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(d) All of these 

Chine  is not a members of SAARC.

Arabs and Armanians.

The two member countries of the SAARC are India and Sri Lanka.

1. It receives reports from every organ. 

2. It elects the members of the other councils.

When states deliberately support terrorist groups which may lead to violation of human rights, it is called state sponsored terrorism.

Annie Besent first women chairman of Indian National Congress .

1. When no single party gets absolute majority. 

2. When political parties have made pre-poll alliances.

When Turkey surrendered in the first world war the countries including Palestine became under Britain. Israel was formed in 1948 when the need for a nation for Jews became strong. Arab countries were anxious when foreign countries tried to block the formation of Israel.

• Availability of raw materials. 
• Cheap labour. 
• Low cost involved in manufacturing and selling goods in colonies.

The Movement ‘India against corruption’ was led by Anna Hazare in 2011. Demands from various Civil Society Organizations for an Indian Ombudsman compelled the Union Government to introduce the bill again in 2012. Finally, the bill became an Act on 1^st January 2014.

Organisation: The Institution of Lokpal consists of 9 members including the Chairman. Retired Chief Justice of India or sitting Supreme Court judge is eligible to head the Institution. Of the 8 members, 4 should be judges of either Supreme Court or High Courts. The remaining must possess minimum 25 years of experience in vigilance Commission. They must be apolitical. Adequate representation must be given to SCs, STs, BCs, Minorities, and Women.

The panel consists of Prime Minister, Speakers and leader of opposition in Lok Sabha, Chief Justice of India and an eminent jurist. Their tenure is 5 years. They can be removed by the President after an enquiry conducted by the Supreme Court for any misconduct or allegations.

The jurisdiction of Lokpal covers office holders of Union Government including the Prime Minister, Ministers, MPs, and State Legislators.

Powers and Functions:

1. Lokpal has the power to sanction prosecution against public servants and to register cases against corrupt officials. Permission of Government or departmental heads is not necessary. 

2. All organizations receiving donations from foreign sources come under the jurisdiction of Lokpal. 

3. Lokpal has the power of superintendence over any probe agency for cases referred by it. 

4. Provision is included for confiscation and attachment of property acquired by corrupt means. 

5. If the corruption charges are proved, the concerned officials have to undergo 2 years jail term. 

6. The State Governments have to appoint Lokayukta within one year from commencement of the Lokpal act. They are free to make some changes.

• By using legal system 
• By using military force 
• By using administrative measures

It is the right to vote given to all citizens after attaining a particular age. e.g. In India, it is 18 years.

On issues like the Railways, proper means of communication and transports, ensuring the welfare of SCs and STs, the central government advises the states.

• Economic destruction 
• Aimlessness 
• Rivalry against the victors

1. To save the future generation from the destruction of war. 

2. To uphold the human rights all over the world.

Bribery, fraud, nepotism, and cronyism are the hurdles in creating a corruption-free India.

Congress and DMK are the two coalition partners of UPA.

Gestapo was the secret police troop of Hitler.

In the elections, if no single party obtains absolute majority, a few like minded, parties may come together on a common platform to form a Government which is called a coalition Government.

• The imposition of the humiliating Treaty of Versailles on Germany. 
• Economic destruction and inflation 
• Failure of German government and the resultant political uncertainty.

• Socialists, communists, Jews and democrats were executed. 
• Used newspaper, radio, cinema and education systems widely to propagate the ideologies of Nazism. 
• Adopted an aggressive foreign policy and attacked neighbouring countries. 
• All other political parties except the Nazi party were banned.
• Trade unions were banned.

Congress, BJP, CPI, CPI(M), BSP, JDS.

Voters directly elect their representatives through secret ballot papers, e.g. Lok Sabha Elections.

‘Educate, Agitate and Organise’ was the popular slogan of Ambedkar.

• Treaty of Versailles imposed by the victorious allies on Germany after the First World War. 
• Economic crisis and inflation. 
• Failure of German governments and the political uncertainty. 

