Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Correct option is (3) Al₂O₃ + C \(\overset{\Delta}{\longrightarrow}\) AI + CO

Anode:

2O^-2 \(\longrightarrow\) O₂ + 4e
2C + O₂ \(\longrightarrow\) 2CO 

Cathode:

Al⁺³ + 3e^- \(\longrightarrow\) Al

Correct option is (1) N₂

Green house gases are CO₂, CH₄, Cholorofluoro carbon, O₃, N₂O, H₂O

Note: Gas, which is not a green house gas is nitrogen.

(a) Phenol does not give effervescence of CO₂ gas with sodium carbonate. While benzoic acid produces effervescence of CO₂ gas with sodium carbonate.

(b) Ethanol and acetone both performs iodoform test. While only ethanol gives red colouration with victor-Macyer’s test.  

Al becomes passive in contact of conc. HNO₃ due to forming of thin layer of Aluminium oxide. Hence conc. HNO₃ can be stored in Al-container.

I₂ is a non-polar covalent compound and thus insoluble in water. In aqueous solution of KI, I₂ forms a complex compound KI₃. Which is ionic in nature and soluble in water.

KI + I₂ + KI₃ (water soluble complex)

Nitric acid is an oxidising agent, it will oxidise H₂S to sulphur. 

FeS + 2HNO₃ →Fe(NO₃)₂ + H₂S

3H₂S + 2HNO₃ →2NO + S + 4H₂O

Sugar and salt (NaCl) of soluble substances in water.

The zeolite used as a catalyst in petrochemical industries for cracking of hydrocarbons and isomerization is ZSM-5.

2Fe⁺² + 2H⁺ + H₂O₂ → 2Fe⁺³ + 2H₂O

Lime or Ca(OH)₂ or Calcium hydroxide.

General electronic configuration of s-block elements is ns^1-2

(d) (i), (iii) and (iv)

The correct answer is Chhabra and Suratgarh.

• ​Rajasthan, Supercritical thermal power plants are Chhabra and Suratgarh.

​

• Suratgarh thermal power station (STPS):
  • Suratgarh thermal power station is the first super thermal plant of Rajasthan.
  • It has an installed capacity of 1500 MW, which is the highest in the state.
  • 4 stages of the STPS

• Suratgarh thermal power station has achieved almost 100% fly ash utilization in 2010-11. 

• Chhabra Thermal Power Project, CTPP:
  • Chhabra Thermal Power Project is located near Tehsil Chabbra, Distt. Baran (Rajasthan).
  • Unit 1 (250MW) and Unit 2 (250 MW) of this project constructed under Stage-I.
  • Phase-I units 1 and 2 started commercial operations in 2010 and 2011 respectively.
  • Unit 3 (250 MW) constructed under stage-I (Phase-II) started commercial operation in 2013.
  • Unit 4(250 MW) is Commissioned in 2014. 

• Important power plant of Rajasthan government 

It is true that a manor was not fully self-sufficient, It needed salt, grinding stone and metallic pots from outside. Similarly, the nobles got their luxury items like musical instruments, home appliances and ornaments from outside.

DISTINCT keyword is used to restrict the duplicate rows from the results of a SELECT statement. ALL keyword retains the duplicate rows, by default ALL keyword is use by SELECT statement. 

It was their control over the land that placed the lords in the central point. This control resulted from vassalage. In the feudal system, the entire land belonged to the king”. The king distributed the land among the nobles. Thus the nobles became huge landlords. They became the vassals of the king. The nobles gave their land; to the peasants for cultivation. Thus the nobles became lords or masters and the peasants became dependents or serfs.

Devout Christians established abbeys that were different from churches. The monks who lived in the abbeys were not like the priests who lived among the people of cities and villages. The monies lived secluded lives. They stayed in small communities of religious people. The places where they stayed were called abbeys or monasteries. Monasteries were usually away from Plus One History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 6 Changing Traditions - crowded centers. The persons who stayed in the abbeys were monks and their head was called Abbot. 

There were many monasteries. But two of them became very famous. One was in Subiaco, Italy which was founded in 529 by St. Benedict. The other is the Cluny Abbey in Burgundy which was founded in 910. 

