Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

IVF and ET refers to In vitro Fertilisation and Embryo Transfer. Gametes from the male and female are collected hygienically and induced to fuse in the laboratory set up under simulated conditions. The zygote formed is collected and is introduced into the uterine region of a host or surrogate mother at an appropriate time (secretory phase). Early embryos (upto 8 cell) are generally transferred to the fallopian tube whereas embryos with more than 8 cells are transferred to the uterns.

In DNA nucleotides can be formed of adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C) or guanine (G). In RNA nucleotides can also contain adenine (A), cytosine (C) or guanine (G), however, instead of thymine (T) there is uracil (U).

The nitrogen-containing bases that form DNA and RNA are classified as pyrimidine and purine bases.

By the analysis of the structural formulae of those nitrogen-containing bases it is possible to realize that three of them, cytosine, thymine and uracil, have only one nitrogenized carbon ring. The others, adenine and guanine, have two nitrogenized associated carbon rings.

Pentoses are carbohydrates made of five carbons. Deoxyribose is the pentose that constitutes DNA nucleotides and ribose is the pentose that is part of RNA nucleotides.

(B) Both pentose nucleic acid and deoxypentose nucleic acid and deoxypentose nucleic acid Contain the same purines

Multiple albinism-

Multiple albinism is a phenomenon that occurs when more than two alleles exist at a given locus of a chromosome and in a given individual. Only two of these alleles occur, one derived from each parent.

Examples:- ABO blood types in human is an example of multiple allelism where alleles I^A, I^B and i produce the four phenotypes (A,B,AB and O) of blood groups. In an individual any two different alleles out of many (I^A, I^B and i) or the same allele in duplicate are present to represent any body group.

Table showing the Genetic Basic of Blood Groups in Human Population

Correct option (D) 260 nm

Nucleic acids are formed by sequences of nucleotides.

Nucleotides are constituted by one molecule of sugar (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA) bound to one molecule of phosphate and to one nitrogen-containing base (adenine, uracil, cytosine or guanine, in RNA, and adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine, in DNA).

(C) Both (A) and (B)

(C) Northern blotting

(C) Western blotting

(B) Purines and pyrimidines 

(C) Western blotting

(A) Sakaguchi reaction

(A) Cytosine

(C) Ester bond

Answer (a) Both the statement are true and statement II is the correct explanation of statement I.

Answer (d) Influenza

More toxic ammonia produced as a result of breakdown of amino acids is converted into less toxic urea in the liver by a cyclic process called Ornithine cycle.

Answer (a) Zygotene

Cretinism is caused due to hypothyroidism in infants. A cretin child shows the following symptoms

1. Retarded skeletal growth

2. Absence of sexual maturity 

3. Retarded mental ability 

4. Thick and short limbs 

5. Thick wrinkled skin 

6. Bloated face 

7. Protruded enlarged tongue 

8. Low BMR, slow pulse rate, subnormal body temperature and elevated blood cholesterol levels

Answer (d) Sickle cell anaemia

The water transport system in sponges through which water enters through minute pores and goes out through the large opening called osculum. It helps is nutrition, circulation, respiration and excretion.

1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (a)

Answer (c) Seven

When a person travels quickly from sea level to elevations above 8000 ft, where the atmospheric pressure and partial pressure of oxygen are lowered, the individual responds with symptoms of acute mountain sickness (AMS)- headache, shortness of breath, nausea and dizziness due to poor binding of O₂ with haemoglobin.

When the person moves on a long – term basis to mountains from sea level is body begins to make respiratory and haematopoietic adjustments. To overcome this situation kidneys accelerate production of the hormone erythropoietin, which stimulates the bone marrow to produce more RBCs.

When a person descends deep into the sea, the pressure in the surrounding water increases which causes the lungs to decrease in volume.

This decrease in volume increases the partial pressure of the gases within the lungs. This effect can be beneficial, because it tends to drive additional oxygen into the circulation, but this benefit also has a risk, the increased pressure can also drive nitrogen gas into the circulation.

This increase in blood nitrogen content can lead to a condition called nitrogen narcosis. When the diver ascends to the surface too quickly a condition called ‘bends’ or decompression sickness occurs and nitrogen comes out of solution while still in the blood forming bubbles.

Small bubbles in the blood are not harmful, but large bubbles can lodge in small capillaries, blocking blood flow or can press on nerve endings. Decompression sickness is associated with pain in joints and muscles and neurological problems including stroke. The risk of nitrogen narcosis and bends is common in scuba divers.

During carbon-dioxide poisoning, the demand for oxygen increases. As the O₂ level in the blood decreases it leads to suffocation and the skin turns bluish black.

The 31 pairs of nerves which emerge out from the spinal cord through spaces called the intevertebral foramina found between the adjacent vertebrae are the spinal nerves.

Answer (b) Law of inheritance

Answer (c) Law of purity of gametes

Two advantages of use of biofertilizer:-

(i) They increase the yield of plants by 15.35%

(ii) They improve soil texture

(iii) Biofertilizers do not allows pathogens to flourish

Ecosystem:-

Ecosystem is a self regulated and self sustaining structure and functions unit of landscape (biosphere) consisting of a living beings and its physical environment both interacting and exchanging materials between them.

Two symptoms of cancer:-

(i) A lump or hard area in the breast or other part of the body

(ii) Non-injury bleeding from the surface of the skin, mouth of any other opening of the body

(iii) Unexplained loss of weight

(iv) Unexpected diminished or lost appetite

(v) Any uncurable ulcer

Mutualism (or symbiosis):-

Mutualism is an interaction between two organisms of different species where both the parents are bene fitted with none of the two capable of living separately.

Example:- Lichens, symbiotic nitrogen fixation, mycorrhizae and cellulose digestion in animals.

