Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

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1. an, the

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c) Music.

Music is a good inspiring piece touches everybody’s heart.

(a) Hibernation and Aestivation

(b) Ectotherms and Endotherms

The type of diapause which occur in winter Hibernation

A. True About 300 g nitrogen is retained, half by maternal tissues and half by fetal tissues. 

B. False Blood pressure tends to fall, such a rise suggests disease. 

C. False It tends to fall due to increased ventilation. 

D. False Tone decreases and may lead to ureteric reflux and urinary infections. 

E. False It falls, and glucose may appear in urine at normal blood glucose levels.

1. Endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex .vacuole, lysosome 

2.

3. centriole

(a) steroids

When an organ is used it will develop and if it is not used.

(c) Lamarck 

(a) Transpiration is the evaporation of water from aerial parts and of plants, especially leaves but also stems, flowers and fruits. Transpiration is a side effect of the plant need to open its stomata in order to obtain carbon dioxide gas from the air for photosynthesis. Transpiration also cools plants and enables mass flow of mineral nutrients from roots to shoots.

(b) storage and secretion 

(c) In cell biology, a mitochondrion is a membraneenclosed organelle, found in most eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria are "cellular power plants," because they generate most of the cell's supply of ATP, used as a source of chemical energy. Each pyruvate molecule produced by glycolysis is actively transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane, and into the matrix where it is oxidized and combined with coenzyme A to form CO₂, acetyl- CoA and NADH.

(b) parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma

(c) The smooth endoplasmic reticulum has functions in several metabolic processes, including synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates and calcium concentration, drug detoxification, and attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins.

(d) mitochondria

(b) they move proteins and lipids between different parts of the organelle. 

(c) Although most of a cell's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus, mitochondria have their own independent genomes. As mitochondria contain ribosomes and DNA, and are only formed by the division of other mitochondria, it is generally accepted that they were originally derived from endosymbiotic prokaryotes. Plastid DNA exists as large protein-DNA complexes associated with the inner envelope membrane and called 'plastid nucleoids'. Each nucleoid particle may contain more than 10 copies of the plastid DNA.

(a) The Golgi apparatus is integral in modifying, sorting, and packaging the substances for cell secretion or for use within the cell. It primarily modifies proteins delivered from the rough endoplasmic reticulum, but is also involved in the transport of lipids around the cell, and the creation of lysosomes.

Curd can be used as a sample for the study of microbes. Curd contains numerous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) or Lactobacillus. These bacteria produce acids that coagulate and digest milk proteins. A small drop of curd contains millions of bacteria, which can be easily observed under a microscope.

(a) The clot buster is used to dissolve clot is Streptokinase. It is obtained from bacteria Streptococcus. 

(b) The bio-active molecule is Cyclosporin A. It is obtained from Trichoderma polysporum. 

(c) The blood cholesterol lowering agent is Statins. It is produce by the yeast Monascus purpureus.

Lactic acid bacteria can be found in curd. It is this bacterium that promotes the formation of milk into curd. The bacterium multiplies and increases its number, which converts the milk into curd. They also increase the content of vitamin B12 in curd. Lactic acid bacteria are also found in our stomach where it keeps a check on the disease-causing micro-organisms.

Microbes play an important role in organic farming, which is done without the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Bio-fertilizers are living organisms which help increase the fertility of soil. It involves the selection of beneficial micro-organisms that help in improving plant growth through the supply of plant nutrients. Biofertilizers are introduced in seeds, roots, or soil to mobilize the availability of nutrients. Thus, they are extremely beneficial in enriching the soil with organic nutrients. Many species of bacteria and cyanobacteria have the ability to fix free atmospheric nitrogen. Rhizobium is a symbiotic bacteria found in the root nodules of leguminous plants. Azospirillium and Azotobocter are free living nitrogen-fixing bacteria, whereas Anabena, Nostoc and Oscillitoria are examples of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. Bio-fertilizers are cost effective and eco-friendly.
Microbes can also act as bio-pesticides to control insect pests in plants. An example of bio-pesticides is Bacillus thuringiensis, which produces a toxin that kills the insect pests. Dried bacterial spores are mixed in water and sprayed in agricultural fields. When larvae of insects feed on crops, these bacterial spores enter the gut of the larvae and release toxins, thereby it. Similarly, Trichoderma are free living fungi. They live in the roots of higher plants and protect them from various pathogens. Baculoviruses is another bio-pesticide that is used as a biological control agent against insects and other arthropods.

Chain Stores or Multiple Shops 

Multiple shop is a system of branch shops operated under centralised management and dealing in a similar line of goods. Branches are located throughout the nation.

