Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

a. False. β⁺ decay occurs in radionuclides with a neutron deficit. 

b. False. Radionuclides lose energy and become stable in β⁺ decay by a proton changing to a neutron plus a positive electron (known as a positron). The positron is ejected from the nucleus with high energy. 

c. True. 

d. False. The conversion of a proton to a neutron results in the atomic mass being conserved. 

e. True.

The correct answer is Shyamji Krishna Verma.

• Shyamji Krishna Varma was an Indian freedom fighter, lawyer, and journalist.
• Shyamji Krishna Varma founded the 'Indian Home Rule Society' in London.
• He came to Britain in 1879 as a Sanskrit scholar.
• Indian Home Rule Society in London was established in 1905.
• He also established India House in Highgate (at 65 Cromwell Avenue) in London in 1905.
• India House in Highgate was established as a hostel for Indian students, which became a meeting place for Indian revolutionaries in London.
• The journal "the Indian sociologist" was founded by Shyamji Krishna Varma.
• He moved to Paris in 1907 to escape from arrest and censure by the British Government in relation to his published inflammatory material.
• He died in Geneva in 1930.

a. False. It allows adjustment of the beam size. It has no effect on filtration. 

b. True. This is a light source that projects as though it originated from the X-ray focus, allowing the operator to see the position of the beam projected onto the patient. 

c. True. 

d. True. Less tissue is irradiated by directing the X-ray beam onto a smaller target area. 

e. False. It decreases the volume of tissue irradiated and the radiation dose.

a. False. A radionuclide with a neutron deficit may increase its number of neutrons by capturing an electron from the K-shell, which combines with a proton to form a neutron. 

b. False. The neutron (no charge) is formed from the combination of a negative electron and a positive proton, leaving no net change in the charge.

c. True. The conversion of a proton to a neutron results in the atomic mass being conserved. 

d. True. Atomic number is equal to the number of protons. 

e. False. The daughter nuclide emits characteristic X-ray radiation as a result of an electron from an outer shell filling the vacancy in the K-shell.

a. False. Intensity refers to the total energy per unit area, passing per unit time, which is reduced by filtration. 

b. True. Filtration results in beam hardening, resulting in a more penetrative beam, and causing an increase in HVL. 

c. False. Filtration causes the peak photon energy to increase, i.e. the energy level that the largest numbers of photons have. 

d. False. Filtration increases the minimum and effective photons, i.e. those that contribute to the image. 

e. True. Filtration reduces the skin dose while having little effect on the image.

a. False. Filtration aims to remove a large proportion of lower energy photons, which are mainly absorbed by the patient and do not contribute to the image. 

b. True. The tube housing forms part of the inherent filtration along with the insulating oil, glass inserts and the target itself. 

c. True. Photoelectric absorption is inversely proportional to photon energy and therefore attenuates the lower energy photons. 

d. True. Total filtration = inherent filtration + added filtration. 

e. False. Copper has a higher atomic number than aluminium and hence a greater photoelectric absorption efficiency.

a. False. Electromagnetic radiation is identified according to its source. Electrons interacting with a tungsten target, in an X-ray tube, form X-rays. Gamma rays are formed as a result of radioactive decay in the nucleus. 

b. False. Gamma rays have similar properties to X-rays, both of which have no mass. 

c. True. 

d. True. Similar to X-rays, frequency is proportional to photon energy, which is inversely proportional to wavelength. 

e. True. Gamma rays can interact with an inner-shell electron displacing it from the atom (conversion electron). The vacancy is filled with an electron from the outer shell leading to X-ray emission. This process is known as ‘internal conversion.’

a. False. Positrons are positively charged electrons that result from radioactive decay. 

b. True. Beta particles are produced as a result of radioactive decay. Similar to photo electrons (photoelectric effect) and recoil electrons (Compton effect), they travel through material and interact with the outer shell of nearby atoms, resulting in them becoming ionized or excited. 

c. False. The collision of a positron with a negatively charged electron results in two gamma photons. 

d. True. 

e. True.

a. False. Beta radiation is made up of electrons. Negative electrons are known as negative beta particles and positive electrons are known as positrons. 

b. True. 

c. True.

d. True. 

e. False. Like other secondary electrons, beta rays follow a random path in matter.

The correct answer is Srirangapatnam.

• Tipu Sultan built this palace in 1784 and ruled Mysore from Srirangapatnam.

• Tipu Sultan was the ruler of Mysore.
  • Tipu Sultan is well known as the “Tiger of Mysore”.
  • He had the image of a tiger on his flag.
  • He is the son of powerful Mysore ruler Haidar Ali.
  • Tipu Sultan ruled Mysore from 1782 to 1799.
  • He maintained a positive relationship with the French in India and modernized his army with their help.
  • The French commander-in-chief Napoleon Bonaparte sought an alliance with Tipu Sultan
  • The Treaty of Srirangapatnam (1792) is associated with Tipu Sultan.
  • He was killed while defending his capital Seringapatam.

a. False. The physical half-life is the time taken for a radio pharmaceutical to decay to half its original value. 

b. False. The physical half-life is a fixed characteristic of the radio pharmaceutical and is unaffected by factors such as heat and chemical reactions. 

