Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

(A) Foods cooked in iron pots

Correct option is B) scales

Correct option is A) ready

Correct option is D) scarf

Some bacteria ferment milk lactose by lactic fermentation producing lactic acid. This product is responsible for the acidic the flavour of yoghurts, curd and milk.

Correct option is C) flannel

Correct option is D) pillow

Correct option is B) clothes

Fermentation has the function of making cakes and bread grow. This is accomplished by liberation of carbon dioxide in alcoholic fermentation as the gas passes through the dough and makes it grow. In lactic fermentation, there is no liberation of carbon dioxide and the desired result would not be obtained.

Correct option is B) sink

In fermentation glucose (sugar) is degraded into pyruvic acid (each glucose molecule forms two pyruvic acid molecules). In this process two molecules of ATP are produced.

According to the type of fermentation, pyruvic acid can produce ethanol and carbon dioxide (in alcoholic fermentation) or lactic acid (in lactic fermentation). There are other varieties of fermentation in which pyruvic acid can generate acetic acid (acetic fermentation), propionic acid, isopropanol (alcohol too), etc. The type of fermentation depends on the species of the involved organisms.

The two main types of fermentation are alcoholic fermentation and lactic fermentation.

In alcoholic fermentation pyruvic acid, an intermediate molecule is converted into ethanol with the liberation of carbon dioxide. The alcoholic fermentation the equation is as follows:

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 2 ADP + P --> 2 C₂H₅OH + 2 CO₂ + 2 ATP

In lactic fermentation pyruvic acid is transformed into lactic acid and there is no production of carbon dioxide. The lactic fermentation equation is:

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 2 ADP + P --> 2 C₃H₅OOH + 2 ATP 

Some cells that usually obtain energy from aerobic cellular respiration can carry out fermentation when oxygen is not available.

There are bacteria and fungi that under absence of oxygen use their anaerobic metabolic capability for energetic supply. Muscle cells carry out fermentation too when oxygen is scarce.

(a) Homo erectus was the fossil that had evolved from Homo habilis

(b) The correct sequence from early to late geological period is: 

Silurian period → Carboniferous period → Jurassic period

A. True D₂O (heavy water) exchanges with water in all body fluid compartments. 

B. True Women carry relatively more fat than men and fat has a low water content. 

C. True ADH in the extracts inhibits water excretion by the kidneys. 

D. False It rises as fat stores are metabolized to provide energy. 

E. True 70 per cent, the percentage in the lean body mass, is about the maximum per cent possible.

A. False The anticoagulant effects of heparin are overwhelmed. 

B. False Blood clots in spite of the fibrinolytic system. 

C. True Removal of calcium ions prevents clotting. 

D. True Vitamin K is needed by the liver for synthesis of prothrombin and other factors. 

E. False The spontaneous bleeding from the gums etc. seen in scurvy is due to capillary abnormality, not a clotting defect.

A. False The normal erythrocyte lifespan is 16–18 weeks. 

B. True The RES removes effete RBCs from the circulation. 

C. False Most of the iron is retained for further use. 

D. True The protein makes the bilirubin relatively water-soluble. 

E. False Bile salts are synthesized from sterols in the liver. 

A. True e.g. Thromboplastin, part of the intrinsic pathway. 

B. True Vascular leaks are sealed by such platelet plugs. 

C. False High Ca²⁺ levels are not needed for haemostasis; normal levels are adequate. 

D. True e.g. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine). 

E. False Serotonin from platelets can release vascular plasminogen activators.

A. True Blood viscosity rises exponentially with the haematocrit. 

B. True It catalyses the reaction CO₂ + H₂O = H⁺ + HCO₃^- . 

C. True Glycolysis generates the energy needed to maintain electrochemical gradients across their membranes. 

D. False This is isotonic with their contents. 

E. False The walls deform easily to squeeze through capillaries.

A. False It is a porphyrin pigment derived from haem. 

B. False Bilirubin is derived from biliverdin formed from haem, not the other way about.

C. True The ‘blood–brain barrier’ normally prevents bilirubin entering brain tissue. 

D. False The bilirubin–protein complex is too large to pass the glomerular filter. 

E. True Light converts bilirubin to lumirubin which is excreted more rapidly; photo therapy may be used in the treatment of haemolytic jaundice in children.

A. True This appears about the time of birth. 

B. False This would make them blood group AB. 

C. True They could inherit an A gene from the other parent to give genotype AO. 

D. False B or AB are possible depending on the partner’s genes. 

E. True In this case, neither parent has the B gene.

A. False They originate from stem cells in bone marrow. 

B. True Activated T cells release GMCSF (granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor) which stimulates monocyte stem cells to proliferate. 

C. False After 4–6 days in the circulation, monocytes migrate out to become tissue macrophages. 

D. True The ‘giant cells’ seen in tissues affected by tuberculosis and leprosy. 

E. False Immunoglobulins are made by ribosomes in lymphocytes.

Apis indica (Indian bee) is the most common species of bee reared in India. The other important species that can also be reared are: Apis mellifera (Italian bee), Apis dorsata (rock bee) and Apis florea (little bee). The rearing of bees can be done in any area with plantation such as orchards, farms, etc., where sufficient pollen and nectar are available. Such places are called apiary sites. The following points should be taken care of: 

(i) Since pollen and nectar are available only in flowering season so seasonal management is very important. This season is known as honey flow season. In this season the pollination efficiency as well as honey production, both get increased. The nectar collected by the bees is passed through the pre-oral cavity and tongue to ripen it. Honey is then deposited in the cells. Hence, more space for storage of honey should be provided during this season. 

