker buys Rs. 50 worth of wheat from the farmers is considered as intermediate good and the final expenditure received by the baker is 200. Then the aggregate value of output of the economy is Rs. 200 + Rs. 50 = Rs. 250.

Let us assume that firm ‘i’ makes the final expenditure on the following accounts:

1. Final consumption expenditures on the goods and services by households denoted as C_i. 

2. Final investment expenditure incurred by the firms on capital goods denoted as I_i. 

3. The expenditure that the government makes on the final goods and services produced by the firm, denoted as G_i. 

4. The export revenues that firm i earns by selling its goods and services abroad denoted as X_i

Now the total final consumption, investment, government and export expenditures received by the firm i. Now GDP according to the expenditure method is expressed as follows:

GDP = ΣN_i-1RV_i = C + I + G + X-M

ΣN_i-1 RV_i is the sum of final consumption C, investment is I, government is G and exports is X expenditures (M is imports) received by all the firms in the economy.

Answer is (b) tan^-1 (6/7)

Answer is (a) ± 5

Answer is (b) 0

Answer is (c) sec x tan x

Answer is (c) 1/√(1 - x²)

Answer is (b) 0

Answer is (a) (1/x) cos(log x)

Answer is (b) (0,1,0)

Answer is (c) 5x⁴

Answer is (d) - vector(i + j + k)

Answer is (a) (x⁶/6) + k

Given that line passing through the point (−1, 3, 5) and parallel to line  \(\cfrac{x-3}2\) = \(\cfrac{y-3}3\) =\(\cfrac{z-2}1\). Now, position vector of point (−1, 3, 5) is \(\vec a=-\hat i+3\hat j+5\hat k \).

And direction ratios of given line  \(\cfrac{x-3}2\) = \(\cfrac{y-3}3\) =\(\cfrac{z-2}1\). are 2, 3 and 1.

Now, equation of line parallel to given line is \(\vec b=2\hat i+3\hat j+\hat k \).

We know that vector form of line passing through the point p and parallel to vector \(\vec b\) is given by  \(\vec r=\vec a+\lambda\vec b\) where  \(\vec a\) is position vector of point p.

Therefore, the vector equation of line passing through the point (−1, 3, 5) and parallel to vector \(\vec b\) is  \(\vec r=\vec a+\lambda\vec b\) = \((-\hat i+3\hat j+5\hat k) \) + \(\lambda(2\hat i+3\hat j+\hat k) \).

(Because  \(\vec b\) is parallel to given line and we want to find the line parallel to given line. Therefore, required line is parallel to \(\vec b\). )

Hence, the vector equation of required line is  \(\vec r=\)  \((-\hat i+3\hat j+5\hat k) \) + \(\lambda(2\hat i+3\hat j+\hat k) \).

Answer is (d) 2,-5

Answer is (b) 0

Answer is (b) 3/13,-4/13,12/13

Answer is (d) log x + k