Features of multiple shops 

1. It deals in one or two lines of products.

2. All branches are dealing in similar goods 

3. It has centralized management and a unified system of control 

4. It eliminates middlemen. 

5. It works on cash and carry the principle 

6. It has centralized buying and decentralized selling. 

7. There is uniformity in operation in all branches. 

8. It deals with goods of daily use and durables.

Advantages 

1. It enjoys economies of bulk purchase because the goods for all branches are purchased by head office. 

2. There is no risk of bad debts because all sales are on a cash basis. 

3. The advertisements for all branches are done by the head office. So there is an economy in the advertisement. 

4. Multiple shops are located in towns and cities. They attract a large number of customers. 

5. All branches of multiple shops are uniform in style, design, and display of goods. 

6. All the branches sell quality goods at uniform prices. It creates public confidence. 

7. The economy in large scale buying, centralized management, etc. reduces the cost of operations. 

8. Products having no demand in one branch can be transferred to another branch. It reduces business risk. 

9. Multiple shops enjoy the benefits of quick turn over because of countrywide location.

Limitations

1. The multiple shops deal only in a limited range of products. So consumers have very little choice. 

2. They will not provide any credit facilities to consumers. 

3. There is a lack of personal touch between the company and consumers because branches are managed by salaried managers. 

4. The branch manager is only a salaried employee. He has no initiative to increase profits. 

5. As these shops deal in a limited line of goods, a fall in demand will affect the business.

The correct answer is 1 and 3 only

• Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
  • Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is an international agreement to regulate worldwide commercial trade in wild animal and plant species.
  • It restricts trade in items made from such plants and animals, such as food, clothing, medicine, and souvenirs.
  • It was signed on March 3, 1973 (Hence world wildlife day is celebrated on March 3).
  • It is administered by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Hence, statement 1 is correct.
  • Secretariat — Geneva (Switzerland).
  • CITES is legally binding on state parties to the convention, which is obliged to adopt their own domestic legislation to implement its goals. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
  • CITES was drafted as a result of a resolution adopted at a meeting of members of IUCN. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Chain Stores or Multiple Shops 

Multiple shop is a system of branch shops operated under centralised management and dealing in a similar line of goods. Branches are located throughout the nation.

Features of multiple shops 

1. It deals in one or two lines of products. 

2. All branches are dealing in similar goods 

3. It has centralized management and a unified system of control 

4. It eliminates middlemen. 

5. It works on cash and carry the principle 

6. It has centralized buying and decentralized selling. 

7. There is uniformity in operation in all branches. 

8. It deals with goods of daily use and durables.

Advantages 

1. It enjoys economies of bulk purchase because the goods for all branches are purchased by head office. 

2. There is no risk of bad debts because all sales are on a cash basis. 

3. The advertisements for all branches are done by the head office. So there is an economy in the advertisement. 

4. Multiple shops are located in towns and cities. They attract a large number of customers. 

5. All branches of multiple shops are uniform in style, design, and display of goods. 

6. All the branches sell quality goods at uniform prices. It creates public confidence. 

7. The economy in large scale buying, centralized management, etc. reduces the cost of operations.

8. Products having no demand in one branch can be transferred to another branch. It reduces business risk. 

9. Multiple shops enjoy the benefits of quick turn over because of countrywide location. 

Limitations 

1. The multiple shops deal only in a limited range of products. So consumers have very little choice.

2. They will not provide any credit facilities to consumers. 

3. There is a lack of personal touch between the company and consumers because branches are managed by salaried managers. 

4. The branch manager is only a salaried employee. He has no initiative to increase profits. 

5. As these shops deal in a limited line of goods, a fall in demand will affect the business.

Chain stores

It was traditionally said that an entrepreneur is born but, in reality, an entrepreneur is not just born but is aspired to become one. Men and women who carry a sense of self-efficacy, are the ones who are capable of being a potential source of entrepreneurship. Herein, achievement motivation plays an important role in aspiring them to become an entrepreneur. What drives an individual towards entrepreneurship is the inclination towards achieving something different. Achievement and excelling over competitive situations proves as a motivating factor to take up entrepreneurship. Moreover, the desire is to accomplish difficult and different situations as independently as possible. The platform to fulfil these desires is provided by entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship drives an individual to excel one’s self and overcome the obstacles through successful exercise of talent. That is, entrepreneurship creates a platform for exercising creativity and self-development. Hence, achievement motivation plays an important role in entrepreneurship.

