Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Puckering will mean that either the choice of the needle is not correct or there are too many stitches per inch. Adjust the tension of the machine and test till satisfied with the quality of the stitch

• Wipe up any oil spilled on the floor immediately to prevent anyone from slipping.
•  Do not tilt your chair forward or backward while operating the machine.
• Use both hands to raise and lower the machine head./ Always keep your head above the table.
•  Keep your feet off the treadle when you are not operating the machine.
• Keep your feet off the treadle when you are setting or threading the needle.
• Turn the motor off when you are not stitching.
• Turn the motor off before cleaning, oiling or adjusting the machine.
• Turn the motor off before removing or replacing the pulley belt and run the machine out. Wait until all motion has stopped.

Stress \(\sigma\) = \(\cfrac{forcce F}{area A}\) = hence, cross-sectional area, A = \(\cfrac{forcce F}{stress\,\sigma}\)

= \(\cfrac{400}{120\times10^6}\) = 3.333 x 10^-6 m²

Circular area = \(\pi\)r² = 3.3333 x 10^-6 m²

from which, r² = \(\cfrac{3.3333 \times10^{-6}}\pi\) and radius r = \(\sqrt{\cfrac{3.3333 \times10^{-6}}\pi}\)

= 1.030 x 10^-3 m = 1.030 mm

diameter d = 2 x r = 2 x 1.030 = 2.06 mm

The intersection or conjoining of one or more lines with other lines, forms an enclosed space thus creating a shape. A shape is an element of design which is defined by its closed contours or outline. 

In a composition, the filled or solid portion is called positive space while space around the positive space is called negative space.

1. The power sewing machine is much faster as it stitches an average of 5000 stitches per minute. An average home sewing machine makes no more than 800 stitches while a hand sewing machine would stitch a maximum of 300 stitches per minute. 

2. The presser foot in a power machine is controlled with a knee lift, but in a home sewing machine it is operated manually using a lever at the back of needle bar. 

3. The throat plate in a home sewing machine is often marked with seam guides which an industry machine does not have. 

4. In the industrial sewing machine or power machine the presser foot has a narrow opening between the two toes and it holds fabric more securely and firmly. 

5. The industrial sewing machine or power machine has a small and round needle hole on the throat plate than the home sewing machine, which is large and oval. This reduces stitching problems.

Correct option is  B) ash

Given:

Double of number + 9 = resultant

Thrice of resultant = 75

Calculation:

Let the number be x

⇒ 2x + 9 = resultant 

3(2x + 9) = 75

⇒ 6x + 27 = 75 

⇒ 6x = 75 – 27

⇒ 6x = 48

⇒ x = 48/6

⇒ x = 8

∴ The number is 8

By tangent secant theorem,

PQ² = PS × PR 

12² = PS × 8 

PS = 144 / 8 

PS = 18

i.(b) 

ii. (a) 

iii. (b)

i.(b) 

ii. (a) 

iii. (c) 

iv. (b)

a. True. 

b. False. A large field size is required. 

c. False. As the image display is usually in a digital format (such as a liquid crystal display (LCD)), conversion back to an analogue signal is not required. 

d. False. A wide dynamic range is required to cover the range of exposures that will be necessary when performing a range of different examinations. 

e. True.

a. False. This refers to the variation in X-ray sensitivity, which may occur across the detector and be seen in the resultant image. This can be adjusted using gain calibration (so is not irreversible). 

b. True. This is compensated for by a process known as flat-field calibration. However, if there are a significant number of defective pixels, then image quality/ accuracy may be compromised. 

c. True. If data are unprocessed, then the imaging display device may not be able to demonstrate the full range of intensities obtained. This is overcome by a process known as auto-ranging, which processes the data to display only the most important part of the response range relevant to the particular examination performed. 

d. False. It is an automatic process that is performed by software once details of the projection performed have been entered into the system, e.g. chest radio graph. 

e. False.

a. True. Although storage for hard-copy films is no longer required, it should be noted that data storage then becomes an issue. 

b. True. 

c. True. Reporting workstations usually have high-quality liquid crystal displays (LCDs), which are calibrated to the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) standard for that imaging modality. Within the hospital, PACS may be accessed from any PC connected to PACS via the hospital network. As images may be displayed on standard PC monitors, then reporting should be avoided at these workstations (in addition, the viewing environment may not be optimal). 

d. False. They can, which is one of the main advantages of PACS over hard-copy images. 

e. True.

a. True. This may be performed automatically based on the patient characteristics and the projection performed. It can also be manipulated directly by the operator. 

b. False. It can improve contrast and brightness within the image. 

c. True. 

d. True. It improves the spatial resolution within the image. 

e. True.

a. True. With a typical digital matrix size of 3000 x 3000 and 2 bytes of data per pixel (at a minimum), then this is at least 18 Mb (matrix size x number of bytes) of data with a single image. 

b. False. The reverse is true. 

c. True. 

d. False. Digital radiography uses larger matrix sizes. 

e. True.

a. False. CFI uses pulsed-wave Doppler acquisition. Multiple pulses are sent over multiple lines and Doppler shifts are obtained from multiple gates along these lines. Information is presented on a 2D map of flow usually superimposed on a B-mode picture, with colour-coded direction of flow. To speed up data acquisition and processing, phase-shift auto correlation or time domain correlation is used together with faster analysis algorithms. 

b. False. The same Nyquist criterion applies as with spectral pulsed-wave Doppler imaging. 

