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Variations are beneficial to the species than individual because sometimes for a species, the environmental conditions change so drastically that their survival becomes difficult.
For example, if the temperature of water increases suddenly, then most of the bacteria living in that water would die. Only few variants that are resistant to heat would be able to survive. However, if these variants were not there, then the entire species of bacteria would have been destroyed. Thus, these variants help in the survival of the species. However, all variations are not necessarily beneficial for the individual organisms.

Lens is concave

P  = 1/f 

 f = 1/P  = –1/2 

= – 0.5 m 

The reflection of light from a surface obeys certain laws called laws of reflection.

They are:

(i)  Angle of Incidence is equal to the angle of reflection, i.e., ∠i = ∠r

(ii)  Incident ray, reflected ray and normal to the reflecting surface always lie in the same plane

Correct answer is 2.00

K₄[Fe(CN₆)] is diamagnetic 

K₃[Cu(CN)₄] is diamagnetic 

K₂[Cu(CN)₄] is paramagnetic as it has one unpaired electron 

K₃[Fe(F₆)] is paramagnetic as it has 5 unpaired electrons.

Therefore, only 2 compounds K₄[Fe(CN₆)] and K₃[Cu(CN)₄] are diamagnetic

Vegetative propagation :

This is a type of reproduction found in higher plants in which a new plant is formed from a vegetative part of the plant such as roots, stems or leaves for eg. in potato, bryophyllum, sweet potato etc.

• Vegetative propagation occurs through leaf in Bryophyllum.

Correct option is (1) Assertion is true, Reason is true and Reason is correct explanation of Assertion

Energies of the orbitals in the same subshell decrease with increase in the atomic number (Zen).

For example, energy of 2s orbital of hydrogen atom is greater than that of 2s orbital of lithium and that of lithium is greater than that of sodium and so on, that is E_2s(H) > E_2s(Li) > E_2s(Na) > E_2s(K).

Correct option is (A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Energy of orbitals decreases on increasing the atomic number.

 On the basis of the magnetic properties solids can be classified as follows:

Correct option is (3) lonisation energy of gallium is more than that of atomic number 30

\(\underset{30}{Zn} = [Ar] 3d^{10} CS^2\)

\(\underset{31}{Ga} = [Ar]3d^{10} 4S^24P^{1}\)

IE of Zn > IE of Ga.

(i) these metals are shining, lustrous metal, they are highly malleable and ductile. So they are used for making jewellery.

(ii) Strong electrostatic force of attraction is present between ions of opposite charges. To break the crystal lattice more energy is required so their melting points and boiling points are high.

Methods to prevent rusting. 

(i)  By greasing and oiling the iron articles such as mechanical tools, machine parts etc.

(ii)  By galvanisation, i.e. coating the surface of iron objects with a thin lay of zinc.

Charlie Chaplin

The rate of flow electric charge from one body to another through a conductor such as metal wire is called electric current .

OR

The quantity of charge passing through a given point of the conductor in one second is called electric current.

SI unit of current is ampere, which is denoted by letter A.

(i)  The natural substances in which metals or their compounds occur either in native state or combined state are called minerals.

 (ii) The minerals are not pure and contain different types of other impurities. The impurities associated with minerals are collectively known as gangue or matrix. 

Those carbohydrates which cannot be hydrolysed to smaller molecules Expolyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone. They may be aldose or ketones. Common examples are glucose, fructose, ribose etc. 

Due to the presence of unpaired electron or due to d-d transition of electrons.

Myopic eye can see objects at short distance inability of the eye in viewing long distant objects the image falls before retina causes of myopia.

(i) Elongation of eye ball

(ii) Excessive curvature in cornea.

A normal eye is unable to clearly see the objects placed closer then 25 cm because the ciliary muscles of eyes are unable to contract beyond a certain limit.

When the object is placed at a distance less or more than 25 cm from the eye than the object appears blurred and induces strain in the eyes.

Answer (A) Rice

Difference are-

Answer (C) Antibiotic

They are the organs which have different structures but similar functions. For example: Wings of butterfly and birds.

Answer (C) Plasmid

Answer (A) A.I. Oparin and J.B.S. Haldane

Answer (A) Air

Answer (A) ELISA

Tuberculosis is transmitted by Air. 

In certain cases for early and accurate detection of disease we may use ELISA.

This approach involves placing threatened animals and animals in special care units for their protection (off-site). It is desirable approach for long and urgent measures to save extimtion are required.

E.g. Botanical parks, Zoological parks & gene banks etc

Law of Segregation : This law states that the two alleles of a pair segregate or separate during gamete formation such that a gamete receives only one of the two factors. for example heterozygous organism of F₁ generation produces two types of gametes i.e. T and t. 

Ex situ conservation means "off-site" conservation. It is the process of protecting an endangered species of plant or animal outside of its natural habitat. For example by removing a part of the population from a threatened habitat and placing it in a new location which may be wild area or within the care of humans.

Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for 4-6 generations. The breeding strategy is as follows – superior males and superior females of the same breed are identified and mated in pairs. The progeny obtained from such matings are evaluated and superior males and females among them are identified for further mating. A superior female, in the case of cattle, is the cow or buffalo that produces more milk per lactation. On the other hand, a superior male is the bull, which gives rise to superior progeny as compared to those of other males.

Analogous organs − The pair of organs is not anatomically similar, but performs the same function (e.g., the wings of butterflies and birds). This is called convergent evolution.

Difference are-

Adaptations are certain characteristics that organisms develop in order to survive and reproduce better in their habitat. 

● These adaptations can be physiological, behavioural, or morphological. For example : Desert plants have thick cuticle on their leaf surface and stomata arranged in deep pits to reduce water loss. Their special photosynthetic pathway CAM enables their stomata to remain closed during day time. Their leaves are reduced to spines and photosynthesis is carried out by flattened stems.

Ramapithecus was more man-like while Dryopithecus was more ape-like.

The exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens present in the environment is called allergy. The substances to which such an immune response is produced are called allergens. The antibodies produced to these are of IgE type. Common examples of allergens are mites in dust, pollens, animal dander, etc. Symptoms of allergic reactions include sneezing, watery eyes, running nose and difficulty in breathing. 

The process of copying genetic information from one strands of the DNA into RNA is termed as transcription. The principal of complementary governs the process, except the adenosine (complementary) is replaced by uracil.

Innate immunity is the immunity from the birth and is inherited from the parents.

: It is non-specific

: It is accomplished by providing different types of barriers.

The innate immune system is made of defenses against infection that can be activated immediately once a pathogen attacks. The innate immune system is essentially made up of barriers that aim to keep viruses, bacteria, parasites, and other foreign particles out of your body or limit their ability to spread and move throughout the body.

Transcription is the first step in gene expression. It involves copying a gene's DNA sequence to make an RNA molecule. Transcription is performed by enzymes called RNA polymerases, which link nucleotides to form an RNA strand (using a DNA strand as a template).

Alcohols are having anaesthetic effect on nervous system affecting cerebrum, cerebellum and other parts all together. It may cause euphoria, Peptic ulcers, gastric carcilnoma etc.