100525 + Interview Questions in GENERAL QA IN GENERAL AWARENESS

1.	Peter Brown was the sole survivor of the air crash. A) He was the only person who wasn’t killed in the crash. B) He was the only person who was killed in the crash. C) He was the first person to reach the scene of the crash. D) He was the only one to blame for the crash.
Answer» Correct option is A) He was the only person who wasn’t killed in the crash.

Discussion

2.	He is a hot-head. A) He has a fever. B) He is fierce. C) He is very intelligent. D) He is curious.
Answer» Correct option is B) He is fierce

Discussion

3.	She had three sons, all ________ became doctors. A) of which B) which C) of whom D) who
Answer» Correct option is C) of whom

Discussion

4.	Effervescence is formed when the better for cake is heated. Which substance is added to the batter to make the cake soft and fluffy ? Name the gas evolved.
Answer» This substance is Baking soda and the gas evolved is `CO_(2)` gas.

Discussion

5.	You ________ go now. It’s getting late. A) had rather B) would rather C) would batter D) had better
Answer» Correct option is D) had better

Discussion

6.	My father is very ________ with his hands. A) curious B) interested C) interesting D) intelligent E) clever
Answer» Correct option is E) clever

Discussion

7.	___ my opinion he is a very clever boy. A) in B) on C) for D) with E) to
Answer» Correct option is A) in

Discussion

8.	You’d better add it up. I am no good at ______. A) counters B) characters C) summaries D) figures
Answer» Correct option is D) figures

Discussion

9.	If the weather ___ fine we ___ to the park. A) is / shall go B) was / go C) are / go D) was / shall go E) would / should go
Answer» Correct option is A) is / shall go

Discussion

10.	Tomorrow if the weather ___ fine we ___ out of the town for hours. A) is / shall get B) will be / shall get C) be / will get D) were / get E) was / get
Answer» Correct option is A) is / shall get

Discussion

11.	That film has ______ on TV. A) showed B) been shown C) shown D) showing
Answer» Correct option is B) been shown

Discussion

12.	Jack is preparing for his exams. We _____. A) should go and visit him B) ought not to disturb him C) ought to phone him D) had better watch TV
Answer» Correct option is B) ought not to disturb him

Discussion

13.	I _____ go out than be stuck in bed. A) had better B) should C) have to D) would rather
Answer» Correct option is D) would rather

Discussion

14.	We got home late. We were very tired and ___ went to bed at once. A) anybody B) nobody C) somebody D) anything E) everybody
Answer» Correct option is E) everybody

Discussion

15.	Next August, while you ______ for your exams, I ______ on a Mediterranean beach. A) are preparing / will be B) were preparing / would be C) prepare / will be D) were preparing / was
Answer» Correct option is A) are preparing / will be

Discussion

16.	If you are free, watch the film they ___ on TV. A) shows B) showed C) are showing D) had showed E) have showed
Answer» Correct option is C) are showing

Discussion

17.	He ___ his work before you came. A) finished B) finishes C) has finished D) had finished E) finish
Answer» Correct option is D) had finished

Discussion

18.	You’ll feel a lot better after you ______ a rest. A) had B) have had C) will have D) had had
Answer» Correct option is B) have had

Discussion

19.	Peter ___ his lessons. When he finishes them he’ll watch TV. A) does B) do C) did D) is doing E) has done
Answer» Correct option is D) is doing

Discussion

20.	Transform the following sentences as instructed.1. On seeing the teacher, the children stood up. (into Complex)2. At the age of six, Varsha started learning music, (into Complex)3. As Vanin is a voracious reader, he buys a lot of books, (into Simple)4. Walk carefully lest you will fall down, (into Complex)5. Besides being a dancer, she is a singer, (into Compound)6. He is sick but he attends the rehearsal, (into Simple)7. If Meena reads more, she will become proficient in the language, (into Compound)8. He confessed that he was guilty, (into Simple)9. The boy could not attend the special classes due to his mother’s illness, (into Compound)10. He followed my suggestion, (into Complex)
Answer» 1. As soon as the children saw the teacher, they stood up. 2. When Varsha was six, she started learning music. 3. Being a voracious reader, Varun buys a lot of books. 4. If you don’t walk carefully, you will fall down. 5. She is not only a dancer but also a singer. 6. In spite of being sick, he attends the rehearsal. 7. Meena should read more or she will not become proficient in English. 8. He confessed his guilt. 9. The boy’s mother was ill and so he did not attend the special classes. 10. He followed what I suggested.

20.

Transform the following sentences as instructed.1. On seeing the teacher, the children stood up. (into Complex)2. At the age of six, Varsha started learning music, (into Complex)3. As Vanin is a voracious reader, he buys a lot of books, (into Simple)4. Walk carefully lest you will fall down, (into Complex)5. Besides being a dancer, she is a singer, (into Compound)6. He is sick but he attends the rehearsal, (into Simple)7. If Meena reads more, she will become proficient in the language, (into Compound)8. He confessed that he was guilty, (into Simple)9. The boy could not attend the special classes due to his mother’s illness, (into Compound)10. He followed my suggestion, (into Complex)

Answer»

1. As soon as the children saw the teacher, they stood up.

2. When Varsha was six, she started learning music.

3. Being a voracious reader, Varun buys a lot of books.

4. If you don’t walk carefully, you will fall down.

5. She is not only a dancer but also a singer.

6. In spite of being sick, he attends the rehearsal.

7. Meena should read more or she will not become proficient in English.

8. He confessed his guilt.

9. The boy’s mother was ill and so he did not attend the special classes.

10. He followed what I suggested.

Discussion

21.	The music master is making lovely music. Read aloud the sentence in the text that expresses this idea.
Answer» ‘The musicmaster’s notes seemed to float up and settle perfectly into the invisible tracks of the melody’. This sentence shows that the musicmaster was making lovely music.

Discussion

22.	You _____ do your homework. If you don’t, you’ll fail the examination. A) must B) had to C) had better D) might
Answer» Correct option is A) must

Discussion

23.	She’ s doing her homework first. Then she ____ TV. A) watches B) would watch C) Shall watch D) will watch
Answer» Correct option is D) will watch

Discussion

24.	If she hadn’t given him ______ ,the police would never have found him. A) away B) for C) in D) off
Answer» Correct option is A) away

Discussion

25.	In winter this town is often cut ______ by heavy snowfalls. A) off B) back C) out D) dead
Answer» Correct option is A) off

Discussion

26.	Any student who ________ his homework is unlikely to pass his examination. A) reduces B) neglects C) practices D) denies E) offends
Answer» Correct option is B) neglects

Discussion

27.	The teacher asked the students to ______ (hand in) their homework at the end of the lesson. A) give back B) give in C) turn back D) bring about
Answer» Correct option is B) give in

Discussion

28.	________ the homework. A) No every students do B) No every student does C) Not every students do D) Not every student does
Answer» Correct option is D) Not every student does

