Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

When a restriction enzyme cuts the strands of DNA, a little away from the center of the palindrome site, between the same two bases on the two strands, single-stranded portions are left at the ends.

•  These overhanging single stranded stretches of DNA at the ends, are called ‘sticky ends’.
• They are so called because they easily form hydrogen bonds with their complementary cut counterparts with the action of enzyme ligase

A major problem is that classifying according to overall similarities can be misleading. For example, dolphins could be mis-classifed as fishes because they have fins, but dolphins are mammals, not fishes.

The growth of the plant in response to a chemical stimulus and the phenomenon involved is called chemotropism.

Sky appears blue during day time. The small sized particles of air scatters blue light (shorter Wavelength) that enters our eyes.

The reaction in which oxidation and reduction take place simultaneously is called redox reaction.

Photophosphorylation is the process of utilizing light energy from photosynthesis to convert ADP to ATP. It is the process of synthesizing energy-rich ATP molecules by transferring the phosphate group into ADP molecule in the presence of light.

Photophosphorylation is of two types:

• Cyclic Photophosphorylation
• Non-cyclic Photophosphorylation

The loss of water in the form of vapour from the areal parts of the plant is called transpiration. It is necessary because.

1. It creates transpiration pull.

2. helps in regulating temperature.

Electric current is defined as the rate of flow of electric charge through any cross-section of a conductor in unit time.

Components of an electric circuit includes a source of current, a load, a switch/key and a fuse and connecting wire.

V = 12V, I = 25 mA = 25 × 10^-3A, R = ?

∴ R = \(\frac{V}{I}\)[By Ohm's law]

= \(\frac{12}{2.5\times10^{-3}}\) = 4.8 x 10³Ω

∴ The value of the resistance of the resistor is 4.8 × 10³ Ω.

It is a defect found in old age people. One cannot read comfortably and clearly. It arises due to the weakness of ciliary muscles & hardening of eye lens. This defect can be corrected by using bifocal or varifocal lenses which consists of both convex and concave lenses.

Advantages of transpiration in plants:

1. It helps in the absorption and upward movement of water and minerals creating a transpirational poll.

2. It helps in the regulation of temperature.

3. It maintains a constant supply of ions to the leaves.

4. It removes excess water.

1. The primary consumers are rabbits and mice.

2. If all the foxes are killed there will be no direct predator of rabbits and mice. Hence the number of rabbits and mice increase in the given ecosystem which will disturb its balance.

In Dicot, the veins are repeatedly branched to form network. This is called Reticulate venation. In Monocot, the veins run parallel to one another. This is called Parallel venation.

(d) The field consists of concentric circles centred on the wire.
On applying right-hand thumb rule, we find the direction of magnetic field. The field is in the form of concentric circles centred on the wire carrying current.
Hence, the option (d) is correct.

Scientific land use practices suitable for steep slopes :

(i) Hill sides may be transformed into terraces in order to reduce the slope.

(ii) The course of the natural streams in the hilly terrain should not be blocked.

(iii) Construction activities along steep slopes should be avoided.

Problems that the use of intoxicants can cause: 

(i) Long-term overconsumption of intoxicants causes death of brain cells, which can lead to brain disorders as well as a lowered level of mental or physical function. 

(ii) Liver damage from intoxication can result in cirrhosis, a severe medical condition that can require a liver transplant to treat. 

(iii) Intoxication often causes severe social consequences on a person’s life as well.

OBCs has no reservation of seats in Lok-Sabha and vidhan sabha.

Precautions to be taken to avoid the threat of flood: 

(i) Avoid construction of buildings in a floodplain. 

(ii) Construct barriers (levees, beams, floodwalls) to stop floodwater from entering the home. 

(iii) Seal the walls in basements with waterproofing compounds to avoid seepage. 

(iv) If a flood is likely in your area, listen to the radio or television for information. 

(v) Know the difference between a flood watch and a flood warning. A watch means flooding is possible. A warning means flooding is occurring or will occur soon. 

(vi) Flood control has been practiced since ancient times with methods such as reforestation, and the construction of levees, dams, reservoirs and channels diverting floodwater, called floodway. Levees were used by the ancient Chinese to raise the banks of the Yellow River

Correct Option (c) Arabian plate

Processed data is known as Information

Major natural disasters occurring in India: 

(i) Earthquake: An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust that creates seismic waves. At the Earth’s surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by vibration, shaking, and sometimes, displacement of the ground. Earthquakes are caused by slippage within geological faults. The underground point of origin of the earthquake is called the seismic focus. The point directly above the focus on the surface is called the epicentre. On January 26, 2001, an earthquake measuring 7.7 on the Richter scale hit the state of Gujarat, killing over 20,000 people. 

