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(c)  /* and*/

(b) comments

cout<<“\\ is a special character” 

\\ is treated as an escape sequence

(a) ‘A’, a character enclosed between single quote.

A string is automatically appended by a null character.

Here one byte for \a (escape sequence). One byte for character b.

One byte for character c. 

And one byte for null character. 

So a total of 4 bytes needed to store this string.

To store ‘\a’ one byte is used because it is an escape sequence. An escape sequence is treated as one character. To store one character one byte is used.

1. Maltose Glucose + Glucose 

2. Sucrose Glucose + Fructose 

3. Lactose Glucose + Galactose

It is a specification that allows mobile phones, computers and PDAS to be connected wirelessly over short distance.

After the compilation of the program sample.cpp, the operating system creates two files if there is no error. The files are one object file (sample.obj) and one executable file(sample.exe). Now the source file(sample.cpp) and object file(sample.obj) are not needed and can be deleted. To run the program sample.exe is only needed.

Age is an identifier

(a) Human dentitian is heterodont

(a) It stimulates the secretion of gastric juice.

1. 2E3.5 → The mantissa part (3.5) will not be a floating point number. Hence it is invalid 

3. ‘hello’ → It is a string hence it must be enclosed in double quotes instead of single quotes. It is invalid.

5 – integer literal 

‘5’ – Character literal 

5.0 – floating point literal 

“5”- string literal

Token:

It is the smallest individual units  similar to a word in English or Malayalam language. C++ has 5 tokens. 

1. Keywords 

2. Identifier 

3. Literals (Constants) 

4. Punctuators 

5. Operators

Escape Sequence

1. Sum of digits → space not allowed hence it is invalid

2. 1 year → First character must be an alphabet hence it is invalid 

3. First.jan → special characters such as dot (.) not allowed hence it is invalid. 

4. For → It is valid. That is it is not the keyword for

The execution of a program ends with main() function.

\a sequence is used to get an alert (sound).

\a sequence is used to get an alert (sound)

// is used to write single line comment.

sum.obj is not needed and can be deleted.

Here we used the output operator cout <<. It is used to display a message “welcome to C++” to use this operator the corresponding header file <iostream> must be included. We didn’t included the header file hence the error.

A network is a set of devices connected by physical media links. A network is recursively is a connection of two or more nodes by a physical link or two or more networks connected by one or more nodes.

a) Semi colon

‘\0’ is known as string terminator.

(b) comments

(c) const int k = 100

(a)  Semicolon

A string is automatically added by a null character(\0). The null character is treated as one character. So the size of string “book” is 5. Similarly, a null character (\0) is also added to “book\n”. \n and \0 is treated as single characters. Hence the size of the string “book\n” is 6.

(b) “abc”, a character constant must be enclosed between double quotes.

PAN means Personal Area Network. It is used to connect devices situated in a small radius by using guided media(USB cable)or unguided media (Bluetooth, infrared,etc).

c) const int k=100

At the lowest level, a network can consist of two or more computers directly connected by some physical medium such as coaxial cable or optical fiber. Such a physical medium is called as Link.

Correct option -(C) (ii), (iii) and (iv)

Explanation:- 

Identifier cannot start with a digit; it cannot have a space and case is a keyword. 

(a) – (ii), (b) – (iv), (c) – (iii), (d) – (i)

tot.sal. Because it contains a special character dot(.). An identifier cannot contain a special character. So it is not an identifier. The remaining satisfies the rules of naming identifier. So they are valid identifiers.

• PAN: Network at home using Bluetooth 
• LAN: Network within the school 
• MAN: Cable television network 
• WAN: ATM network, Telephone network, Railway network

(b) 0 × 217, a hexadecimal integer.

A network can consist of two or more computers directly connected by some physical medium such as coaxial cable or optical fiber. Such a physical medium is called as Links and the computer it connects is called as Nodes.

(c) 0217, an octal integer precedes 0

1. Muscle contraction occur. 

2. Muscle contraction does not occur. Attachment and detachment of myosin head to actin molecule requires ATP. 

3. No muscle contraction. Ca²⁺ necessary for muscular contraction is released from endoplasmic reticulum.

1. Identification 

• A – Sarcomere 
• B – Hzone 
• C – Aband 
• D – Iband 

2. A sarcomere is the region between two adjacent Z line. It is formed of a complete A band in the middle and halves of two I bands present on either side. 

3. The changes takes place during muscle contraction to ABC and D: 

• A – Two Z lines of the sarcomere come close together resulting in the shortening of the sarcomere. 
• B – H – Zone completely disappears. 
• C – No change in the length of A band 
• D – I – band get reduced

Bridge is a device used to link same type of networks while Router is similar to a bridge, but it can connect two networks with different protocols.

A node that is connected to two or more networks is commonly called as router or Gateway. It generally forwards message from one network to another.

physical or logical arrangement of computers of a network is called structure or topology. It is the geometrical arrangement of computers in a network. The major topologies developed are star, bus, ring, tree and mesh. 

1. Star Topology: 

A star topology has a server all other computers are connected to it. If computer A wants to transmit a message to computer B. Then computer A first transmits the message to the server then the server retransmits the message to the computer B.

That means all the messages are transmitted through the server. Advantages are add or remove workstations to a star network is easy and the failure of a workstation will not effect the other. The disadvantage is that if the server fails the entire network will fail.

2. Bus Topology: 

Here all the computers are attached to a single cable called bus. Here one computer transmits all other computers listen. Therefore it is called broadcast bus. The transmission from any station will travel in both the direction. The connected computers can hear the message and check whether it is for them or not. 

Advantages are add or remove computer is very easy. It requires less cable length and the installation cost is less. Disadvantage is fault detection is very difficult because of no central computer. 

3. Ring Topology: 

Here all the computers are connected in the shape of a ring and it is a closed loop. Here also there is no central computer. Here a computer transmits a message, which is tagged along with its destination computer’s address.

The message travels in one direction and each node check whether the message is for them. IF not, it passes to the next node. It require only short cable length. If a single node fails, at least a portion of the network will fail. To add a node is very difficult. 

4. Hybrid Topology: 

It is a combination of any two or more network topologies. Tree topology and mesh topology can be considered as hybrid topology.

(a) Tree Topology: 

The structure of a tree topology is the shape of an inverted tree with a central node and branches as nodes. It is a variation of bus topology. The data transmission takes place in the way as in bus topology. The disadvantage is that if one node fails, the entire portion will fail. 

(b) Mesh Topology: 

In this topology each node is connected to more than one node. It is just like a mesh (net). There are multiple paths between computers. If one path fails, we can transmit data through another path.

1. TCP: 

(Transmission Control Protocol) is a connection oriented protocol. It is responsible for sending the data from one PC to another and also verifying the correct delivery of data from client to server. Data can be lost in the intermediate network. TCP adds support to detect errors or lost data and to trigger retransmission until the data is correctly and completely received.

2. IP: 

is responsible for moving packet of data from node to node. IP forwards each packet based on a four byte destination address (the IP number). The Internet authorities assign ranges of numbers to different organizations.

The organizations assign groups of their numbers to departments. IP operates on gateway machines that move data from department to organization to region and then around the world. In short TCP handle the flow control and error free packet delivery and IP provides basic addressing and data packets forwarding services. 

eg: 101.65.105.255

Integrated Development Environment

(a) High level