The monks pledge to stay in the abbeys for the rest of their lives and spend their time in prayers, studies, farming, and other physical work. Women also could take religious vows and become Nuns. Nuns stayed in Convents. The nuns also could not marry.

By the 14^th century, the abbeys started showing signs of unhealthy things. Some of them lost their values and forgot their goals. Then the writers started severely criticising and even mocking the monasteries. Langland’s ‘Pierce Plowman’ and Chaucer’s “Canterbury Tales” mock at the luxurious lives of some monks.

IS NULL should be used in place of = NULL. Following is the correct statement :

SELECT * FROM employee

WHERE grade IS NULL ;

INSERT INTO emp VALUES (1101,’ROBIN’,’CLERK',7902,curdate(),5000.00,500.00,10);

The early abbeys were small communities with some 10 or 20 monks in each. But later they grew in size and some abbeys had hundreds of members. They . had big buildings and large estates. They also built schools, colleges, and hospitals around the abbeys. These abbeys have given great contributions in the spheres of Art and Knowledge. Abbot Hildegard was a gifted musician. The monks played a big role in the common collective prayers of the Congregations. They had kept copies of manuscripts of great books. This helped the growth of knowledge.

‘Mound of the dead’ in Sindhi language.

a. Military achievements of Akbar:

1. The second battle of Panipat in 1556: was fought between Akbar and Hemu, the chief minister of Mohammad Adil Shah of Bengal. Akbar with the support of Bairam Khan, attacked Hemu and defeated him in the battle. The battle marked the real beginning of the Mughal Empire in India and set it on the path of expansion. After this battle, Akbar reoccupied Delhi and Agra. He wanted to establish political stability and peace.

2. Conquest of Malwa: He conquered Ajmer, Delhi, Gwalior, and Jaunpur effortlessly because the people themselves had extended welcome to him. In 1562, Akbar’s forces defeated Baz Bahadur, the ruler of Malwa and the state was annexed.

3. Conquest of Gondwana: In 1564, Akbar turned his attention against Gondwana, a small Kingdom (U.P.). It’s Queen Durgavathi and her son Veeranarayana were killed in the war fought near Jabalpur. The Kingdom was annexed to the Mughal Empire.

4. Conquest of Chittor (Mewar) in 1567: Akbar was cordial with Rajputs. But Udaya Singh of Mewar did not yield to Akbar. Udaya Singh and his son Jaimal were killed in the battle and Chittor was occupied by the Mughals in 1568. But Ranapratap Singh (Son of Udaya Singh) continued his memorable struggle against the Mughals. He was defeated by Akbar at Haldighat in 1576 C.E. Akbar founded a new capital at Udaipur.

5. Conquest of Gujarat in 1572: The wealth and anarchical condition of Gujarat invited Akbar’s aggression in 1572 C.E. He marched to Gujarat,, captured Ahmad nagar and received the submission of Muzaffar Shah, ruler of Gujarat. His Empire now extended up to the sea and could profit by the rich commerce passing through Surat and the western ports.

6. Annexation of Kabul and Kashmir: Ranathambore from Roy Surjenhara and Kalinjar from Ramachandra were conquered. Bengal, Kabul, Sindhu, Kashmir, and Orissa were also annexed to the Mughal Empire.

7. Extent of the Kingdom: The Kingdom of Akbar extended from Kabul in the west, to Bengal in the east, and Ahmadnagar in the south to Kashmir in the north.

8. Conquest of Deccan: Akbar turned his attention towards Deccan in 1600 C.E. The Sultans of Khandesh, Ahmadnagar, Bijapur and Golkonda were creating troubles for him. He sent his huge army under the leadership of his son Murad to subdue Ahmadnagar. Chand Bibi fought remarkably well against the Mughal forces.

b. Religious policy of Akbar: Akbar was liberal-minded and tolerant of other religions. His aim was to wipe out the differences that kept people apart and to bring about unity among them. He openly pronounced his faith in the principle of universal toleration and tried to eliminate the deeprooted antagonism of Muslims towards Hindus.