Green Revolution:-

Traditional farming can only yield limited food for human and animals. Better management can increase yield but only to a limited extent. But plant breeding as a technology increased yield to a very large extent. In India 'Green Revolution' was resposible for our countery to not only meet our requirements in food production but also helped us to export it.

Name of two green house gases responsible for global warming:-

CO₂, CFC, CH₄CO

Biodiversity:-

Biodiversity or biological diversity is the occurance of different types of ecosystems, different species of organisms with the whole range of their variants (biotypes) and genes adapted to different climates, environments along with their interactions and processes.

It is of three inter related hierarchical levels-

(i) Genetic diversity

(ii) Species diversity

(iii) Community/ecosystem diversity

Difference between DNA and RNA

Roles of lymphocyte in immunity:-

B lymphocytes (B cells) produce antibodies that regulate humoral immunity. The T-lymphocytes themselves do not secrete anti-bodies but help B lymphocytes produce them.

The B cells (B lymphocytes) give rise to plasma and memory cells. As we know both type of lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system are produced in the bone marrow. These production of cells of immune system is the bone marrow in called haematopoiesis.

Certain stem cells in the bone marrow give rize to immature lymphocytes. These lymphocytes migrate via blood to the thymus. Once these cells enter the thymmus, they are called thymocytes. In the thymus these cells mature as T-lyphocytes and leave the thymus and like B lymphocytes migrate to the lymphoid tissue throughout the body. This immunity is also celled T-cell immunity.

Transmission of Malaria:-

Malaria is caused by the toxins produced in the human body by the malarial parasite (plasmodium).

The infective stage of plasmodium is a minute organism called sporozoite. When the mosquito bites man, sporozoites present in the salivary gland of female Anopheles mosquito are injected into the blood of the man.

Transmission of Pneumonia:-

The disease spreads by sputum of the patient. Incubation period is just 1-3 days.

The fresh water and Ecosystem:-

Pond is a self-sustained ecosystem present in a shallow water body. It has all the structural componenets which work as a unit and show all the four functional aspects of the ecosystem.

Structure:- It has both abiotic and biotic componenets.

Abiotic components include water, dissolved inorqanic and organic substances and soil deposit at the bottom. Solar energy cycle of temperature, day length and other climatic conditions regulate the functions.

Biotic component are producers, consumers and decomposers. Producers are autotrops like phytoplankton, some large algae, submerged floating and amphibious (towards the edge) plants. Consumers are zooplankton, free swimming and bottom dwelling animals. They are differentiate into herbivores and carnivores. The important herbivores are zooplankton, larvae, tadpole and some fish. Primary carnivores include water scorpions, water Beetle, dragonfly larvae, Hydra and some fish secondary carnivores are large fish and many water birds. Decomposers include fungi bacteria and flagellates. They are especially abundant at the bottom.

Functions:- A pond peforms the functions of any ecosystem as well as the biosphere as a whole. With the help of radiant energy, autotrophs convert the inorganic materials into organic matter. It is primary productivity. Autotrophs are consumed by heterotrophs which build up their own organic matter. It is secondary productivity. Organic wastes and dead organisms are acted upon by decomposers. Minerals are realeased is the process. The minerals become available to autotrophs for reuse.

There is cycling and recycling of matter. However, energy flow is undirectional. Solar energy is trapped by autotrophs. A part of it is lost by autotrophs. As organic matter, energy  passes to consumers. Every category of consumer dissipates a part of energy. The dissipated energy is lost as heat to the environment.

1. Isolation of the genetic material :

The gene of interest is isolated from the nucleus of the donor organism. This involves digestion of cell wall or cell membrane of the donor organism by enzymatic action to obtain pure form of DNA. 

2. Cutting of DNA at specific locations 

• The pure DNA obtained is cut into several fragments using restriction endonucleases. 
• The fragments generated by restriction endonucleases are separated according to their size by gel electrophoresis. 

3. Ampiflication of gene of interest using PCR 

• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to generate billions of copies of the desired DNA in vitro. This is called amplification. 
• The desired gene is inserted into a suitable vector (Plasmid). 
• The DNA ligases join the complementary ends of plasmid DNA with that of desired gene. The hybrid DNA is called recombinant DNA. 

4. Insertion of recombinant DNA into host cell or organism 

• The recombinant DNA is transformed into a suitable bacterial host (E.coli) by transformation for the expression of the desired gene. 
• The cells into which rDNA is inserted are called transformed cells. 
• The transformed bacterial cells can be identified using suitable selectable markers. 

5. Obtaining the foreign gene product 

• The transformed bacterial cells (recombinants) are grown in bioreactor having suitable nutrient medium. 
• Bioreactors provide optimum conditions for achieving the desired product by providing optimum growth conditions such as temperature, pH, suitable salts, vitamins, oxygen etc. 
• The desired protein is extracted from bacterial cells by separation and purification. These processes constitute downstream processing.

a. Scape, Peidcel, Flagellum

Whiteflies have eggs Stalked.

Aphids is an example of Viviparous.

Both features of soil effect the insects.

a. Cosmopolitan insects

Cornicles are presents in Aphids.

1. c . It faces challenges about the use of personal data. 

2. b. 17th Century 

3. d. All - A , B & C

4. c. 1975 

5. b . Insurance companies access to and use of personal data is both promoting and risky. 

6. d. None of the given statements is true in the context of the passage

1. c.It was located in a building that needed repairs

2. b. He rested in at home and disallowed visitors

3. a. He took the children out to the nearby garden where they could play

4. d. One of the boys did some mischief to the dog. 

5. c. The boy was very badly hurt and his leg started bleeding 

6. d. The children became panicky and rushed to the headmaster. 

7. a. The doctor had left the dispensary and gone home. 

8. d. The continued knock at the door by the headmaster