Discussion

29.	All of the students did ________ homework. A) his B) her C) its D) their
Answer» Correct option is D) their

Discussion

30.	She’s telling ________ an amusing story. A) they B) them C) to them D) their
Answer» Correct option is B) them

Discussion

31.	A person ‘X’ was caught taking a bribe and her/his colleagues were asked to decide on what punishment she/he should be given. They could either let her/him go with just a warning or decide to terminate her/his services. After a discussion with other employees of the organisation, an extreme decision was taken to terminate this person’s services. Identify this phenomenon and explain why it occurs.
Answer» Group polarization Groups are more likely to take extreme decisions than individuals alone. This strengthening of the group’s initial position is referred to as group polarization and may sometimes have dangerous repercussions as groups may take extreme positions. Explanation of reasons with reference to X Company of like -minded people Band-wagon effect Ingroup perception with like-minded people and consequent identification

Discussion

32.	Two statements are given in the question below as Assertion (A) and Reasoning (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate option. Assertion (A): A strong sense of self efficacy allows people to select, influence and construct the circumstances of their own life. Reason (R): People’s expectations of mastery or achievement and their convictions about their own effectiveness determine the types of behaviors they engage in. Options: a. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A b. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A c. A is true, R is false d. A is false, R is true
Answer» a. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

Discussion

33.	Mental health professionals have attempted to understand psychological disorders using different approaches through the ages. Today, we have sophisticated facilities and hospitals dedicated to the treatment of the mentally ill. While studying the history of psychological disorders it is interesting to note that some practices from ancient times are still in use. Take the case of Lakshmi and her daughter, Maya. Maya exhibits abnormal behaviours and Lakshmi believes that this is because of evil spirits that have possessed her. She has been taking her daughter to a self-proclaimed healer, who uses counter-magic and prayer to cure her. Stigma and lack of awareness prevents Lakshmi from using the modern facilities and hospitals that provide quality mental health care.On the other hand, when young Rita reported seeing people and hearing voices, mental health professionals at a modern facility were able to understand her hallucinations using a convergence of three approaches. Psychologists use official manuals like the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – 5th Edition (DSM-5) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) to indicate presence or absence of disorders. Today there is increased compassion for people who suffer from disorders and a lot of emphasis is placed on providing community care.(i) Identify the method used by the healer to cure Maya’s illness. How does this theory from ancient times explain Maya’s treatment?(ii) Which approach do you think would best explain Rita’s treatment? How do you think DSM - 5 and ICD -10 help mental health professionals in indicating the presence or absence of disorders?
Answer» (i) Method used: Exorcism - removing the evil that resides in the individual through counter magic and prayer Abnormal behavior can be explained by the operation of supernatural and magical forces such as bhoot-pret or shaitan. (ii) Interactional Approach, which is a bio-psycho-social approach DSM -5 /ICD-10 have criteria that indicate presence or absence of disorders - for each disorder there is a description of the main clinical features or symptoms and of other associate features including diagnostic guidelines

33.

Mental health professionals have attempted to understand psychological disorders using different approaches through the ages. Today, we have sophisticated facilities and hospitals dedicated to the treatment of the mentally ill. While studying the history of psychological disorders it is interesting to note that some practices from ancient times are still in use. Take the case of Lakshmi and her daughter, Maya. Maya exhibits abnormal behaviours and Lakshmi believes that this is because of evil spirits that have possessed her. She has been taking her daughter to a self-proclaimed healer, who uses counter-magic and prayer to cure her. Stigma and lack of awareness prevents Lakshmi from using the modern facilities and hospitals that provide quality mental health care.On the other hand, when young Rita reported seeing people and hearing voices, mental health professionals at a modern facility were able to understand her hallucinations using a convergence of three approaches. Psychologists use official manuals like the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – 5th Edition (DSM-5) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) to indicate presence or absence of disorders. Today there is increased compassion for people who suffer from disorders and a lot of emphasis is placed on providing community care.(i) Identify the method used by the healer to cure Maya’s illness. How does this theory from ancient times explain Maya’s treatment?(ii) Which approach do you think would best explain Rita’s treatment? How do you think DSM - 5 and ICD -10 help mental health professionals in indicating the presence or absence of disorders?

Answer»

(i) Method used: Exorcism - removing the evil that resides in the individual through counter magic and prayer

Abnormal behavior can be explained by the operation of supernatural and magical forces such as bhoot-pret or shaitan.

(ii) Interactional Approach, which is a bio-psycho-social approach

DSM -5 /ICD-10 have criteria that indicate presence or absence of disorders - for each disorder there is a description of the main clinical features or symptoms and of other associate features including diagnostic guidelines

Discussion

34.	200. राज्य में ऑपरेशन फ्लड I कब प्रारम्भ हुआ ?
Answer» ऑपरेशन फ्लड कार्यक्रम 1970 में शुरू हुआ था।

Discussion

35.	भारत में महालवाड़ी व्यवस्था कब प्रारम्भ हुई थी ?
Answer» 1833 ईस्वी में मार्टिन बर्ड के देखरेख में उत्तर भारत में कई सुधारों के साथ महालवाड़ी व्यवस्था पुनः लागू हुई।