(ii) Landslide: A landslide is described as an outward and downward slope movement of an abundance of slopeforming materials including rock, soil, artificial, or even a combination of these things. The landslide which took place on June 16, 2013 at Kedarnath, Uttarakhand was the result of Uttarakhand floods. Over 5700 were reported dead and over 4,200 villages had been affected by the flood and post-flood landslides. 

(iii) Floods: A flood is an overflow of water that ‘submerges’ the land. Flooding may result from the volume of water within a body of water, such as a river or a lake, which overflows, causing the result that some of the water escapes its usual boundaries. Assam flood of 2012 killed at least 120 people and also affected the life of the people in 1744 villages spread across nine districts.

There is a legislative assembly for every state. The number of members depends upon the population of the state. But it can not have less than 60 and more than 500 members. The members are chosen by direct election by people of state. The governor has been given power to nominate one or two members of the Anglo Indian community legislative assembly is five years.

The powers and functions of Vidhanasabha are as follows:

1. Legislative Functions: The Legislative Assembly is entitled to pass laws on all subjects that fall under the state list such as police, public health, education, local-self governments, etc. Without the consent of the Vidhanasabha, no bill can become a law.

Though the Vidhanasabha is competent enough to make laws on subjects listed in the concurrent list along with the central legislature, if parliament passes a law contained in the concurrent list, the legislative assembly is not competent to pass a law on the same subject. However, some bills require the previous permission of the President before they are introduced in the state legislature.

In case of breakdown of constitutional machinery’ in a state or when the proclamation of emergency is in operation, parliament has the power of making laws on matters falling under the state list. In case of a conflict between state law and the law of the parliament, the law of the parliament shall supreme.

2. Financial Functions: The Vidhanasabha enjoys total control over the finance of the state. No new tax can be levied or collected without the consent of the Vidhanasabha. The authority of the Vidhanasabha over Vidhanaparishad is strengthened by the fact that a Money bill or Financial bill can only originate in the Vidhanasabha and the Vidhanaparishad can at the most delay it by 14 days but cannot reject or amend the Bill.

The annual income-expenditure statement of the year the Budget must get the approval of the Vidhanasabha. Even year during March-April, the beginning of the financial year, it is the responsibility of the government to place the budget before the house and seek its approval.

3. Control over the Executive (Administration): The Vidhanasabha enjoys direct control over the administration, as the executive is directly, collectively, responsible to the Vidhanasabha and remains in office as long as they enjoy confidence of the house. The members of the house can seek information from the government through questions and supplementary questions.

It is the responsibility of the ministers to clarify points raised by members and give satisfactory explanation. Any attempt to lie or mislead the house is. considered an offense against the house punishable under Contempt of the House.

The debating occasions such as the Question Hour, Adjournment motion, the Emergency Adjournment motion, the Zero Hour, the Cut motion, the Call-attention motion keeps the executive under constant check and the executive must be alert and ready with answers. However, ministers can ask for time to answer questions. The most effective weapon in the hands of the Vidbana sabha is the No-confidence motion, which can bring down a government.

4. Electoral Functions: The members of the Vidhana sabha along with the members of the parliament constitute an electoral college to elect the President of India. They also take part in electing the members of Rajyasabha and also of the members of Legislative council.

5. Constituent Functions: The state legislative assembly takes part in amending a few constitutional provisions. The Assembly does not initiate any amendment to constitution neither does it has such powers. But ratification of at least not less than half of the State legislative assemblies is necessary for amending certain provisions of the constitution.

For instance, if there has to be an amendment made to electoral procedure of electing president of India then it has to be ratified by 1/2 of the states, which in turn is done by state legislative assemblies.

Correct Option (a) Bologna

• The economy is an environmental factor that influences decision-making.

The 42^nd amendment has incorporated a number of fundamental duties.

1. Abide by the constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the national flag and, national anthem. 

2. Uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India. 

3. Defend the country and render national service. 

4. Promote common brotherhood and harmony. 

5. Value and preserve our composite culture. 

6. Protect the natural environment. 

7. Develop the scientific temper. 

8. Strive towards excellence in all sphere

The Vijayanagar administration system was centralized, elaborate and just. 