c. False. The frame rate in CFI is always lower than in pure B-mode imaging, as multiple pulses (typically 2–20) are sent for each scan line. The Doppler pulses will also need to be interleaved with B-mode imaging pulses, further decreasing the frame rate. 

d. True. Power Doppler (energy Doppler) imaging ignores information about the direction and velocity of flow and displays information dependent only on the flow amplitude. This does not change significantly with the angle of insonation. 

e. False. As the name implies, flash artefacts are bursts of signal resulting from the motion of tissue. As power Doppler imaging is more sensitive to motion, flash artefacts are more likely to occur.

a. False. It is a scanning electron beam, which is directed at a phosphor, which produces the visible image. The intensity of the beam is varied, depending on the input of the signal. 

b. False. After prolonged use, the image quality degrades, e.g. loss of contrast and problems with the phosphor. 

c. True. The crystals vary in their degree of polarization when a voltage is placed across them. Each pixel can therefore be manipulated to vary the level of light transmission depending on the input of the signal to that pixel. The resultant image is a summation of all of the pixels. 

d. False. A hard copy may still be obtained using a laser hardware image.

e. False. 

a. False. According to the Nyquist criterion, the waveform measured (shift frequency in this case) needs to be sampled at least twice in each period (time between pulses). Therefore, aliasing occurs when the Doppler shift exceeds half of the sampling frequency (PRF), not double. 

b. True. 

c. True. At higher frequencies, the Doppler shift (which is proportional to frequency) will be larger and more likely to exceed 0.5 PRF. 

d. True. At higher PRF, the Doppler shift that can be measured without aliasing is proportionately higher. Lowering the frequency or increasing the angle of insonation decreases the Doppler shift frequency, so it is less likely to exceed the Nyquist criterion. 

e. True. In this mode, the next Doppler pulse is sent before the echo from the previous pulse is received. This allows measuring of higher flow velocities, but introduces range ambiguity (loss of range resolution).

a. True. It relies on the phase differences arising due to different resonance frequencies of water and fat. The echo time (TE) is chosen such that the echo forms when the water and fat signals have a 180° phase difference between them. In standard spin-echo sequences, these phase differences would be eliminated by the 180° refocusing pulse. 

b. False. The difference in Larmor frequency between fat and water at 1.5 T is approximately 220 Hz. Fat and water will therefore be in phase at every multiple of 1000/220 = 4.6 ms (i.e. at 4.6, 9.2, 13.8 ms, etc.). Hence, they will be out of phase mid-way between these time points (i.e. at 2.3, 6.9, 11.5 ms etc.). 

c. False. At this time point, fat and water are out of phase, so the resulting signal would represent the difference in the fat and water magnetizations in that voxel. 

d. True. Fatty lesions of these organs that contain both fat and water will show signal hypointensity on the out-of-phase images in comparison with the corresponding in-phase images. 

e. True. At interfaces where voxels contain both water and fat, in the out-of-phase images the magnetization cancels, resulting in a one-voxel thin black line as if drawn with ink.

a. True. 

b. False. Identification of the referrer is a part of the IRMER 

c. True. 

d. False. Local rules include the description of controlled and supervised areas, not the dose limit. 

e. False. This is covered under the IRMER.

(a) Muscular fatigue is the condition that occurs due to the accumulation of lactic acid which is formed as a result of anaerobic respiration in the muscles.

 Correct option (c) a, d are correct

(a) Myofilament

(b) Fascicle

a. True. Slightly more hydrogen nuclei align parallel (‘spin up’) than antiparallel (‘spin down’), giving rise to the net longitudinal magnetization M_Z. The difference between protons with parallel and antiparallel alignment is only 3 per million in a 1 T static magnetic field. This can be increased using special techniques (hyper polarization). 

b. False. Protons align with the external field, but precess with different phases, cancelling each other’s transverse magnetization. Therefore, the resulting net transverse magnetization (M_XY) is zero. Their phases are synchronized (‘phase coherence’) by an external 90° radio frequency pulse whose frequency is equal to the Larmor frequency. 

c. False. This is the precessional frequency in a 1 T magnetic field. At 1.5 T, it would be proportionally higher, i.e. 63.9 MHz. 

d. True. This is called chemical shift and is utilized in some fat saturation techniques and opposed-phase imaging. 

e. False. Nuclear magnetic resonance is a property of nuclei with odd numbers of protons and/or neutrons (e.g. ¹³C). Nuclei with even numbers of protons and neutrons have a zero net magnetic moment and cannot be polarized.

a. False. The IRR99 permits the dose limit to be relaxed for carers who are willingly exposed to doses higher than the limits set for the public. 

b. False. A non-classified worker (trainee) under the age of 18 should not receive a dose more than 6 mSv, not 6 Sv. Millisieverts (mSv) is commonly used to measure the effective dose in diagnostic medical procedures (1 mSv = 10³ Sv). 

c. False. Workers are designated as classified if their annual dose limit exceeds 6 mSv. The effective dose limit for classified workers is 20 mSv. 

d. True. Classified workers must be over 18 years of age and certified as being medically fit, prior to employment, to work as a classified person. 

e. False. The IRR99 makes it mandatory to monitor the dose of classified workers only. In practice, the employer monitors the majority of staff working in a controlled area to monitor and keep dose limits within acceptable limits.

The head of the Joint Hindu Family business is called Karta.

Hindu Undivided Family (HUF)

Correct option is C) on

Registration of a partnership is Optional.