Discussion

36.	Urban living brings with it a possibility of various communicable diseases.Now write an article of about 150 words for a leading newspaper on the various ways of maintaining personal hygiene and sanitation in order to ensure a healthy living. Make use of the hints given below.Hints:(a) Introduction – ‘Cleanliness is next to Godliness’ – brief explanation(b) Personal hygiene:1. Frequent washing of hands and regular bathing 2. Brushing of teeth, trimming of nails and hair 3. Wearing clean clothes(c) Keeping diseases at bay:1. Avoid street food 2. Keep food containers covered 3. Drink boiled water 4. Wash fruits and vegetables in flowing water(d) Keeping living areas, surroundings and the environment clean:1. Disposal of domestic organic waste on a daily basis and hazardous waste in designated places 2. Regular sweeping, mopping and dusting 3. Disinfection of toilets and bathing areas 4. Avoid littering of public places 5. Avoid spitting, urinating and defecating in public places(e) Conclusion – hygiene – a collective exercise – everyone’s involvement and practice, a must – ensure community health and happiness – celebrate life
Answer» Cleanliness is next to Godliness Introduction: “Cleanliness is next to Godliness”. Those who keep themselves and their surroundings clean and green live safely without the threat of infectious or contagious diseases. Personal hygiene: Regular bathing and hand washing, brushing of teeth, combing the hair, paring the nails and wearing neat dresses are indispensable for ensuring personal hygiene. Keeping diseases at bay: People who take street food must avoid them because, the food items are exposed to dust and disease spreading germs. Even at home we must ensure that the vessels containing food items are well-covered with plates or lids. As water-borne diseases are prevalent in cities and villages, one must drink only boiled water. Farmers use pesticides and hence we should always wash the vegetables and fruits in flowing water before using them for cooking or eating Keeping living areas, surroundings and the environment clean: We must dispose organic waste on a daily basis. Hazardous waste must be disposed in the designated places only. Littering in public places must be avoided. One must have the civic sense and refrain from spitting, urinating and defecating in public places. Conclusion: Hygeine is a collective responsibilty of all people. For ensuring the health and happiness of the community, everyone must get involved in maintaining cleanliness in their surroundings. Suggested Topics: Importance of Physical Exercises / Sports and Games: Introduction: A sound mind in a sound body goes the old saying. It holds good in modem times. Physical exercises play a vital role in keeping the body strong. Kinds of exercises: The simplest form of exercise is walking. Today people use two wheelers powered by petrol and biologists fear that after a hundred years babies maybe bom without legs using the theory of selection. As free bus pass is given, students have stopped cycling or walking even a kilometer a day. Some do cycling on a regular basis and keep fit. Some go to the gym and do body building exercises. But everyone’s body’ constitution may not permit long hours of work out in a gym. By playing traditional games like kho-kho, kabbadi, etc. also can maintain good health. In villages, climbing a huge tall oiled smooth pole is a contest during festivals. People stand in circles on whose shoulders young ones climb up to take the prize money kept on the top of the pole. Playing various games such as Tennis, cricket, basket ball, volleyball, foot ball can also give sufficient physical exercises. Students can partake in athletic events and sports to get enough exercise. Conclusion: Students should avoid playing games in the phone and watching domestic poison (i.e.) TV serials. Playing and doing physical exercises in the open air will tone up their muscles and build their immune system against diseases. Travel and its Benefits Introduction: Travelling is a great teacher. Augustine says, “the world is a great book of which those who don’t travel read only a page.” Reading about Kashmir or Kodaikanal may not be as fascinating as travelling by car or train and drink and appreciate the beauty of nature. Heresay vs first hand experience: Reading about Ooty is less interesting than visiting Ooty in person. Seeing the flower show when Ooty is in full bloom is equal to seeing it in hundred movies. Walking around Botanical gardens, gazing at the valley below from Doddabetta peak, enjoying the boat ride dipping the hands into the chill waters and looking at the Pykara hydel power project are all scenic beauties one etches in one’s memories for long. Advantages of travelling: Life is a book full of surprises. As we travel we meet many new and interesting people. We learn about new cultures, life styles, superstitions and rituals followed in different communities across the globe. Travelling-testing ground of skills: During travels, one may face unforeseen emergencies. One’s latent skills of problem-solving come to limelight during such emergencies. One would also be amazed to learn how total strangers bestow kindness he/she may not have expected in crises. Conclusion: Travel broadens one’s outlook of life. It is also a means of education. It is one of the precious gifts of life. One must travel far and wide to enjoy life-transforming experiences which can never be had inside the four walss of classrooms or home. Water Conservation Introduction: Water is the elixir of life. Earth is the only lonely planet having life-supporting water in abundance. The earth is covered with 71% water. But potable water is only around 1%. Need to conserve water: Due to erratic rainfall caused by deforestation, water tables are fast drying up. Global warming is adding to the problem. Even underground water is sucked up by sunlight. Tamil Nadu Government is very strict about water harvesting. Permission to build is given only after ensuring water harvesting facility is added in the blue print. War for water: In olden days, wars were waged on rare beauties and gold. But in modem times, the countries which possess large amount of drinking water will become envious target of water hungry nations. Abdul Kalam, the rocket scientist, predicted, for a water can, people would go to the extent of murdering fellow humans. Already interstate quarrels have started over sharing of river waters. On the one hand, the surplus rain water goes to ocean and during summer, there is scarcity of water. There are no check dams on the path of rivers. There is greedy robbery of sand. River beds are becoming moist-free desert-like plains. Water conservation: When Israel is able to do agriculture profitably with very little rains, we struggle to ensure lucrative prices for farm products. Many states in India have failed to conserve rain water where surplus rain water rushes to ocean through flood canals. Conclusion: Unwise use of water is rampant across the country. Through leaky pipes good water goes down the drain. It is the collective responsibility of citizens and municipal authorities to conserve water and sustain life on the earth. Child Labour Introduction: Child labour has emerged as a major issue in India. To address this social issue, NGOs, parents, social activists and society have to join hands to attack this issue. There is a legal provision to safeguard exploited persons beyond the age of 16. But young children don’t get the advantage of legal cover. Causes of child labour: In many developing countries, child labour is rampant. The prominent reasons are sibling care, poverty and lack of schooling opportunities. In developing countries 50% of school aged population (in the age group of 5-14) are engaged in child labour. Distribution of child labour: In farming industry, child labour is rampant. In labour intensive cotton industries, brick laying industries and in the informal sector we find a large number of children employed. In small scale industries like weaving, match works, fire crackers, children are engaged as bond labourers to lessen the financial burden of parents. Conclusion: It is a cruel paradox that instead of eliminating child labour, we have NCLP, non-formal schools to give education to child labourers. Main streaming is not a success due to inadequate monitoring. It is comforting to learn that international organization have taken up the cause of fighting against child labour. All must realize that healthy children are the real future of India. Child labour is retarding the progress of the children and the nation. Mobile Phone – Advantages and Disadvantages Introduction: Mobile phone is a palm held device which has revolutionised the world of communication. A mobile phone does not require fixed landline and makes two way communication easy and affordable. Telegram department had to be closed due to the lightning speed with which messages could be sent orally or through SMS. Mobile functions and advantages: A mobile phone can be used for watching cricket, movie or just listen to news. Students now google for collecting information for their assignments and projects. A recent survey says 50% of youth read newspapers only through their android phones. The habit of reading books or dictionaries is falling due to quick access to information via mobile and internet services. Through Ola and Uber apps one can summon a call taxi or even order food from Uber eats or Ola food through these apps for a cheap cost. Railway and flight tickets can be booked online. ’ Memorable events can be frozen in photos or videos and saved in the phone itself. Money transfer is now possible through using PayTM, Bhim app or google money app. As many online newspapers are freely available, people save money. Big Bazaar sells even vegetables through phone. Flipkart and Amazon apps help one to place order for any home appliances at competitive prices. Disadvantages: Social websites such as whatsapp, twitter and facebook keep young ones continuously engaged and crazy for likes. Sometimes evil doers access valuable information and exploit women and children. Sharing vital information, photos, videos, etc. with total strangers can jeopardize one’s honour and life too. Students who get addicted to video games and watching explicit content waste their time and energy and dropout of schools. Conclusion: Mobile phone is a technological marvel. Similar to any new technology, it has its fascinating traps. One must use mobile phones judiciously and stay out of harm and disgrace. Consumerism – Wants and Needs Introduction: Consumer has the right to decide what he needs and what he wants to buy. But due to the explosive non-stop advertisements in the television, theatres, print media and in hand bills, the consumer is often influenced to buy what he actually does not need. Problem of plenty: A good trader needs to find a balance between both the need and want of the consumer. As many malls have sprung up in big cities and departmental stores in small towns, the consumer’s rights to choose what he needs are eroded. There’s a problem of plenty. Astute traders Vs gullible customers: As seasons change, consumers want to change the design of their jewels, wardrobes, etc. Astute traders dump a lot of varieties and under the pretext of discount and offers substandard commodities are sold to the consumers. Conclusion: The rules of business have changed widely now. Each consumer is different. Traders who are able to recognize the need of the consumer and supply custom-made or tailored commodities can only satisfy their wants and stabilize their business in the competitive market. Value of Education Introduction: Education helps young ones acquire essential knowledge and skills. In modem times, teacher alone is not the dispenser of knowledge. School alone is not the abode of learning. There are many avenues from where students can learn freely. Value of education: Education teaches students to understand the fast changing world and problems of modem society and also evolve solutions in unconventional ways. Education shapes the destiny of a nation. It enables young ones to become a productive member of the civilized society and equips them with the required skill sets to seek jobs and shine in them too. Education teaches us how to meet day to day challenges and overcome obstacles. It helps us leam how to become a wellrounded personality and perpetuate Indian culture. Education teaches young citizens non-negotiable rules in life and manners too. It lays the foundation stone for the future of children. It guides young ones to lead disciplined life and gives them with skills to earn jobs which would pay them well. Conclusion: India has to invest more in quality education in our country because education is the prerequisite to the nation’s prosperity and modernization of the country. Value based Education Introduction: Education needs to ennoble human beings. It should teach sensitivity to the social issues which affect the progress of the nation. Education must sensitize students of the sweeping changes occuring around them in modem times. Importance of value-based Education: Education without values seems rather to make man a mere clever devil. Nelson Mandela once rightly said, “Education is the most powerful weapon through which you can change the world.” The aim of education should not be confined only to impart knowledge but to inculcate values in young and impressionable minds. Rote memory vs value based education: Currently, rote memorization is largely emphasized. Factual information needs to be mastered and not memorised and regurgitated during examinations. This system fails to give any opportunity to think outside the box. As we are moving towards becoming a knowledge economy, moral values have taken a back seat. Juvenile delinquency is threatening the value system of the country. The students may be intelligent and smart but they lack empathy. The schooling system has failed to inculcate the right values among children. It is unfortunate that neither teachers nor the students focus on values for it is not graded. Virtue should never ask for a reward because it is a reward in itself. India would regain its glory when students inculcate values like honesty, patriotism, compassion and hard work. Conclusion: Education is a life long process. In real life, it is to be translated into qualities of truthfulness, self-confidence, compassion to all living things, and integration of mind, body and brain. In short, value based education has the capacity to transform the corrupt mind into a very innocent, healthy, natural, fresh mind embellished with agape love.