Following are the feature of the administrative system that existed in the Vijayanagara Empire: 

(i) Powers of the king: The king of Vijayanagara kingdom was at the top of the administration. He had unlimited power. He was responsible for the overall administration of the state. He was the commander-in-chief of the army, the highest administrator and the chief justice. Yet, he was not a tyrant. Rather, he was a benevolent ruler. 

(ii) Focus on welfare of subjects: The aim of the Vijayanagara administration was to do the welfare of his subjects. Krishnadevaraya (also Krishna Deva Raya) was the most important king of Vijayanagara Empire. He believed in the principle that a crowned king should always rule with an eye towards dharma. 

(iii) Council of ministers: To assist the king in the affairs of administration of Vijayanagara empire, there was a council of ministers which consisted of .possibly six or eight ministers. They were appointed by the king who could dismiss them also and they held office during the pleasure of the king. 

(iv) Tax: The kings of Vijaynagara charged a little more than one-sixth of the revenue in the form of tax. This was because the king had to maintain a huge army to protect the Vijaynagara. Empire as well as to fight against their permanent enemy, the Bahmani Sultanate. Apart from this land tax, the government also levied other taxes like the grazing tax, the marriage tax, and the customs duty, tax on gardening and taxes on manufacture of various articles. The rate of taxation was rather high, but the taxes were never extorted. The mode of payment of these taxes was both in cash and in kind. 

(v) Judiciary: The king was at the top of the judiciary. He was the fountain head of justice. All the cases were judged and decided by him. There were also regular courts, the judges of which were appointed by the king. The villages had their own Village Assembly or Panchayats which adjudicated the cases of the village people. In some cases, the judges used to take the help of the local bodies to settle the disputes.

Central Statistical Organisation.

Cognitive decision making:

• It aims specifically at information processing, conceptual resources, perceptual skill, language learning, and other aspects related to the development of the brain.
• In actual, the process of cognitive development is responsible for the development of all mental or intellectual abilities like imagination, memory, reasoning, thinking, intelligence, decision-making ability, and so on. 

Hence, option 4 is the correct answer.

(a) Capitalist economy.

(b) Mixed economy.

List of fundamental duties we perform as an Indian citizen:

(i) To oblige with the Indian Constitution and respect the National Anthem and Flag.

(ii) To cherish and follow the noble ideas that inspired the national struggle for freedom.

(iii) To protect the integrity, sovereignty and unity of India.

(iv) To defend the country and perform national services if and when the country requires.

(v) To promote the spirit of harmony and brotherhood amongst all people of India and renounce any practices that are derogatory to women.

(vi) To cherish and preserve the rich national heritage of our composite culture.

(vii) To protect and improve the natural environment including lakes, wildlife, rivers, forests, etc.

(viii) To develop scientific temper, humanism and spirit of enquiry.

(ix) To safeguard all public property.

(x) To strive towards excellence in all genres of individual and collective activities.

Option 2 is the correct answer.

• The scarcity heuristic is a mental shortcut that places a value on an item based on how easily it might be lost, especially to competitors. The scarcity heuristic stems from the idea that the more difficult it is to acquire an item the more value that item has.
• The peak–end rule is a psychological heuristic in which people judge an experience largely based on how they felt at its peak (i.e., its most intense point) and at its end, rather than based on the total sum or average of every moment of the experience.
• The working backward heuristic is a method of problem solving in which an individual imagines they have already solved the problem they are trying to solve. By imagining the problem is solved they can then work backwards in their mind and eventually visualize a solution to the problem.
• The base rate fallacy is the tendency for people to erroneously judge the likelihood of a situation by not taking into account all relevant data. Instead, investors might focus more heavily on new information without acknowledging how this impacts original assumptions.
• The affect-as-information hypothesis, or ‘approach’ is a model of evaluative processing, postulating that affective feelings provide a source of information about objects, tasks, and decision alternatives

(b) information

Spring tides occur during the full moon and the new moon. During the moon’s quarter phases, the sun and moon work at right angles, causing the bulges to cancel each other. The result is a smaller difference between high and low tides and is known as a neap tide. 

Characteristics of Spring Tide:

(i) Spring tides occur when the Moon, the Sun, and the Earth are aligned. When this is the case, their collective gravitational pull on the Earth’s water is strengthened.

(ii) Spring tides occur about every two weeks, when the Moon is full or new, and are at their maximum when the Moon and the Sun are in the same plane as the Earth.

