Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

b. Curculionidae

The correct answer is Sharika Thiranagama.

• Sharika Thiranagama's In My Mother's House provides ethnographic insight into two important groups of internally displaced people:
  • northern Sri Lankan Tamils and
  • Sri Lankan Muslims
• In this book, she mainly focused on three themes, the idea of home, the transformation of familial experience, and the impact of political violence.
• The story focused on the 2009 civil war between the Srilankan army and the Liberation of Tigers of Tamil Eelam.

• Sharika Thiranagama teaches anthropology at Stanford University.
• She is co-editor of Traitors: Suspicion, Intimacy, and the Ethics of State-Building

Triploblastic animals have more cell layers so they have the possibility of greater degree of cellular specialisation.

Notochord is present in all vertebrates but vertebral column is present only in vertebrates and not in all chordates.

(c) ligament 

(c) A meristem is a tissue in plants consisting of undifferentiated cells (meristematic cells) and found in zones of the plant where growth can take place.

Function:-

1) The main function of plasmids is to carry antibiotic resistant genes and spread them in the whole human or animal body. In this way many diseases of humans and animals can be treated.

2) The other function of plasmids is to carry those genes which are involved in metabolic activities and are helpful in digesting the pollutants from the environment.

3) They are also capable of producing antibacterial proteins.

4) Plasmids re also able to carry the genes which are concerned with increasing the pathogenicity of bacteria which cause diseases like anthrax and tetanus.

(a) Saliva is the watery and usually frothy substance produced in the mouths of humans and some animals. In animals, saliva is produced in and secreted from the salivary glands. Saliva contains the enzyme amylase that breaks down some starches into maltose and dextrin. Thus, digestion of food occurs within the mouth, even before food reaches the stomach.

(a) root tip 

(c) Photosynthesis uses light energy and carbon dioxide to make triose phosphates (G3P). G3P is generally considered as the prime end-product of photosynthesis. It can be used as an immediate food nutrient, or combined and rearranged to form monosaccharide sugars, such as glucose, which can be transported to other cells, or packaged for storage as insoluble polysaccharides such as starch.

(d) Vasopressin

(c) An action potential is a "spike" of electrical discharge that travels along the membrane of a cell.

(d) unequal auxin distribution in their stems.

(a) elephant 

Animals with an incomplete digestive system are those in which the digestive tube has only one opening (cnidarians, platyhelminthes). Animals with a complete digestive system are those in which the digestive tube has two openings, mouth and anus (all other animal phyla, with the exception of poriferans, that do not have any digestive tube).

In animals with incomplete digestive tubes the digestion is mixed, it begins in the extracellular space and finishes in the intracellular space. In animals with complete digestive systems extracellular digestion within the digestive tube predominates. 

(a) sinu-auricular node 

Harshavardhana’s long rule of forty one year’s constitutes an important chapter in the history of India. He was successful as a conqueror, administrator, a patron of Buddhism and a patron of learning. There is no doubt that Harshayardhana conquered the whole of northern India except Kashmir.

Harshavardhana, as a ruler, toured from province-to province looking into the details of administration. That he was respectful to all religions is known from the fact that being a saiva he patronized Buddhism. Under him Ujjain became a centre of literary activities. Banabhatta, the author of Harshacharita and a good number of poets and literary personalities received patronage of Harsha.

Three dramatic works, ascribed to Harsha, are Nagctncmda, Ratriavcili and Priyadarsika. Such were the achievements of Harshavardhana.

Pre-cooling is the removal of heat from harvested flowers. This is done by different methods like hydro-cooling, forced air cooling, room cooling and vacuum cooling etc. to bring down the temperature from 20-30°C to 1°C in a relative short period. 

Advantages of pre-cooling: 

1. Flowers can be stored for a longer period at low temperature. 

2. Lowering the required workload of a cold storage.

3. It restrict and minimize respiratory activity, thereby conserving the weight of the produce and enzymatic degradation of the harvested produce; thus preventing softening, water loss and wilting 

4. Preventing microbial growth, such as bacteria and fungi thereby decreasing the rate of decay 

5. Decreasing rate of ethylene production, thus increasing shelf-life

 Types of Retail Trade 

Retail trade can be classified into the following two categories on the basis of whether or not they have a fixed place of business. 

1. Itinerant Retailers 

2.Fixed shop Retailers

1. Direct marketing 

2. Telemarketing 

3. Internet Marketing 

4. Automatic vending machine

(a) Wholesale Trade:

Wholesale trade means buying goods in large quantities from the producers and selling them in smaller quantities to the retailers. Wholesalers act as an important link between manufacturers and retailers. 

(b) Functions of Wholesaler 

1. Buying and assembling: 

The wholesalers buy goods from different producers and keep them in a central place.

2. Warehousing: 

The goods are to be kept in the I warehouses till they are sold to retailers. 

3. Grading and packing:

The goods purchased are sorted out on the basis of quality and size. This is called grading. After grading they are packed in attractive packages.