36.

Urban living brings with it a possibility of various communicable diseases.Now write an article of about 150 words for a leading newspaper on the various ways of maintaining personal hygiene and sanitation in order to ensure a healthy living. Make use of the hints given below.Hints:(a) Introduction – ‘Cleanliness is next to Godliness’ – brief explanation(b) Personal hygiene:1. Frequent washing of hands and regular bathing 2. Brushing of teeth, trimming of nails and hair 3. Wearing clean clothes(c) Keeping diseases at bay:1. Avoid street food 2. Keep food containers covered 3. Drink boiled water 4. Wash fruits and vegetables in flowing water(d) Keeping living areas, surroundings and the environment clean:1. Disposal of domestic organic waste on a daily basis and hazardous waste in designated places 2. Regular sweeping, mopping and dusting 3. Disinfection of toilets and bathing areas 4. Avoid littering of public places 5. Avoid spitting, urinating and defecating in public places(e) Conclusion – hygiene – a collective exercise – everyone’s involvement and practice, a must – ensure community health and happiness – celebrate life

Answer»

Cleanliness is next to Godliness

Introduction: “Cleanliness is next to Godliness”. Those who keep themselves and their surroundings clean and green live safely without the threat of infectious or contagious diseases.

Personal hygiene: Regular bathing and hand washing, brushing of teeth, combing the hair, paring the nails and wearing neat dresses are indispensable for ensuring personal hygiene.

Keeping diseases at bay: People who take street food must avoid them because, the food items are exposed to dust and disease spreading germs. Even at home we must ensure that the vessels containing food items are well-covered with plates or lids. As water-borne diseases are prevalent in cities and villages, one must drink only boiled water. Farmers use pesticides and hence we should always wash the vegetables and fruits in flowing water before using them for cooking or eating

Keeping living areas, surroundings and the environment clean: We must dispose organic waste on a daily basis. Hazardous waste must be disposed in the designated places only. Littering in public places must be avoided. One must have the civic sense and refrain from spitting, urinating and defecating in public places.

Conclusion: Hygeine is a collective responsibilty of all people. For ensuring the health and happiness of the community, everyone must get involved in maintaining cleanliness in their surroundings.

Suggested Topics:

Importance of Physical Exercises / Sports and Games:

Introduction: A sound mind in a sound body goes the old saying. It holds good in modem times. Physical exercises play a vital role in keeping the body strong.

Kinds of exercises: The simplest form of exercise is walking. Today people use two wheelers powered by petrol and biologists fear that after a hundred years babies maybe bom without legs using the theory of selection. As free bus pass is given, students have stopped cycling or walking even a kilometer a day.

Some do cycling on a regular basis and keep fit. Some go to the gym and do body building exercises. But everyone’s body’ constitution may not permit long hours of work out in a gym.

By playing traditional games like kho-kho, kabbadi, etc. also can maintain good health. In villages, climbing a huge tall oiled smooth pole is a contest during festivals. People stand in circles on whose shoulders young ones climb up to take the prize money kept on the top of the pole. Playing various games such as Tennis, cricket, basket ball, volleyball, foot ball can also give sufficient physical exercises. Students can partake in athletic events and sports to get enough exercise.

Conclusion: Students should avoid playing games in the phone and watching domestic poison (i.e.) TV serials. Playing and doing physical exercises in the open air will tone up their muscles and build their immune system against diseases.

Travel and its Benefits

Introduction: Travelling is a great teacher. Augustine says, “the world is a great book of which those who don’t travel read only a page.” Reading about Kashmir or Kodaikanal may not be as fascinating as travelling by car or train and drink and appreciate the beauty of nature.

Heresay vs first hand experience: Reading about Ooty is less interesting than visiting Ooty in person. Seeing the flower show when Ooty is in full bloom is equal to seeing it in hundred movies. Walking around Botanical gardens, gazing at the valley below from Doddabetta peak, enjoying the boat ride dipping the hands into the chill waters and looking at the Pykara hydel power project are all scenic beauties one etches in one’s memories for long.

Advantages of travelling: Life is a book full of surprises. As we travel we meet many new and interesting people. We learn about new cultures, life styles, superstitions and rituals followed in different communities across the globe.

Travelling-testing ground of skills: During travels, one may face unforeseen emergencies. One’s latent skills of problem-solving come to limelight during such emergencies. One would also be amazed to learn how total strangers bestow kindness he/she may not have expected in crises.

Conclusion: Travel broadens one’s outlook of life. It is also a means of education. It is one of the precious gifts of life. One must travel far and wide to enjoy life-transforming experiences which can never be had inside the four walss of classrooms or home.

Water Conservation

Introduction: Water is the elixir of life. Earth is the only lonely planet having life-supporting water in abundance. The earth is covered with 71% water. But potable water is only around 1%.

Need to conserve water: Due to erratic rainfall caused by deforestation, water tables are fast drying up. Global warming is adding to the problem. Even underground water is sucked up by sunlight. Tamil Nadu Government is very strict about water harvesting. Permission to build is given only after ensuring water harvesting facility is added in the blue print.

War for water: In olden days, wars were waged on rare beauties and gold. But in modem times, the countries which possess large amount of drinking water will become envious target of water hungry nations. Abdul Kalam, the rocket scientist, predicted, for a water can, people would go to the extent of murdering fellow humans. Already interstate quarrels have started over sharing of river waters. On the one hand, the surplus rain water goes to ocean and during summer, there is scarcity of water. There are no check dams on the path of rivers. There is greedy robbery of sand. River beds are becoming moist-free desert-like plains.