He abolished the pilgrimage Tax and Reziya. He permitted Hindus to worship their Gods and he did not compel them to convert to Islam. He appointed Hindus to high administrative posts on the basis of merit. He also participated in Hindu festivals like Rakhi, Holi, Diwali, and Shivaratri.

Akbar founded a new religion Din-i-Ilahi in 1581. It was based on the principles of peace for all and was an attempt to unite people of different faiths into one brotherhood. He built the ‘Ibadat Khana’ at Fathepur Sikri. He invited the various religious leaders for a meeting to understand the essence of their religions.

Akbar issued the infallibility Decree, according to which Akbar became the supreme arbiter of Justice in civil and religious matters. He collected and codified the essences of all religions and. openly declared his idea of a universal religion called Din-iAllahi. Akbar never forced anybody to join the new religion.

c. Administration : Akbar was a good organizer and administrator. He was a benevolent monarch, having the welfare of the people always in his mind, and took personal interest in the affairs of the state. The Emperor was the supreme authority in the administration. He was assisted by the council of ministers.

The important ministers were the Vakil, Diwan-i-Ali, Mir Bakshi, Sadar – us – Sadar, Khan-i-Saman, Dewan, and Qazi. The government was divided into a number of departments and each was headed by an officer under a minister.

Kingdom was divided into a number of. provinces called ‘Subas’. Each province was headed by a ‘Subedar. Province was divided into Sarkars. Paraganas and, Villages. Village was the last unit of administration. The important officers of the Provinces were Dewan, Bakshi, Sadar, Faujadar, Kotwal, Qazi and others.

d. Mansabdari system: Akbar introduced a new system of military and civil administration known as‘Mansabdari System’. The term ‘Mansab’ means an officer of rank or power or dignity. It aimed at fixing a particular person at a particular place, on the basis of his horses, solidiers, his status, and salary, etc.

This army was at the service of the – Emperor as and when required. It was composed of infantry, artillery, cavaliy, and elephantry. The Mansabdars could be transferred from one place to another. He created 33 grades of mansabdars and these grades ranged from a -mansabdar in charge of 10 to a mansabdar controlling 10,000.

The grade fixed, generally indicated the number of horse soldiers. The Emperor could appoint, promote and dismiss Mansabdars at his will. The horses under the Mansabdars were branded with the imperial sign. The salaries of Mansabdars were high, they were generally not paid in cash but were alloted Jagirs yielding their respective salaries.

There was always the possibility of some powerful Mansabdars revolting against the Emperor with the help of their soldiers, because loyalty of the soldiers . was always to the Mansabdar and not to the Emperor.

e. Todarmal’s Bandobust (Revenue System): Land revenue was the main source of income to the state. In 1581 C.E., Akbar’s revenue minister Raja Todarmal reorganised the whole land revenue system with what was known as ‘Zabti System or Ain-deeh-Sala’. The land was surveyed with Jaribs. Land was classified into different categories according to the fertility of the soil, as Polaj, Parauti, Chachar, and Banjar.

The revenue could be paid in cash or kind. Raja Todarmal provided loans (Taccavi) to the cultivators. Taccavi loans were granted for the development of agriculture, which could be repaid in easy annual installments. This land revenue system was called as ‘Todarmal’s Bandobust’.

The state maintained the documents, Patta and Qabiliyat, which recorded information regaring the land, ownership and land revenue. Corruption among the Government officials was curbed.

f. Literature, Art, and Architecture: Akbar was a patron of 1 literature. Abdul FazI wrote Ain-i-Akbari and Akbar Nama. He was the most renowned Persion writer.

The Tabakat-i-Akbari written by Nizamuddin, Ramayana(Haji Ibrahim), Mahabharatha (Nagib Khan), Atharvaveda and Leelavathi (Faizi), Rajatarangini, Panchatantra and the story of Nala Damayanthi, etc were translated from Sanskrit to Persion, Some popular Hindi scholars were Tulasidas, Surdas, Abdul

Rahim, Ras Khan, Birbal, Mansingh, and others. Birbal was the favourite of Akbar and was conferred with the title ‘Kavi Raja’.