4. Pricing: 

The wholesaler fixes the price of products.

5. Transportation: 

The wholesalers move the goods from the production centre to the retail shop.

6. Risk bearing: 

They assume the risk like change in demand, spoilage, theft during transportation, etc.

7. Financing: 

Wholesalers purchase goods on a cash basis from manufacturers and sell them to the retailers on a credit basis.

8. Market information: 

Wholesalers collect various market information for the benefits of manufacturers so that they can change the products accordingly.

Services of Wholesalers to Manufacturers 

1. Facilitating large scale production: 

As the wholesalers place bulk orders, the producers are able to undertake production on a large scale and take advantage of economies of scale.

2. Risk bearing: 

Wholesaler deals in goods in their own name and bears a variety of risks such as the risk of falls in prices, theft, pilferage spoilage, fire, etc.

3. Financial assistance: 

Wholesalers provide financial assistance to the manufacturers by making cash payment for the purchased goods.

4. Expert advice: 

Wholesaler provides various useful information regarding customer preference, market conditions, etc to the manufacturer.

5. Help in marketing function: 

As the wholesalers place bulk orders, it relieves the producer from many marketing activities and he can concentrate on production.

6. Storage facilities: 

Wholesalers hold the goods in their own warehouses. It reduces the burden of storage of goods by the manufacturers.

7. Facilitate production continuity: 

The wholesalers facilitate continuity of production activity throughout the year by purchasing the goods as and when these are produced.

Services of Wholesalers to Retailers 

1. Availability of goods: 

The wholesalers make the products of various manufacturers readily available to the retailers.

2. Marketing support: 

They undertake advertisements and other sales promotional activities to induce customers to purchase the goods.

3. Grant of credit: 

The wholesalers generally provide credit facilities to the retailers.

4. Specialised knowledge: 

Wholesalers know the pulse of the market. They inform the retailers about the new products, their uses, quality, prices, etc.

5. Risk sharing: 

Wholesalers sell goods to retailers in small quantities and thus retailers do not face the risk of storage, pilferage, reduction in prices, etc.

Global corporation produces in home country or in a single country and focuses on marketing these products globally or vice a versa.

SEBI has made it mandatory for all trading members/brokers to use unique client codes for all clients.

Wholesaler Functions of wholesalers : 

(a) Wholesalers purchase, goods in large quantity from manufactures and sells them to retailers in small quantities. 

(b) They store goods in their own warehouses 

(c) They provide financial assistance to producers and retailers 

(d) They make arrangements for the transportation of goods to the retailer’s shop 

(e) They maintain a regular supply of goods. It stabilized the price. 

(f) They give valuable information to producers and retailers regarding the product and market.

Pay-in day is the day when the trading members/brokers are required to make payment of funds or delivery of securities to the clearing corporation of the Exchange for all transactions traded by or through them in the respective settlement period.

Departmental undertakings.

Shopping by post

Itinerant Retailers: 

The retailers who do not have a fixed place of business to operate from are called itinerant retailers. They have to move from one place to another along with their goods in search of consumers.

Characteristics of itinerant retailers.

1. They are small traders having limited resources. 

2. They generally deal with consumer products of daily use. 

3. They emphasize on providing greater customer services. 

4. They do not have any fixed place to operate from.

Types of itinerant retailers 

1. Peddlers and hawkers: 

They can the products on a bicycle, a hand cart, a cycle-rickshaw or on their heads, and move from place to place to sell their products at the doorstep of the customers. They generally deal with non-standardised and low- value products such as toys, vegetables, fruits, etc.

2. Market traders: 

They are the small retailer who open their shops at different places and sell the goods on fixed days such as every Saturday or Tuesday. These trader deals in a single line of goods such as toys, ready-made garment crockery, etc.

3. Street traders: 

These traders display their articles on busy streets, bus stand, railway stations, etc. They sell low priced articles like pens, books, magazines, handkerchiefs, etc. They do not change their place of business frequently.

4. Cheap jacks: 

They are small retailers who have independent shops of a temporary nature in a business locality. They keep on changing their business from one locality to another but not very frequently. They deal with consumer items such as repair of watches, shoes, buckets, etc.

2. Fixed Shop Retailers: 

Retailers who maintain permanent establishment to sell their goods are called fixed shop retailers. Following are the main characteristics of fixed shop retailers:

1. They have greater resources and operate on a relatively large scale. 

2. They deal in durable as well as nondurable goods. 

3. They provide greater services to the customers such as home delivery, repairs, credit facilities, etc

Types of Fixed Shop Retailers 

The fixed-shop retailers can be classified into two. They are: 

(a) Small shop-keepers 

(b) Large retailers

Answer is Franchise

(a) Street traders Features of street traders 

1. These traders display their articles on busy streets, bus stand, railway stations, etc. 

2. They sell low priced articles like pens, books, magazines, handkerchiefs, etc.

(b) Hawkers Features of Hawkers 

1. Hawkers are traders who carry their products in wheeled carts or bicycles. 

2. They deal with cheap and light articles like vegetables, fruits, toys, sweets, etc.

(c) Market traders Features of Market traders 

1. These traders sell their articles on fixed days in different places. 

2. They sell all kinds of goods like vegetables, ready-made garments, stationery, etc.

(d) Cheap jacks Features of Cheap jacks 

1. They do not stick to a particular place of business.

2. They hire small shops located in residential areas and sell consumer items like fruits, vegetables, etc.

(d) Joint venture.