Water conservation: When Israel is able to do agriculture profitably with very little rains, we struggle to ensure lucrative prices for farm products. Many states in India have failed to conserve rain water where surplus rain water rushes to ocean through flood canals.

Conclusion: Unwise use of water is rampant across the country. Through leaky pipes good water goes down the drain. It is the collective responsibility of citizens and municipal authorities to conserve water and sustain life on the earth.

Child Labour

Introduction: Child labour has emerged as a major issue in India. To address this social issue, NGOs, parents, social activists and society have to join hands to attack this issue. There is a legal provision to safeguard exploited persons beyond the age of 16. But young children don’t get the advantage of legal cover.

Causes of child labour: In many developing countries, child labour is rampant. The prominent reasons are sibling care, poverty and lack of schooling opportunities. In developing countries 50% of school aged population (in the age group of 5-14) are engaged in child labour.

Distribution of child labour: In farming industry, child labour is rampant. In labour intensive cotton industries, brick laying industries and in the informal sector we find a large number of children employed. In small scale industries like weaving, match works, fire crackers, children are engaged as bond labourers to lessen the financial burden of parents.

Conclusion: It is a cruel paradox that instead of eliminating child labour, we have NCLP, non-formal schools to give education to child labourers. Main streaming is not a success due to inadequate monitoring. It is comforting to learn that international organization have taken up the cause of fighting against child labour. All must realize that healthy children are the real future of India. Child labour is retarding the progress of the children and the nation.

Mobile Phone – Advantages and Disadvantages

Introduction: Mobile phone is a palm held device which has revolutionised the world of communication. A mobile phone does not require fixed landline and makes two way communication easy and affordable. Telegram department had to be closed due to the lightning speed with which messages could be sent orally or through SMS.

Mobile functions and advantages: A mobile phone can be used for watching cricket, movie or just listen to news. Students now google for collecting information for their assignments and projects. A recent survey says 50% of youth read newspapers only through their android phones. The habit of reading books or dictionaries is falling due to quick access to information via mobile and internet services. Through Ola and Uber apps one can summon a call taxi or even order food from Uber eats or Ola food through these apps for a cheap cost. Railway and flight tickets can be booked online.

’ Memorable events can be frozen in photos or videos and saved in the phone itself. Money transfer is now possible through using PayTM, Bhim app or google money app. As many online newspapers are freely available, people save money.

Big Bazaar sells even vegetables through phone. Flipkart and Amazon apps help one to place order for any home appliances at competitive prices.

Disadvantages: Social websites such as whatsapp, twitter and facebook keep young ones continuously engaged and crazy for likes. Sometimes evil doers access valuable information and exploit women and children. Sharing vital information, photos, videos, etc. with total strangers can jeopardize one’s honour and life too. Students who get addicted to video games and watching explicit content waste their time and energy and dropout of schools.

Conclusion: Mobile phone is a technological marvel. Similar to any new technology, it has its fascinating traps. One must use mobile phones judiciously and stay out of harm and disgrace.

Consumerism – Wants and Needs

Introduction: Consumer has the right to decide what he needs and what he wants to buy. But due to the explosive non-stop advertisements in the television, theatres, print media and in hand bills, the consumer is often influenced to buy what he actually does not need.

Problem of plenty: A good trader needs to find a balance between both the need and want of the consumer. As many malls have sprung up in big cities and departmental stores in small towns, the consumer’s rights to choose what he needs are eroded. There’s a problem of plenty.

Astute traders Vs gullible customers: As seasons change, consumers want to change the design of their jewels, wardrobes, etc. Astute traders dump a lot of varieties and under the pretext of discount and offers substandard commodities are sold to the consumers.

Conclusion: The rules of business have changed widely now. Each consumer is different. Traders who are able to recognize the need of the consumer and supply custom-made or tailored commodities can only satisfy their wants and stabilize their business in the competitive market.

Value of Education

Introduction: Education helps young ones acquire essential knowledge and skills. In modem times, teacher alone is not the dispenser of knowledge. School alone is not the abode of learning. There are many avenues from where students can learn freely.

Value of education: Education teaches students to understand the fast changing world and problems of modem society and also evolve solutions in unconventional ways. Education shapes the destiny of a nation. It enables young ones to become a productive member of the civilized society and equips them with the required skill sets to seek jobs and shine in them too.

Education teaches us how to meet day to day challenges and overcome obstacles. It helps us leam how to become a wellrounded personality and perpetuate Indian culture. Education teaches young citizens non-negotiable rules in life and manners too. It lays the foundation stone for the future of children. It guides young ones to lead disciplined life and gives them with skills to earn jobs which would pay them well.

Conclusion: India has to invest more in quality education in our country because education is the prerequisite to the nation’s prosperity and modernization of the country.

Value based Education

Introduction: Education needs to ennoble human beings. It should teach sensitivity to the social issues which affect the progress of the nation. Education must sensitize students of the sweeping changes occuring around them in modem times.

Importance of value-based Education: Education without values seems rather to make man a mere clever devil. Nelson Mandela once rightly said, “Education is the most powerful weapon through which you can change the world.” The aim of education should not be confined only to impart knowledge but to inculcate values in young and impressionable minds.

Rote memory vs value based education: Currently, rote memorization is largely emphasized. Factual information needs to be mastered and not memorised and regurgitated during examinations. This system fails to give any opportunity to think outside the box. As we are moving towards becoming a knowledge economy, moral values have taken a back seat. Juvenile delinquency is threatening the value system of the country. The students may be intelligent and smart but they lack empathy. The schooling system has failed to inculcate the right values among children. It is unfortunate that neither teachers nor the students focus on values for it is not graded. Virtue should never ask for a reward because it is a reward in itself. India would regain its glory when students inculcate values like honesty, patriotism, compassion and hard work.

Conclusion: Education is a life long process. In real life, it is to be translated into qualities of truthfulness, self-confidence, compassion to all living things, and integration of mind, body and brain. In short, value based education has the capacity to transform the corrupt mind into a very innocent, healthy, natural, fresh mind embellished with agape love.

Discussion

37.	Fill in the blanks with suitable tense of the verb given in brackets.1. Someone ______ away my bike sometime ago. ( take)2. She has been suffering from malaria since she ______ the job. ( leave)3. She cut her fingers while she ______ vegetables yesterday. ( chop) 4. How many glasses of juice ______ yesterday? ( has)
Answer» (1) Someone took away my bike some time ago. (2) She has been suffering from malaria since she left the job. (3) She cut her fingers while she was chopping vegetables yesterday. (4) How many glasses of juice were yesterday?

37.

Fill in the blanks with suitable tense of the verb given in brackets.1. Someone away my bike sometime ago. ( take)2. She has been suffering from malaria since she the job. ( leave)3. She cut her fingers while she vegetables yesterday. ( chop) 4. How many glasses of juice yesterday? ( has)

Answer»

(1) Someone took away my bike some time ago.

(2) She has been suffering from malaria since she left the job.

(3) She cut her fingers while she was chopping vegetables yesterday.

(4) How many glasses of juice were yesterday?

Discussion

38.

1 How is personal identity different from social identity?2 Differentiate between psychometric and information-processing approaches to intelligence.3 State any TWO techniques of self regulation.4 Explain pervasive developmental disorder.

Answer»

(1) Personal Identity:- It refers to those attributes of a person which makes him different from others.