Correct option is C) ages

Good governance ensures accountability, transparency, efficiency, responsibility and responsiveness.

Compulsory education means the obligation of the Government to provide free elementary education and compulsory admission.

Identity politics is a pattern of belongingness, a search for comfort, an approach to community, to attain empowerment, representation and recognition of the social groups.

Illiteracy means the inability of a person to read and write in any language.

United Progressive Alliance.

Reforms imposed through political changes. Reforms introduced to remedy organisational rigidity. Reforms through the legal system, and Reforms through changes in attitude.

1935 Act attempted to establish ‘Federation in India’.

Correct option is (d) Decisions taken by the Gram Sabha.

Part XVIII of the Constitution of India deals with three types of emergency provisions.

1. National Emergency: Act 352 empowers the President to declare National emergency when there is threat of external aggression. Till now, it has been imposed thrice. In such circumstances, individual rights are suspended except Art. 21 (protection of life and personal liberty) and Art. 22 (protection against arrest and detention in certain cases).

2. State Emergency: Art 356 authorise the President to declare President’s rule in a state on the recommendation of as Governor during the breakdown of the constitutional machinery in that state. Hitherto, it has been implemented.

3. Financial Emergency: Article 360 empowers the President to declare financial emergency if the financial conditions of the nation are precarious.

1. Socio-Economic Measures: Socio economic development in the terrorist prone areas would provide a long-lasting solution to the problem.

2. Social acceptance: Measures have to be taken to bring the terrorists back to the mainstream of social life. They should not be made to suffer the stigma of a terrorist.

3. Education: Lack of nation oriented and moral education at the young age is a must youth are lured by terrorist adventurism. Providing proper education would help them to realize that there are other rational and human values to achieve their goals.

4. Employment opportunities: Generation of employment at the right age to everyone avoids undemocratic and anti-national activities. By providing proper employment opportunities, youth can be effectively prevented from embracing terrorism.

5. Financial Assistance: More and more youth should be encouraged to become self employed by financial assistance through banks and other non banking financial institutions. Fundamentalists cannot achieve success in capturing the employed youth for their selfish motto.

6. Economic equality: Government has to take initiatives, to formulate large scale economic measure to eliminate extreme poverty and exploitation and ensure economic equality.

7. Rehabilitation: Government has to undertake measures to immediately compensate the uprooted and evacuated people while executing large scale national policies and programmes.

8. Removal of Regional disparity: Not all parts of the nation are equality developed. Government should take special measures and legislative actions to remove the regional disparity. Many terrorists originate from the regionally imbalanced and underdeveloped areas.

Illiteracy means inability of a person to read and write in any language. Amartya Sen described illiteracy as one of ‘unfreedoms’. According to the census report of 2001, a person who can read and write with understanding in any language may be called a literate person and a person who can only read but cannot write is not a literate person.

Illiteracy is both a curse and an impediment to democracy. Illiterates are easily exploited and mislead by politicians and vested interests to realize their goals. The successful working of democracy depends upon political awareness which can be acquired only through education.

The 2011 census report records the literacy rate in Kerala as 94%, Karnataka at 75.36% and Bihar at 61.80%.

1. Lack of Political Awareness: Illiteracy contributes for political apathy. Illiterate masses due to their ignorance and indifferences do not take part in political process. They are not able to understand the importance of vote, they do not understand the idea logies of political parties, their manifestos and the performance of ruling party, election rules, and process.

2. Low Percentage of votes: Since the first general election, the percentage of polling has not crossed 60%. This is due to illiteracy and lack of political awareness. Political legitimacy cannot be achieved to a full extend by low percentage of polling.

3. Money and Muscle Power: The nexus between politicians and businessmen is noticeable. The politicians are tactful enough to get votes from the poor people who are illiterate through dubious means like rigging and booth capturing and threatening the voters using muscle power. This has led to criminalization of politics.