(ii) During summer season, adequate shade and water should be provided by artificial constructions or by keeping the beehives under the trees. Proper ventilation should also be provided. Sugar syrup and pollen supplement are provided as food source. 

(iii) During winter season, disease-free colonies should be maintained. The hives should be provided with new queens. 

(iv) During rainy season, dampness should be avoided and since bees cannot go out to collect pollen and nectar, sugar syrup should be provided as food. Knowledge of hiving the swarms. 

(v) Proper handling of beehives and collection of honey and beeswax. One should wear protective clothing while handling the honey bees. Smokers are also used by the bee-keepers to keep them calm while handling them.

A. False Healthy normal people do not benefit from vitamin B₁₂ supplements. 

B. True The RBC deficit is corrected by bone marrow stimulation by erythropoietin. 

C. True The reduced oxygen carrying capacity of the blood causes release of erythropoietin which stimulates RBC stem cells in the bone marrow. 

D. True The anaemia seen in nephrectomized patients is due largely to lack of erythropoietin. 

E. True A raised reticulocyte count is evidence of a hyperactive bone marrow. 

A. True Derived from plasma proteins leaked from capillaries into the tissues; it returns these to the blood. 

B. False Lymph vessels are involved in the uptake and transport of absorbed fat. 

C. True Increased capillary pressure due to muscle vasodilatation increases tissue fluid formation. 

D. False It contains lymphocytes derived from lymph nodes. 

E. True In addition, intrinsic rhythmic contractions in lymphatics help to propel lymph.

A. True Since red cells are heavier than plasma. 

B. True This gives a slightly lower value than centrifugation which traps a little plasma between cells. 

C. True Due to loss of plasma and interstitial fluid. 

D. False It falls as extracellular fluid and hence plasma volume increases. 

E. False Though individual RBCs are large, total red cell mass is decreased.

A. False Some of the saline escapes from the circulation to the interstitial fluid. 

B. True It corrects the acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid and CO₂ in the tissues. 

C. False Alimentary secretions are rich in potassium. 

D. True Glucose is metabolized, leaving the water to be distributed in both compartments. 

E. True Hypertonic extracellular fluid will draw water osmotically from the cells.

Option : A. Plasma

A. False If the normal percentage of plasma in centrifuged blood is about 55 per cent. 

B. True If the plasma is cloudy or even milky. 

C. True If the plasma is yellow. 

D. True If the plasma is red. 

E. True If the buffy coat is greatly thickened.

A. True Oedema is an increase in the interstitial component of ECF. 

B. True Albumin deficiency reduces plasma colloid osmotic pressure. 

C. True Protein accumulates in interstitial fluid and reduces the colloid osmotic pressure gradient across the capillary wall. 

D. True This contributes to a new pressure equilibrium. 

E. False Arteriolar constriction in hypertension raises arterial, but not capillary, pressure.

Option : D. Sphygmomanometer

A. False It affects babies of Rh-negative mothers when the child’s red cell membranes carry the D antigen. 

B. False It occurs in Rh-positive babies. 

C. False The jaundice deepens rapidly after birth as bilirubin is no longer excreted by the maternal liver. 

D. False This would be attacked by maternal Rh antibodies in the infant’s blood; Rhnegative blood is given. 

E. True These destroy fetal Rh-positive cells in the maternal circulation before such cells can sensitize her to D antigen.

Option : B. Plants

Option : C. Liver

Option : C. Cockroach

Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate macromolecules, especially proteins and nucleic acids according to their in size, charge or conformation under electric field.

Option : B. Tissue

Option : D. Earthworm

Trichoderma polysporum

Option : C. Urochrome

Dr. Swaminathan

The property of spreading of cancer cells from one part of the body to other parts is called metastasis.

The phenomenon of producing functionally similar structures (analogous organs) by distantly related organisms is called convergent evolution.

The process of embedding or attachment of blastocyst (embryo) to the wall of uterus (endometrium) is called implantation.

a. Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) is used to prevent or reverse blood clots. 

b. Human Growth Hormone producer gene helps treat pituitary dwarfism. 

c. Human blood clotting factor VIII is used to treat hemophiliacs. 

d. Human insulin (HUMULIN) to treat diabetes (insulin dependent diabetes) 

e. Tissue growth factor - Beta promotes epidermal growth and formation of new blood vessels. Used in treatment of burns and for wound healing.

f. DNase is used to treat cystic fibrosis. 

g. Bovine growth hormone helps to increase cattle and dairy yield. 

h. Recombinant vaccines for prophylaxis of human and animal viral diseases (hepatitis B). 

i. Genetically engineered bacteria helps in enhanced production of industrial enzymes, citric acid and ethanol.

(i) Blood flows through great pressure in glomerulus because the afferent arteriole, which delivers blood to the glomerulus, has little vascular resistance because it is short and wide. And the pressure in capillaries of glomeruli is so high because it is specialized for filtration.

(ii) The afferent arteriole is of larger diameter than the efferent. This means there is high resistance as the blood is forced from a wider vessel to a narrower one and this promotes filtration.

Answer is:

(C) ii 

(B) Bacillus thuringiensis 

(C) Datura stramoneum

(B) Vitamin B