Akbar patronized the ‘Nine Jewels’ in his court. They were –

1. Abdul Rahim. 

2. Abul Fazal, 

3. Birbal, 

4. Faizi 

5. Hamid Human 

6. Raja Mansingh 

7. Shaikh Mubarak 

8. Tansen 

9. Raja Todarmal.

Akbar extended liberal patronage to the growth of architecture in India. The first work of Akbar was the ‘Humayun Tomb’ at Delhi, which is in the persian style. Most of the buildings of Akbar’s time were but It with red sandstone. The Jodha Bai Palace, Panchamahal are the impressive structures by Akbar at Fathepur Sikri.

The massive 176 ft Gateway or the ‘Bul and Darwaza’ is the highest Gateway of India. Red Fort of Agra, Jamma-Masjid, white marble Tomb of Sheikh Salim Chisti, Diwan-i- Am, Diwan – i – Klias, house of Birbal, Sonhal Makan are some other beautiful architectural edicts by Akbar.

1. Introduction: Sri M. Vishweshwaraiah was the most outstanding Dewan of Mysore. He entered the services of Mysore as Chief Engineer. He was a great Engineer, a capable administrator, eminent economist a liberal-minded statesmen and patriot. He is rightly called as “The Architect of Modem Mysore”.

2. Early life and career of M.V. : Sir M.V. was born on 15th September 1861 at Muddenahalli (Chikkaballapur District). His parents were Srinivass Shastri and Venkatalaxmamma who were orthodox Hindus. After completing his primary education at Chikkaballapura, he went to Bangalore for further studies.

He obtained his B. A. degree from Central College, Bangalore in 1881. He did his B.E. degree (Pune) from Madras University in 1884. He served in the Bombay Government from 1884 to 1909. He was appointed as the Chief Engineer of Mysore State in 1909. Krishnaraja Wodeyar – IV appointed him as the Dewan of Mysore in 1912. The main objective of Sir M.V. was the eradication of poverty and to put India in line with the developed nations.

3. Administrative reforms: Sir M.V. was a liberal statesman and believed in democracy. He took steps to strengthen the local self-governing bodies. The number of the members of the legislative council was increased from 18 to 24 and given the power to discuss the budget of the state. Sri M.V. passed the local self-governing bodies Act.

This act made provisions for the majority of the members of the district and taluk boards being elected. Village reform committees were established for the progress of villages. The development of Malnad region was given priority and a plan was drawn up.

4. Industrial Development: ‘Industrialize or Perish’ was the slogan of Sir M.V. His aim was to make Mysore an industrially advanced state in India. He started several industries in the state. The important industries are Sandal oil factory at Mysore, Soap factory, Central Industrial work shop and Metal factory at Bangalore, Silk research center at Channapattana.

Small scale and Cottage industries also developed. Cottage industries such as weaving, pottery, oil processing, mat making, wood works, leather goods, etc., flourished. The Mysore Chamber of Commerce and Industry was established in 1913 at Bangalore. The Mysore Bank was founded in 1913 at Bangalore for the promotion of Industries and Commerce.

5. Educational reforms: Sir M.V. believed that “Progress in every country depends mainly on the education of its people”. His main objective was the eradication of illiteracy from India. So, he introduced compulsory primary education. Scholarships and special grants were made available to encourge education among the economically and socially backward classes.

Female and technical education were also encouraged. The major Educational Institutions started by Sir M.V. were the Government Engineering College at Bangalore, School of Agriculture at Hebbal and Chamarajendra Technological Institution at Mysore.

His greatest achievements were the establishment of Mysore Univesity in 1916 at Mysore and the Kannada Sahitya Parishat in 1915 at Bangalore to promote the growth of Kannada language and Literature.

6. Irrigational scheme: He understood the needs of the farmers. He introduced the block system and the automatic gates for better utilisation of the available water. K.R.S. dam was built across Cauvery at (1911 to 1931) Kannambadi and as a result, 150,00 acres of barren lands in the Mandya and Malavalli areas came under cultivation.

He offered many proposals for the eradication of poverty. Canals, tanks, and reservoirs were built. Proper sewage systems were introduced.

7. Railway reforms: Sir M.V. introduced the ‘Railway committee’ in the State. In 1913, the Mysore – Arasikere and Bowringpete – Kolar railway lines were laid. In 1918, Bangalore – Mysore, Mysore-Nanjangudu and Birur-Shimoga railway lines being managed by the Madras and Southern Marata Company were brought under the State control.