4. Politics of Populism: The voters in India are attracted by politics of populism. Illiteracy and poverty force them to depend upon the facilities of the Government. They fail to understand that the populist programmes bring them into mainstream of the Society. Indulgence in politics of populism makes the people to depend on the Government for everything without becoming creative individuals. This becomes an impediment to national development.

5. Emergence of Dictatorship: When people are not politically conscious, show apathy to vote, an ambitious leader transforms democracy into a dictatorship.

Nation building is the process whereby the State becomes a true nation-state, its people become a well organised, united and cohesive group and the society becomes democratic and developed. It also involves the process of making the political system autonomous and legitimate to meet the demands and aspirations of the people and overcome threats, crises and all other challenges. Thus, nation building is the transformation of a country into a great society or a powerful nation.

Components:

1. Community support: To realize the process of nation building, collective support and endeavour of people are essential. The quality of the people reflects the quality of a nation. Disciplined work culture and patriotic feeling also contribute for nation building.

2. Good Governance: Good governance ensures accountability, transparency, efficiency, responsibility and responsiveness. In addition, the use of technology has given rise to e-Governance.

3. Committed Leadership: History depicts many examples of committed leadership. The US President F.D Roosevelt solved the crisis of Economic depression by adopting the new deal policy. In India, Nehru’s leadership largely contributed to the process of nation building.

4. Political Culture: Political culture constitutes a set of values, attitudes and behaviour towards political system. It requires an ideal political behaviour for national reconstruction.

5. Power sharing: To realize the goal, political power needs to be shared among all sections of society. The consentration of political power in the hands of a few people and some families, leads to the emergence of authoritarianism and dictatorship.

6. Universal education: For the development of a Nation universal education is of paramount importance. It enables a person to understand their potentiality and strengthens dignity. As Gandhi said ‘Education is the light of life’, it encourages people to develop the spirit of enquiry, the ability to analyze the nation’s problems and to work for national progress.

7. National Character: Nationalism and patriotism are the foundations to build a national character. Each country has its distinct national character which denotes one’s nativity as the conservatism of UK, ‘Land of Liberty’ of US, ethnic city of Africa, Aborigines of Australia and cultural diversity of India. Love and respect for one’s country and national symbols such as national flag, national anthem and national monuments are the prerequisites.

8. Mass Media: Mass Media is regarded as the Fourth Estate in Democracy as it plays a vital role in nation building. It highlights the omissions and commissions of the Government and acts as a bridge between the Government and the public.

9. Responsible Intelligentsia: The contribution of intellectuals is recognized all over the world. Research and innovations in important areas of human life have contributed to the national development. In India, the development in the field of social sciences by M.N. Srinivas, Amarthya Sen, Gail, Vandana Shiva, Ashish Nandy, and others and in science and technology, Sir M. Vishveshwaraiah, Sir C.V. Raman, Dr. Raja Ramanna, Dr. M.G.K. Menon, Dr. C.N.R. Rao, Dr.U.R. Rao, Dr. A.PJ. Abdul Kalam and others have greatly contributed for India’s present position at global level.

10. National Integration: It is process of uniting the people emotionally, psychologically and politically. SardarVallabhaBai Patel, Vinoba Bhave, Lai Bahadhur Shastri. J.B. Kriplani and Acharya Narendra Dev have played a key role in the National Integration. November 19^th is being observed as National integration day.

The process of Nation-building started with the attainment of independence. The leaders of modern India initiated the process in the right direction as they worked out the details in an orderly and systematic way. However, during implementation, they had to face numerous problems associated with national reconstruction resulting in a slow process.

The process of nation-building is an offshoot of the concept of nation-states. The idea of nation-states emerged after the signing of the treaty of West Phalia (1648) by Western Countries. The people of the common religious and traditional backgrounds living in a definite territory with like-mindedness and ‘we’ feeling form the nation. Common language, culture, and history aspirations help the common people to form nationality.