Social Identity:- It refers to those aspects of a person that link him to a social or cultured group or are derived from it.

(2)

Psychometric approach of intelligence	Information processing approach to intelligence
(1) It is known as structural approach.	(1) It describes the process, people use in intellectual reasoning and problem-solving.
(2) It considers intelligence as an aggregate of abilities. It explains individual performance in terms of a single index of cognitive abilities.	(2) The major focus of this approach is how an intelligent person acts. It emphasizes on studying cognitive functions, underlying intelligent behaviour.
(3) It focuses on structure of intelligence, i.e. what is intelligence. e.g. unifactor Theory, The two-factor theory, theory of primary mental abilities.	(3) e.g. Theory of multiple intelligences, PASS model and triarchic theory of intelligence.

(3) The two techniques of self-regulation are:-

(i) Observation of own behaviour

(ii) Self instruction

(4) Pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) refers to a group of disorders characterized by delays in the development of socialization and communication skills. They are generally caused by a problem with the nervous system (brain and spinal cord). As such, there is no cure for PDD's. Medications are used to address specific behavioural problems; therapy for children with PDD should be specialized according to need.

Discussion

39.	Criteria of well-adjusted person.
Answer» Mental Health refers to our cognitive, emotional and behavioural well being. It affects our physical health, relationships, etc. The term 'mental health' is sometimes used to mean an absence of mental illness or any mental disorder. It is the state of functioning at a satisfactory level of emotional and behaviour adjustment by a person. Normal behaviour refers to a common pattern of behaviours observed in the majority of people in a given society. This pattern adheres to the norms of society. The criteria of well-adjusted individual include - Realistic perceptions of self and others - The person has self-awareness i.e., one has a realistic picture of one's potential, strengths and weaknesses. They try to build up their potential and modify or accept their weaknesses. They accept success and failure as part of life. They do not have unrealistic expectations from others and hence and tend to have comfortable, conflict-free relationships. Openness to new experiences - Well-adjusted individuals tend to think and act in individualistic, imaginative and creative ways. They are willing to explore new experiences and choices, take risks and are comfortable with novelty and change. They can easily deal with strangers and with complexity and ambiguity. They are confident in voicing their opinion-honestly. Emotional Intelligence - The term Emotional Intelligence was first coined by. Michel Beldoch and elaborated upon by Daniel Goleman. According to John Mayer and Peter Salovey, 'emotional intelligence is the ability to perceive one's own and others emotions, to discriminate among them and to use that information to guide one's thinking and actions'. The four proposed abilities of emotional intelligence are: perceiving emotions, using emotions to facilitate thought, understanding emotions and managing emotions. The components of emotional intelligence are Self awareness, Self motivation, Self regulation, Empathy and Social skills. People with high emotional intelligence are able to process emotional information accurately and efficiently. They do not panic in difficult situations as they are able to control their emotions, deal with others in a better way and come up with a proper solution. They are well-adjusted individuals who are is able to empathize with others and establish successful social interactions. They show impulse control, social responsibility and relate to others in an age-appropriate manner. Capability to maintain healthy relationships -Every relationship is a dynamic, living experience. It involves mutual respect, responsibility, honesty, cooperation and support, communication, respecting the others personal space, gratitude, flexibility, etc. Communication is the key to maintaining healthy relationships with family members peers/colleagues/acquaintances and others in society. Self-esteem - Self esteem refers to the individual's sense of selfworth and personal value. Our overall evaluation of our worth as a person, high or low, based on all our positive and negative self perceptions is referred to as 'self esteem'. People with high self esteem show assertiveness, initiative, confidence, positive attitude, good communication skills, satisfaction and tend to have better relationships.

39.

Criteria of well-adjusted person.

Answer»

Mental Health refers to our cognitive, emotional and behavioural well being. It affects our physical health, relationships, etc. The term 'mental health' is sometimes used to mean an absence of mental illness or any mental disorder. It is the state of functioning at a satisfactory level of emotional and behaviour adjustment by a person.
Normal behaviour refers to a common pattern of behaviours observed in the majority of people in a given society. This pattern adheres to the norms of society.

The criteria of well-adjusted individual include -

Realistic perceptions of self and others - The person has self-awareness i.e., one has a realistic picture of one's potential, strengths and weaknesses. They try to build up their potential and modify or accept their weaknesses. They accept success and failure as part of life. They do not have unrealistic expectations from others and hence and tend to have comfortable, conflict-free relationships.
Openness to new experiences - Well-adjusted individuals tend to think and act in individualistic, imaginative and creative ways. They are willing to explore new experiences and choices, take risks and are comfortable with novelty and change. They can easily deal with strangers and with complexity and ambiguity. They are confident in voicing their opinion-honestly.
Emotional Intelligence - The term Emotional Intelligence was first coined by. Michel Beldoch and elaborated upon by Daniel Goleman. According to John Mayer and Peter Salovey, 'emotional intelligence is the ability to perceive one's own and others emotions, to discriminate among them and to use that information to guide one's thinking and actions'. The four proposed abilities of emotional intelligence are: perceiving emotions, using emotions to facilitate thought, understanding emotions and managing emotions.
The components of emotional intelligence are Self awareness, Self motivation, Self regulation, Empathy and Social skills.
People with high emotional intelligence are able to process emotional information accurately and efficiently. They do not panic in difficult situations as they are able to control their emotions, deal with others in a better way and come up with a proper solution. They are well-adjusted individuals who are is able to empathize with others and establish successful social interactions. They show impulse control, social responsibility and relate to others in an age-appropriate manner.
Capability to maintain healthy relationships -Every relationship is a dynamic, living experience. It involves mutual respect, responsibility, honesty, cooperation and support, communication, respecting the others personal space, gratitude, flexibility, etc. Communication is the key to maintaining healthy relationships with family members peers/colleagues/acquaintances and others in society.
Self-esteem - Self esteem refers to the individual's sense of selfworth and personal value. Our overall evaluation of our worth as a person, high or low, based on all our positive and negative self perceptions is referred to as 'self esteem'. People with high self esteem show assertiveness, initiative, confidence, positive attitude, good communication skills, satisfaction and tend to have better relationships.

Discussion

40.	Identify the drug belonging to antibiotics-tetracycline
Answer» Naturally occurring drugs in this class are tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, and demeclocycline

Discussion

41.	Explain ego.
Answer» The ego is the only part of the conscious personality. It's what the person is aware of when they think about themselves, and is what they usually try to project toward others. The ego develops to mediate between the unrealistic id and the external real world. It is the decision-making component of personality. Ideally, the ego works by reason, whereas the id is chaotic and unreasonable. The ego operates according to the reality principle, working out realistic ways of satisfying the id’s demands, often compromising or postponing satisfaction to avoid negative consequences of society. The ego considers social realities and norms, etiquette and rules in deciding how to behave.

41.

Explain ego.

Answer»

The ego is the only part of the conscious personality. It's what the person is aware of when they think about themselves, and is what they usually try to project toward others.

The ego develops to mediate between the unrealistic id and the external real world. It is the decision-making component of personality. Ideally, the ego works by reason, whereas the id is chaotic and unreasonable.

The ego operates according to the reality principle, working out realistic ways of satisfying the id’s demands, often compromising or postponing satisfaction to avoid negative consequences of society. The ego considers social realities and norms, etiquette and rules in deciding how to behave.