8. Relief works: During Sir. M. Vishwesh waraiah’s Dewanship the first world war (1914-18) broke out. This led to severe shortage of foodstuff. He took up relief works by opening fair price shops, stopping export of food grains and fixing the selling prices.

Sir. M.V. resigned in 1918 after rendering commendable service to Mysore State and won the heart of the people. In recognition of his services, tire British Government honoured him with Knighthood in 1915. In 1955, the Indian Government deservedly conferred him with the title of ‘Bharata Ratna’. He was the first Kannadiga to get this award. Sir M. V. passed away on 14^th April 1962. He lived for 101 years.

There is a one condition for dropping a table that is a table must be an empty table which we want to drop.

SELECT AVG( sal ) FROM emp GROUP BY deptno HAVING COUNT(job)>3;

Sir. M. Vishweshwaraiah in 1915 at Bangalore.

1. Cultural contributions of Rashtrakutas: Religion: Rashtrakuta rulers practised religious tolerance towards all religions. Even though they were followers of the Vedic religion, they also patronised Jainism and Buddhism. Amoghavarsha was a great devotee of Goddess Mahalaxmi. They granted liberal grants and endowments to all religious institutions.

Rashtrakutas constructed a number of temples in Malkehda, Mudhola, Lakshmeshwar, Naregal, Jogeshwar, Ellora, etc., in different parts of their Kingdom. Brahmanas were engaged to perform yagnas and yagas. Kings respected them and gave them money generously.

2. Development of literature: The Rashtrakuta period witnessed great literary activity in both Kannada and Sanskrit. Amogahavarsha himself was a scholar and he wrote ‘Prashnottara Ratnamala’ in Sanskrit. He patronised scholars like Jjnasenacharya who wrote Adipurana and Parshwabhyudaya, Mahaveeracharya who wrote Ganita Sara Sangraha and Shakatayana who was the author of Shabdanushasana.

Srivijaya wrote ‘Kavirajamarga’, which was the earliest work of Kannada literature. It refers to the fact that Karnataka extended from Cauvery to Godavari. Asaga wrote Vardhamana Purana, Halayudha wrote Kavirahasya and Mruta Sanjeevini and Trivikrama wrote Madalasachampu.

3. Pampa was given patronage by Arikeshari -II: Pampa is respected as the ‘‘Adikavi’ of Kannada. He wrote Vikramarjuna Vijaya (Pampabharatha) and Adipurana (Champu Work). Ponna was called ‘Ubhaya Kavichakravarthi’ and he lived in the court of Krishna – III. He wrote Bhuvanaika Ramabhyudaya, Jinaks- haramala, and Shanthinathapurana.

Pushpadantha wrote Mahapurana and Nayakumar Charite. Shivakotyacharya wrote Vaddaradhane, which is accepted as the first prose work of old Kannada. Harisena and Gunabhadra were other well-known writers.

4. Art and Architecture: The contributions of the Rashtrakutas to the field of art and architecture are memorable. The architectural monuments of the Rashtrakutas are found at Ellora, Elephanta, Naregal, Malkheda, Mudhola, Lakshmeshwara, Jogeshwari, Mandape- shwara, etc., The Pallava (Dravidian) style of architecture was adopted by the Rashtrakutas.

Temples were built consisting of Pradakshanapatha, Mukhamantapa, Sabhamantapa, Antarala, and Garbhagruha. The Rashtrakuta contributions to art and architecture are reflected in the splendid rock-cut (Cave) shrines at Ellora, Ajantha, and Elephanta. There are 34 cave temples at Ellora. They belong to Buddhist, Hindu and Jain deties.

5. The Kailasanatha Temple: The most extensive temple is the Kailasanatha temple at Ellora, (Aurangabad Dist) built by Krishna – I in the 8^th century C.E. The temple is divided into four main parts. It was carved out of a single rock. This storied temple is supported by life-size elephants at the base. It is 276 ft long, 154 feet wide and 107 feet deep. On the walls of the temples are the figures like Ravana lifting mount Kailasa, adorned with Nandi, Vishnu, Bairava, Laxmi, Shiva and Parvathi which attracts one’s attention.