1. Components to community support: To realise the process of nation-building, collective support and endeavour of the people are essential. The quality of the people reflects the quality of a nation. Disciplined work culture and patriotic feeling also contribute for nation-building. In a democracy, people are the kingmakers.

Hence, they are expected to elect competent and honest representatives. They formulate a sound public opinion on important national issues. As J.S. Mill said ‘Eternal vigilance is the price of democracy’.

2. Good Governance: Good governance ensures accountability, transparency, efficiency, responsibility, and responsiveness. In addition, the use of technology has given rise to e-Governance. India is one of the leading countries in the world in the adoption of the system-of egovernance.

3. Committed Leadership: History depicts many examples of committed leadership. Eg. the US President F. D. Roosevelt solved the crisis of Economic depression by adopting the New Deal Policy and US became a superpower at global level after the II World War. In India Nehru’s leadership largely contributed to the process of nation-building.

He formulated goals for nation-building and introduced planning system, adopted industrialization policy and socialistic pattern of society. He had vision and farsightedness for the transformation of India. Hence Nehru is called the Architect of Modern India.

4. Political Culture: Political Culture constitutes a set of values, attitudes, and behaviour towards a political system. It requires an ideal political behaviour to national reconstruction. Leaders have to embody the principles of national interest, public service, probity, and statesmanship.

5. Power Sharing: To realize the goal, political power needs to be shared among all sections of society. The concentration of political power in the hands of a few people and some families leads to the emergence of authoritarianism and dictatorship.

As H.J. Laski rightly puts it “A decision which affects all must be decided by all” To attain this reservation is provided to the SCs and STs and women at different levels of Government. It ensures social justice which is the foundation of socio-economic democracy.

6. Universal Education: For the development of a nation universal education is of paramount importance. It enables the person to understand his potentiality and strengthens dignity. As Gandhi said, “Education is the light of life”. It encourages people to develop the spirit of enquiry the ability to analyze the national problems and to work for national progress.

Education also equips the people to shun fanaticism, parochialism, communalism, casteism and religious fundamentalism. The Right To Education Act 2009 implemented in 2010 is a step in this direction.

7. National Character: Nationalism and patriotism are the foundations to build a national character. Each country has its distinct national character which denotes one’s nativity-as the conservatism of UK, ‘Land of Liberty’ of US, Ethnicity of Africa, Aboriginal of Australia, cultural diversity of India. Love and respect for one’s country and national symbols such as national flag, national anthem, and national monuments are the prerequisites.

One has to acquire knowledge about the history of his motherland and its contributions to human civilizations. Realizing the significance of national character, the makers of the Indian constitution have asserted the supremacy of popular sovereignty in the preamble reading with the expression.” We the people of India”.

8. Mass Media: Mass Media is regarded as the Fourth Estate in democracy as it plays a vital role in nation-building. It highlights the omissions and commissions of the government and acts as a bridge between the government and the public. It . is an effective instrument of political socialization, modernization, and development. In India, the ‘Freedom of Expression’ is a fundamental right under Art. 19 of the Constitution.

9. Responsible Intelligentsia: The contribution of intellectuals is recognized all over the world. Research and innovations in important areas of human life have contributed to the national development. In India the development in the field of social sciences, M.N. Srinivas, Amartya Sen, S. Shettar, Gail Omvedt, Kancha, Ilaya, Vandana. Shiva, S.N. Balagangadhara, AshishNandy, Rajiv Malhotra and others.

In Science and Technology Sir M. Vishveshwaraiah, Sir C.V. Raman, Dr. Raja Ramanna, Dr. M.G.K. Menon, Dr. CNR Rao. Dr. U.R. Rao, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, and others have greatly contributed for India’s present position at global level.

10. National Integration: It is the process of uniting the people emotionally, psychologically and politically, Sardar Vallabha Bai Patel, Vinoba Bhave, Lai Bahadhur Shastri, J.B. Kriplani, Acharya Narendra Dev played a key role in the national integration. November 19^th is being observed as National integration day, the birthday of Smt. Indira Gandhi.