(c) An entrepreneur performs various functions such as risk-taking, provisioning of capital and organisation of production and day to day conduct of business. Although innovation is an important ‘characteristics’ of an entrepreneur but, it is not his core function. While, an entrepreneur needs to be innovative while planning and deciding upon business activities as to fulfill the public demand but, it is not his duty to innovate new technology or products. Thus, innovation is not a function to be performed rather an essential characteristic of a successful entrepreneur.

(a) Risk refers to the probability that the realised profits are less than the expected profit. When an entrepreneur sets up a venture, he is not sure of its success. There is no assurance of returns or profits. Moreover, he also takes up the risk of choosing entrepreneurship as a career over practice of a profession that involves an assured pay off. However, an entrepreneur always takes calculated risk. As per their skill, training and confidence, they try to minimize the risk. For example, an entrepreneur might enter into prior contracts with the customers and thereby, ensure the sale of the product. Thus, it can be said that entrepreneurs undertake moderate and calculated risk.

In the writings of Richard Cantillon, an entrepreneur is described as an agent who purchases means of production at certain prices, converts them into final products to sell them at uncertain prices in future. Herein, the key element which needs to be taken into consideration is ‘uncertainty regarding future’. When an entrepreneur starts up a new business he is never sure of its success. It may happen that the business may flourish in the successful direction or it might also happen that it ruins everything that the entrepreneur has. Although the possibility of absolute ruin is very rare, but the risk is always there. Moreover, when an individual opts for entrepreneurship as a career he gives up career in employment. That is, he gives up a well promised job or profession that provides assured returns. However, in reality what he is taking up is called moderate and calculated risk. When an entrepreneur decides to take up a new business venture, then first of all he weighs the favours against the odds on the basis of his skills, abilities and confidence. On this basis, they generally avoid the situations that are highly risky. Thus, they do undertake risks but such risks are moderate and calculated ones. They take up those ventures where the odds and favours are in equal probability and where they have the confidence of converting a only a 50% probability of success into 100% success. Thus, it can be said that they undertake moderate and calculated risk.

Many people are efficacious in the sense that they have a self-perception along with the confidence of turning the odd situations into the favourable ones. Such individuals have the potential of becoming a successful entrepreneur. Such individuals have the ability required to be an entrepreneur. What they require is a set of motivating factors. There are many enablers and disablers of entrepreneurship such as socio-cultural situations, individual values, etc. which affect the decision to take up entrepreneurship as a career. Four primary drivers of entrepreneurial behaviour have been identified, namely, N-Ach, N-Pow, N-Aff and N-Aut.

Need for Achievement (N-Ach): An urge to accomplish the competitive situations and to use one’s talent to achieve high standards of excellence drives an individual towards entrepreneurship. This need for achievement refers to mastering, manipulating and organising the human resources and ideas in order to attain something difficult. Entrepreneurship creates a platform for exercising creativity and self-development. Entrepreneurship drives an individual to excel one’s self and to overcome the obstacles through successful exercise of talent.

Need for Power (N-Pow): Power refers to the authority to influence and direct people. An entrepreneur is the owner of his enterprise and thereby holds the power to control its various activities. Moreover, a successful entrepreneur uses his power to fulfill not only his own personal interests but also at the same time can provide positive impetus to the society as well.

Need for Affiliation (N-Aff): Every person has a need for affiliation. That is, he desires to conform to the wishes and aspirations of the people whom he/she values. Although entrepreneurs are believed to be low on affiliation but, this is not true. One may not work for self-fulfillment but for his/her family’s gratification. For instance, one may wish to carry on with his family business and works to take it to a greater height. This is perceived as the need for affiliation. Thus, entrepreneurship fills in the need for affiliation and motivates a person to satisfy his social needs via choosing entrepreneurship as a career.

Need for Autonomy (N-Aut): Need for autonomy refers to the need for freedom and independence. Unlike other professional practices, entrepreneurship provides the freedom of being responsible to one’s own self. In other words, entrepreneurship provides the opportunity of being responsible and accountable to ones’ own self rather than working under some external authority. Such a freedom motivates the people to take up entrepreneurship as a career.

The three terms ‘entrepreneur’, ‘entrepreneurship’ and ‘enterprise’ are different yet interrelated to each other. An entrepreneur refers to a person/individual who starts up a business. He is the one who takes up the basic idea of setting up the business. In the process of setting up the business, he undertakes risk, coordinates production resources and undertakes innovation. This whole process of setting up a new business is called entrepreneurship. The final result, that is, the business which is established after undertaking the process of entrepreneurship is called an enterprise. Thus, ‘entrepreneur is the person’ who undertakes the ‘process of entrepreneurship’ to set up an ‘enterprise’.

1. Toxin free homes and cities. 

2. Protecting and restoring ecosystem.