There are other such scenes of carvings in bas relief like Shiva in dancing pose and Vishnu and Lakshmi listening to the music. Some other noteworthy and famous rock cuts are Ravana’s cave Rameshwara cave No. 21. Neelakhanta cave, Jagannatha sabha. Dasavathara cave – 15 etc.,

6. Dashavatara Cave: It consists of two storeys and the underground hall measures 97 ft × 50 ft. The sculptured figures of Vishnu and Shiva, and the scene of death of Hiranyakashipu are excellent.

7. Elephanta Caves (Trimufthi Temple): Elephanta is an island near Bombay. It has a big hall, 130 feet long and 129 feet wide. It has three entrances leading to the hall. At the end of this hall is the garbhagruha with Linga. Opposite to the central hall at the back, is the gigantic image of Thrimurthi which is 25 feet high.

Dwarapalaka, Ardhanareshwara, Shiva – Parvathi and other bas – reliefs have been beautifully carved. The paintings in the cave temples of Ellora are a witness to the fact that the Rashtrakutas patronised paintings.

Count(*):- The COUNT(*) function returns the number of records in a table: SELECT COUNT(*) FROM student;

Count ():- The COUNT() function returns the number of values (NULL values will not be counted) of the specified column: SELECT COUNT(name) FROM student;

Count (DISTINCT):- The COUNT(DISTINCT column_name) function returns the number of distinct values of the specified column: SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT city) FROM student; 

Count (ALL):- to count the number of non-null values in column dept, i.e. counting repetitions too. SELECT COUNT(ALL) FROM student;

A view is, in essence, a virtual table. It does not physically exist. Rather, it is created by a query joining one or more tables.

In following condition a view can be updated : 

If it has only one base table.

If select statement used in view contains group by clause then we cant update view. 

The British introduced three types of land revenue systems in India. They were:

1. The permanent land revenue settlement (PLRS) or zamindari system, 

2. Ryotwari or Munroe system 

3. Mahalwari system.

In 1949 Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallababhai Patel and Pattabi Sitharamaiah were the members.

Correct option - (A)hello

Explanation:-

i=5 will assign value 5 to i so the if statement (i=5||z>50) is true so “printf” statement will print hello.

A C program to compute the sum of first n terms of the series 1-3+5-7+9-… is listed below:

main()

{

int start=1,i=1,no=0,sum=0;clrscr();

printf ("\nEnter number of terms to be added:-> ")

scanf("%d",&no);

for (i=1;i<=no;i++)

{

if (i%2!=0)

 {

sum+=start;

if (i==1)

printf ("%d",start);

else

printf ("+%d",start);

}

else

{

sum-=start;

printf ("-%d",start);

}

start+=2;

}

printf ("=%d",sum);

getch();

}

(b) Purusa-sukta of Rigveda

The important land revenue systems that the British implemented in India were Permanent settlement, Ryotwari system and Mahalwari system.

Permanent Settlement : 

The Permanent settlement was introduced by Lord Cornwallis, the Governor General of British India to collect taxes in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. This system is also known as the Zamindari system. 

The following were its features:

• The tax was collected by zamindars. 
• Zamindar was the owner of the entire land where he had the jurisdiction to collect tax.
• Farmers were to pay up to 60% of the yield as tax. 
• Tax to be paid even at the time of poor yield. 
• Tax was to be paid in cash strictly before the cut off date. 
• The actual farmers became tenants.

Ryotwari system : 

This was the land revenue system that the British introduced in South Indian regions. Its features were:

• Land revenue was collected directly from the farmers. 
• Ownership of the land was vested with the peasant.
• Excessive tax was imposed. 
• Tax rates were frequently increased.

Mahalwari system : 

This was introduced by the British to collect tax from North West regions. Its features were:

• The village headman was assigned the responsibility to collect tax. 
• Tax rate was excessive. 
• The entire village was considered as a single unit for tax collection.

Common similiarities

• Tax had to be paid in cash 
• Tax was very high

The term used to denote a group of families in the Vedic society was Jana.

(b) Shankaracharya