Following are the differences between fog and mist:

D. (i) special educators; (ii) skills and qualifications

Features of Mughal administration:

(i) Enjoying absolute power, the Emperor of the Mughal Empire was always the central administrative authority.

A number of officers in different governmental departments were appointed for the smooth functioning of transactions involving various affairs.

(ii) The Army had cavalry which was the most important unit, the infantry, made up of townsmen and peasants

and artillery with guns and navy. The Mughal Army was a mixture of diverse elements. As it grew in number it became too heterogeneous to be manageable.

(iii) Land revenue was the major source of the income. Akbar had instituted a system of Dahsala/Bandobast Arazi/ the Zabti system. Under this, the average produce of different crops and the average prices from the last ten years were calculated. One-third of the average was the share of the state that was collected in cash.

Music Composer has a special place in film industry. 

• He/ she is usually called the music director. 
• Basically creates the tunes of the songs. 
• Songs are the main attraction of the film. 
• Looks into composing title music, theme music and background score in various scenes.

(a) Nediyiruppu Swaroopam.

(b) Kochi.

C. (1), (3) and (4) are true.

Music composer is usually music director of Film

Music is a powerful tool in movies that can not only create mood/emotion but make scenes more memorable and even change the entire meaning of the scene.. It adds to the expressions of actors. It conveys the viewers a whole lot of things without actually saying it out to them. It is fed subconsciously to the viewers.

Theme 

Plot/Synopsis 

Time and Space 

Techniques 

Achievements/Feedback

1. -Cut- It is a straight and instant change in visual 

2. Fade in/Fade out- The shot already on the screen begins to go dark and then finally the screen becomes completely dark. This is known as fade out. Then the next shot begins to appear slowly from darkness and attains brightness gradually. This is fade in. 

3. Dissolve- The shot already on the screen begins to slowly disappear and another one begins to emerge simultaneously. The first shot is said to be dissolved into the second one. 

4. Super imposition- It is similar to dissolve, except that both the shots stay on screen for a length of time. There could be more than 2 shots used at times. 

5. Bleach – This is opposite of fade. The screen begins to become brighter and brighter till all the details of the shot are like ‘bleached’ and there is only brightness on the screen.

6. Wipe – It is a lateral movement of the new incoming shot that wipes or pushes away the existing shot.

Majid Tehranian says that three megatrends characterize our own era and perhaps the rest of the 21st century -Globalization, Regionalization, and Democratization. 

He says that globalization and regionalization are proceeding rapidly aided by technical progress and global and national institutions. However, democratization is lagging somewhat behind. In the post 1991[collapse of Soviet Union] world he sees democratization to have become an Unmistakable force throughout the world.

Types of Services:- 

1. On the basis of Service operations to volume of customers 

2. On the basis of level of tangibility: 

3. On the basis of customisation/empowerment 

4. On the basis of service delivery and processing focus

Majid Tehrani an says that Three megatrends characterize our own era and perhaps the rest of the 21st century:

Globalization, Regionalization, and Democratization: He says that globalization and regionalization are proceeding rapidly aided by technical progress and global and national institutions. However, democratization is lagging somewhat behind. In the post 1991[collapse of Soviet Union] world he sees democratization to have become an unmistakable force throughout the world.

The American Marketing Association has defined Services as “Activities, Benefits and satisfaction which are offered for sale or are provided in connection with the sale of goods”.

Helps in Building Communities – Since our world has different religions and beliefs. Social media helps in building and participating in the community of own religion and believes to discuss and learn about it.

Education – Social media has a lot of benefits for the students and teachers. It is very easy to educate from others who are experts and professionals via the social media.

Connectivity – The first and main advantage of the social media is connectivity. People from anywhere can connect with anyone. Regardless of the location and religion. The beauty of social media is that you can connect with anyone to learn and share your thoughts.

Help – You can share your issues with the community to get help and giddiness. Whether it is helping in terms of money or in terms of advice, you can get it from the community you are connected with.

Information and Updates – The main advantage of the social media is that you update yourself from the latest happenings around in the world.

Promotion – Whether you have an offline business or online, you can promote your business to the largest audience.

Disadvantages of Online Marketing 

1. Impersonal: marketing can become impersonal, due to the virtual nature 

2. Competitive: Online marketing can also be crowded and competitive. 

Catching Attention: Companies investing in online marketing may find visitors’ attention is difficult to capture due to the number of business.

Brand awareness, feedback, competitive advantage, impact