Discussion

42.	Which of the following statement/s is/are a part of the stress process, as explained by Lazarus’ Cognitive theory? i. An individual’s response to a stressful situation largely depends upon the perceived events and how they are interpreted.ii. Regardless of the cause of the threat, the individual will respond with the same physiological pattern of reactions. iii. When we perceive an event as negative, we are likely to make a secondary appraisal. iv. Primary appraisal refers to the perception of a new or changing environment as positive, neutral or negative in its consequences. Choose the correct option: a. ii, iii, iv b. ii, iii c. i, iii, iv d. ii
Answer» Answer is c. i, iii, iv

Discussion

43.	What is the nature of the stimulus received and transmitted by the neurons?
Answer» Neurons receive and transmit chemical stimuli through neurotransmitters released in the synapses. Along the neuron body however the impulse transmission is electrical. So neurons conduct electric and chemical stimuli.

Discussion

44.	What are the protective structures of the central nervous system present in vertebrates?
Answer» In vertebrates the brain and the spinal cord are protected by membranes, the meninges, and by osseous structures, respectively the skull and the vertebral column. These protections are fundamental for the integrity of those important organs that command the functioning of the body.

Discussion

45.	Which are the main cells of the nervous system?
Answer» The main cells of the nervous system are the neurons. Besides the neurons the nervous system is also constituted of glial cells.

Discussion

46.	What are some main differences of the vertebrate nervous systems comparing to invertebrates?
Answer» In vertebrates the nervous system is well-characterized, having the brain and dorsal neural cord protected by rigid skeletal structures. In most invertebrates the nervous system is predominantly ganglial, with ventral neural cords.

Discussion

47.	Characteristics of emotion
Answer» Every emotion is followed by physiological change such as rapid heartbeat, change in the pulse rate, change in blood pressure, and change in the facial expression, voice and body movements. Emotion is accompanied by a feeling of pleasantness and unpleasantness, following physiological changes. Emotions are subjective and purely individual. The same situation may evoke different emotions in different individuals. Emotions have wide range and are not restricted to a particular age period. They occur to children, adolescents and adults. Emotions rise suddenly. The passing away of emotions is, however slow, leaving behind an emotional state which lasts for some time. Emotions have swings. One emotion may give rise to another emotion and the two may get merged. An emotion mostly raises when the organism faces a difficult situation or when the basic need is challenged or is not satisfied. In fact, a situation, real or imaginary, is always connected with an emotion. Children's emotions are not as natural and long-standing as those of adults. Their emotions are characterized by sudden and intense outburst, are more frequent and are easily expressed. Development of emotions INTRAPERSONAL FUNCTIONS OF EMOTION Emotions Help us Act Quickly with minimum Conscious Awareness Emotions Prepare the Body for Immediate Action Emotions Influence Thoughts Emotions Motivate Future Behaviors Emotional Expressions Facilitate Specific Behaviors in Perceivers Emotional Expressions Signal the Nature of Interpersonal Relationships Emotional Expressions Provide Incentives for Desired Social Behavior There are many things we take for granted in our daily lives. Modern human life is a colorful picture of many groups and individual lives woven together in a complex yet functional way. Culture allows the group to meet basic needs of survival, pursue happiness and well-being, and derive meaning from life

47.

Characteristics of emotion

Answer»

Every emotion is followed by physiological change such as rapid heartbeat, change in the pulse rate, change in blood pressure, and change in the facial expression, voice and body movements.
Emotion is accompanied by a feeling of pleasantness and unpleasantness, following physiological changes.
Emotions are subjective and purely individual. The same situation may evoke different emotions in different individuals.
Emotions have wide range and are not restricted to a particular age period. They occur to children, adolescents and adults.
Emotions rise suddenly. The passing away of emotions is, however slow, leaving behind an emotional state which lasts for some time.
Emotions have swings. One emotion may give rise to another emotion and the two may get merged.
An emotion mostly raises when the organism faces a difficult situation or when the basic need is challenged or is not satisfied. In fact, a situation, real or imaginary, is always connected with an emotion.
Children's emotions are not as natural and long-standing as those of adults. Their emotions are characterized by sudden and intense outburst, are more frequent and are easily expressed.
Development of emotions

INTRAPERSONAL FUNCTIONS OF EMOTION

Emotions Help us Act Quickly with minimum Conscious Awareness
Emotions Prepare the Body for Immediate Action
Emotions Influence Thoughts
Emotions Motivate Future Behaviors
Emotional Expressions Facilitate Specific Behaviors in Perceivers
Emotional Expressions Signal the Nature of Interpersonal Relationships
Emotional Expressions Provide Incentives for Desired Social Behavior
There are many things we take for granted in our daily lives.
Modern human life is a colorful picture of many groups and individual lives woven together in a complex yet functional way.
Culture allows the group to meet basic needs of survival, pursue happiness and well-being, and derive meaning from life

Discussion

48.	Using examples of invertebrate nervous systems how can the process of evolutionary cephalization be described?
Answer» Considering the example of invertebrates it is observed that evolution makes the increasing of the complexity of the organisms to be accompanied by convergence of nervous cells to special structures for controlling and commanding: the ganglia and the brain. In simple invertebrates, like cnidarians, the nervous cells are not concentrated but they are found dispersed in the body. In platyhelminthes a beginning of cephalization with the anterior ganglion concentrating neurons is already verified. In annelids and arthropods the existence of a cerebral ganglion is evident. In cephalopod molluscs the cephalization is even greater and the brain commands the nervous system.

Discussion

49.	How do projective techniques explain personality.Explain any two well-known projective techniques?
Answer» Projective techniques is indirect method of assessment of personality. This provides us with a real picture of an individual’s personality using indirect method. Projective techniques were developed to assess unconscious motives and feelings. These techniques are based on the assumption that a less structured or unstructured stimulus or situation will allow the individual to project her/his feelings, desires and needs on to that situation. These projections are interpreted by experts. A variety of projective techniques have been developed; they use various kinds of stimulus materials and situations for assessing personality. Some of them require reporting associations with stimuli (e.g., words, inkblots), some involve story writing around pictures, some require sentence completions, some require expression through drawings, and some require choice of stimuli from a large set of stimuli. The projective tests of personality which are widely used by psychologists are :- 1. The Rorschach Inkblot Test :- This test was developed by Hermann Rorschach. The test consists of 10 inkblots. Five of them are in black and white, two with some red ink, and the remaining three in some pastel colours. The blots are symmetrical in design with a specific shape or form. Each blot is printed in the centre of a white cardboard of about 7”?10” size. The blots were originally made by dropping ink on a piece of paper and then folding the paper in half (hence called inkblot test). The cards are administered individually in two phases. In the first phase, called performance proper, the subjects are shown the cards and are asked to tell what they see in each of them. In the second phase, called inquiry, a detailed report of the response is prepared by asking the subject to tell where, how, and on what basis was a particular response made. Fine judgment is necessary to place the subject’s responses in a meaningful context. The use and interpretation of this test requires extensive training. Computer techniques too have been developed for analysis of data. 2. The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) :- This test was developed by Morgan and Murray. It is a little more structured than the Inkblot test. The test consists of 30 black and white picture cards and one blank card. Each picture card depicts one or more people in a variety of situations. Each picture is printed on a card. Some cards are used with adult males or females. Others are used with boys or girls. Still others are used in some combinations. Twenty cards are appropriate for a subject, although a lesser number of cards (even five) have also been successfully used. The cards are presented one at a time. The subject is asked to tell a story describing the situation presented in the picture.