Commerce is a branch of business concerned with the distribution of goods and services.

(d) Bill of entry.

(d) Bill of entry.

Two factors responsible for lack of popularity of mail order businesses are: 

(a) Lack of personal contact between buyer and seller 

(b) High promotional cost (any other valid answer) 

OR

Two limitations of Multiple shops are:- 

(a) Limited selection of goods 

(b) Lack of personal touch (any other valid answer)

Radio has been an effective media source in a country like India .With the recent rise in private channels (FM) on radio a new chapter has begun for this media. Currently major orgnisations (like real estate , educational institutions , amusement parks etc) are using this media actively. Also this media is connected very well to the young prospective buyers 

Retail Trade 

Buying goods in large quantities from the wholesalers and selling them in small quantities to the ultimate consumers is known as retail trade. Retailers serve as an important link between the producers and consumers in the distribution of products and services.

Functions of Retailers

1. A retailer collects different varieties of goods. So he can satisfy different types of customers. 

2. A retailer provides market information to wholesalers and manufacturers. 

3. A retailer is in close contact with consumers. So he can persuade the consumers to buy the product. 

4. Retailers locate their business in residential areas. It helps the consumers to purchase the product easily. 

5. The retailers provide credit facilities to the consumers. 

6. Retailers provide after-sales services to attract consumers.

Services of Retailers to Manufacturers and Wholesalers 

1. Retailers help manufacturers & wholesalers in the distribution of their goods & services to the ultimate consumers. 

2. Retailers undertake personal selling efforts and thus, help manufacturers and wholesalers to increase the sale of the products. 

3. Retailers help manufacturers and wholesalers to operate production on a large scale by undertaking the distribution of goods. 

4. As retailers are in constant touch with customers, they can provide various market information such as the tastes, preferences, and attitudes, etc. of consumers to the producers. 

5. Retailers participate in various sales promotional activities conducted by producers and wholesalers.

Services Retailers to Consumers

1. Retailers provide goods to consumers according to their requirements. 

2. Retailers keep large varieties of products of different manufacturers. It enables customers to select goods according to their choice. 

3. Retailers provide important information about the new products to the consumers. 

4. Retailers also provide after-sales services in the form of home delivery etc. to the customers. 

5. Retailers often supply goods on credit to the customers. 

6. Retailers keep ready stock of the products needed by the consumers.

OR 

Advantages of retailing through departmental stores:- 

(i) Attract large number of customers: These stores are usually located at central places, they attract a large number of customers during the best part of the day. 

(ii) Economy of large- scale operations: As these stores are organised at a very large scale, the benefits of large scale operations, particularly, in respect of purchase of goods are available to them. 

Consumer Cooperative Store: 

It is a retail store formed by the consumers on the basis of principles of co-operation. These stores are owned and managed by consumers. They deal all types of consumer goods.

Features of Consumers Co-operative 

1. It is a voluntary association of consumers. 

2. The liability of members is limited. 

3. Consumers can purchase quality goods at the lowest cost from these stores. 

4. Democratic control is exercised. 

5. It eliminates middlemen.

Advantages 

1. Consumers can purchase quality goods at the lowest cost from consumers’ co-operative store. 

2. There are no bad debts as goods are sold on a cash basis. 

3. Economies of large scale purchasing can be enjoyed.

4. Less advertisement expenses are required. 

5. It restricts the monopoly and wasteful competition.

Disadvantages 

1. A consumer co-operative store can collect low capital. So they cannot start a business on a large scale. 

2. The management of a consumer cooperative store is inefficient. 

3. It lacks proper warehousing facilities. 

4. It will not attract consumers because of no credit facilities.

Correct option is C) fell out

Correct option is B) expecting

Steps involved in selling procedure:- 

(a) Enquiry from intending buyer 

(b) Providing Quotation to the intending buyer 

(c) Receipt of order from the buyer 

(d) Execution of order and Invoicing 

(e) Opening customer’s account 

(f) Dispatch of goods 

(g) Delivery of goods to the buyer 

(h) Receipt of payment and settlements of accounts

Advantages of retailing through departmental stores: 

(i) Attract large number of customers: These stores are usually located at central places, they attract a large number of customers during the best part of the day. 

(ii) Economy of large- scale operations: As these stores are organised at a very large scale, the benefits of large scale operations, particularly, in respect of purchase of goods are available to them.

Correct option is A) turn down

Correct option is A) simple

Correct option is B) struck