c. True. The exponential decay graph can be used to calculate how much activity should be prepared in order to use at a particular time later on. 

d. False. The physical half-life is dependent on the decay of the radio nuclide and is not influenced by the pharmaceutical agent used. 

e. False.

a. True. Like electrons, positrons have a relative atomic mass of 1/1840. 

b. True. Beta particles are secondary electrons that travel through matter resulting in a trail of ions.

c. False. The collision of a positron with a negative electron results in the two charges neutralizing each other and the two masses being converted to energy (annihilation). 

d. True. The process of annihilation results in the release of gamma photons, which travel in opposite directions to each other. 

e. True. As these secondary electrons travel through tissue, some of their kinetic energy is transformed to heat energy.

a. False. Biological half-life is dependent on the rate of elimination of the radio pharmaceutical from the body. 

b. True. A radio pharmaceutical is eliminated from the body by organ-dependent processes such as metabolism (liver) and excretion (kidneys). 

c. True. 1/effective half-life = 1/physical half-life þ 1/biological half-life. 

d. False. The effective half-life is shorter than the biological or physical half-life. 

e. False. The biological half-life is dependent on the pharmaceutical agent used, as well as patient factors (e.g. disease process, renal failure) and therefore differs among individuals.

a. True. 

b. False. For example, Re-188 is generator produced. 

c. False. This is a measurement of radiation dose, not activity. 

d. False. Count rate is proportional to the number of atoms in a sample. 

e. False. Radioactive decay is a stochastic process; however, within a half-life there is a 50% chance of a particular atom of a radioactive material decaying.

a. True. 

b. False. The activity of a radioactive sample decreases by equal fractions in equal time intervals (exponential law). 

c. False. The degree of radioactivity depends on the quantity of radioactive material at any given moment. 

d. False. Although cyclotron-produced radioisotopes generally have short half-lives, some such as Ga-67 and In-111 have longer half-lives than Tc-99m. 

e. True.

a. True. This is referred to as the exponential law. 

b. True. The higher the rate of decay, the higher the number of gamma and beta particles produced. 

c. False. Some isotopes have multiple decay patterns producing a range of gamma rays. Examples include Ga-67 and I-131.

d. False. The activity of a radio nuclide decreases exponentially and hence never reaches zero. 

e. True. The number of radioactive atoms in a sample is proportional to the rate of decay.

The phenomenon of spontaneous emission of radiation by heavy element is called radioactivity.

Example-U, P_o, Th, Ac. etc.

α-rays  β-rays  γ -rays

Commparision of properties of α,β &γ 

Answer (C) tribasic acid

Answer (D) Zn²⁺

Correct answer is beret

Correct answer is veil

Correct answer is turban

Correct answer is headscarf

Seibei's hobby was collecting gourds.

Correct option is C) queue

Correct option is B) passed out

Correct option is A) by

Correct option is B) for

Correct option is C) in

In biotechnology, ethical issues have started arising in various societies. Objections are being raised to genetic modifications as the people, all over the world, feel that GM goods have acted in unethical ways. Such a manipulation of living organisms by the human beings can not go any more without regulation because several societies have started objecting to genetic modifications as they feel that GM foods have acted in unethical ways. In several instances protestors destroyed what they thought were fields of GM plants. The related problem was further enhanced when some agricultural companies started marketing GM crops that did not produce viable seeds. This has forced the farmers to purchase new seeds in each season. The only solution was to put some regulatory measures on these activities taking care of morality on such issues on one hand and the biological importance of these studies on the other. Thus an organisation aiming to regulate biotechnological activities was established by Indian Government named GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval Committee). The aims and objectives of GEAC are– 

(i) To persuit the use of GM organisms and their products for commerical applications. 

(ii) To adopt producers for restriction, production, scale, import, export and application of GM organisms. 

(iii) To approve for conduct of large scale field trails and release of transgenic crop in the environment. 

The committee gave approval for cultivation of Bt cotton, the only commercially grown GM crop in India, in 2002.

Gene locus (locus means place) is the location of a gene in a chromosome, i.e., the position of the gene in a DNA molecule.

A chromosome is a DNA molecule. A chromosome may contain several different genes and also DNA portions that are not genes.

A gene is not a triplet of DNA nucleotides with their respective nitrogen-containing bases, like AAG or CGT. The nucleotide triplets may be pieces of genes but not genes. 

A gene is a portion of a DNA molecule that codifies a specific protein. Thus it is formed by several DNA nucleotide triplets.

A gene is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that codifies the production of a protein.

If a gene of a diploid species has different alleles, for example, A and A’, the possible genotypes are: A’A’, AA, and AA’. So any of these three different genotypes may be the genotype of an individual.

A recessive allele can remain hidden because it does not manifest in heterozygous individual, i.e., it may be present in the genotype but not expressed in the phenotype. When this allele is transmitted to the offspring and forms homozygous genotype with another recessive allele from other chromosomal lineage the phenotypical characteristics that come out reveal its existence. 

Homozygosity occurs when an individual has two identical alleles of a gene, for example, AA or aa. Heterozygosity occurs when an individual has two different alleles of the same gene, in the example, Aa. 

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