49.

How do projective techniques explain personality.Explain any two well-known projective techniques?

Answer»

Projective techniques is indirect method of assessment of personality. This provides us with a real picture of an individual’s personality using indirect method.

Projective techniques were developed to assess unconscious motives and feelings. These techniques are based on the assumption that a less structured or unstructured stimulus or situation will allow the individual to project her/his feelings, desires and needs on to that situation. These projections are interpreted by experts. A variety of projective techniques have been developed; they use various kinds of stimulus materials and situations for assessing personality. Some of them require reporting associations with stimuli (e.g., words, inkblots), some involve story writing around pictures, some require sentence completions, some require expression through drawings, and some require choice of stimuli from a large set of stimuli.

The projective tests of personality which are widely used by psychologists are :-

1. The Rorschach Inkblot Test :- This test was developed by Hermann Rorschach. The test consists of 10 inkblots. Five of them are in black and white, two with some red ink, and the remaining three in some pastel colours. The blots are symmetrical in design with a specific shape or form. Each blot is printed in the centre of a white cardboard of about 7”?10” size. The blots were originally made by dropping ink on a piece of paper and then folding the paper in half (hence called inkblot test). The cards are administered individually in two phases. In the first phase, called performance proper, the subjects are shown the cards and are asked to tell what they see in each of them. In the second phase, called inquiry, a detailed report of the response is prepared by asking the subject to tell where, how, and on what basis was a particular response made. Fine judgment is necessary to place the subject’s responses in a meaningful context. The use and interpretation of this test requires extensive training. Computer techniques too have been developed for analysis of data.

2. The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) :- This test was developed by Morgan and Murray. It is a little more structured than the Inkblot test. The test consists of 30 black and white picture cards and one blank card. Each picture card depicts one or more people in a variety of situations. Each picture is printed on a card. Some cards are used with adult males or females. Others are used with boys or girls. Still others are used in some combinations. Twenty cards are appropriate for a subject, although a lesser number of cards (even five) have also been successfully used. The cards are presented one at a time. The subject is asked to tell a story describing the situation presented in the picture.

Discussion

50.	What is the antagonism between the sympathetic and the parasympathetic neural actions?
Answer» In general the actions of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic are antagonistic, i.e., while one stimulates something the other inhibits and vice versa. The organs, with few exceptions, get efferences from these two systems and the antagonism between them serves to modulate their effects. For example, the parasympathetic stimulates salivation while the sympathetic inhibits it; the parasympathetic constricts pupils while the sympathetic dilates it; the parasympathetic contracts the bronchi while the sympathetic relaxes them; the parasympathetic excites the genital organs while the parasympathetic inhibits the excitation.

Discussion

Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Peter Brown was the sole survivor of the air crash. A) He was the only person who wasn’t killed in the crash. B) He was the only person who was killed in the crash. C) He was the first person to reach the scene of the crash. D) He was the only one to blame for the crash.

He is a hot-head. A) He has a fever. B) He is fierce. C) He is very intelligent. D) He is curious.

She had three sons, all ________ became doctors. A) of which B) which C) of whom D) who

Effervescence is formed when the better for cake is heated. Which substance is added to the batter to make the cake soft and fluffy ? Name the gas evolved.

You ________ go now. It’s getting late. A) had rather B) would rather C) would batter D) had better

My father is very ________ with his hands. A) curious B) interested C) interesting D) intelligent E) clever

___ my opinion he is a very clever boy. A) in B) on C) for D) with E) to

You’d better add it up. I am no good at ______. A) counters B) characters C) summaries D) figures

If the weather ___ fine we ___ to the park. A) is / shall go B) was / go C) are / go D) was / shall go E) would / should go

Tomorrow if the weather ___ fine we ___ out of the town for hours. A) is / shall get B) will be / shall get C) be / will get D) were / get E) was / get

That film has ______ on TV. A) showed B) been shown C) shown D) showing

Jack is preparing for his exams. We _____. A) should go and visit him B) ought not to disturb him C) ought to phone him D) had better watch TV

I _____ go out than be stuck in bed. A) had better B) should C) have to D) would rather

We got home late. We were very tired and ___ went to bed at once. A) anybody B) nobody C) somebody D) anything E) everybody

Next August, while you ______ for your exams, I ______ on a Mediterranean beach. A) are preparing / will be B) were preparing / would be C) prepare / will be D) were preparing / was

If you are free, watch the film they ___ on TV. A) shows B) showed C) are showing D) had showed E) have showed

He ___ his work before you came. A) finished B) finishes C) has finished D) had finished E) finish

You’ll feel a lot better after you ______ a rest. A) had B) have had C) will have D) had had

Peter ___ his lessons. When he finishes them he’ll watch TV. A) does B) do C) did D) is doing E) has done

The music master is making lovely music. Read aloud the sentence in the text that expresses this idea.

You _____ do your homework. If you don’t, you’ll fail the examination. A) must B) had to C) had better D) might

She’ s doing her homework first. Then she ____ TV. A) watches B) would watch C) Shall watch D) will watch

If she hadn’t given him ______ ,the police would never have found him. A) away B) for C) in D) off

In winter this town is often cut ______ by heavy snowfalls. A) off B) back C) out D) dead

Any student who ________ his homework is unlikely to pass his examination. A) reduces B) neglects C) practices D) denies E) offends

The teacher asked the students to ______ (hand in) their homework at the end of the lesson. A) give back B) give in C) turn back D) bring about

________ the homework. A) No every students do B) No every student does C) Not every students do D) Not every student does

All of the students did ________ homework. A) his B) her C) its D) their

She’s telling ________ an amusing story. A) they B) them C) to them D) their

200. राज्य में ऑपरेशन फ्लड I कब प्रारम्भ हुआ ?

भारत में महालवाड़ी व्यवस्था कब प्रारम्भ हुई थी ?

1 How is personal identity different from social identity?2 Differentiate between psychometric and information-processing approaches to intelligence.3 State any TWO techniques of self regulation.4 Explain pervasive developmental disorder.

Criteria of well-adjusted person.

Identify the drug belonging to antibiotics-tetracycline

Explain ego.

What is the nature of the stimulus received and transmitted by the neurons?

What are the protective structures of the central nervous system present in vertebrates?

Which are the main cells of the nervous system?

What are some main differences of the vertebrate nervous systems comparing to invertebrates?

Characteristics of emotion

Using examples of invertebrate nervous systems how can the process of evolutionary cephalization be described?

How do projective techniques explain personality.Explain any two well-known projective techniques?

What is the antagonism between the sympathetic and the parasympathetic neural actions?

If the weather _ fine we _ to the park. A) is / shall go B) was / go C) are / go D) was / shall go E) would / should go

Tomorrow if the weather _ fine we _ out of the town for hours. A) is / shall get B) will be / shall get C) be / will get D) were / get E) was / get

Next August, while you for your exams, I on a Mediterranean beach. A) are preparing / will be B) were preparing / would be C) prepare / will be D) were preparing / was