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The Indigo cultivation led the Indian farmers to misery. The British forced them to make the products at a low rate. When the cost of land in Europe was decreased, the condition of Indian farmers became miserable. They showed their protest by standing against cultivation. The farmers in Bengal protested against the land lords. But other protests were against the British Government.

Raw materials were needed for the British industrial growth. So the farmers were compelled to cultivate crops according to the market needs. Commercialization resulted in many problems and the most important was the scarcity of food.

The British government did not take any measures for the upliftment of the people. Starve and die was the fate of the people.

India was economically high in the field of agriculture. But with the entry of British, exploitation and suppression became strong and India turned to misery. The commercialization of agriculture resulted in scarcity of food. Jute, cotton and Indigo increased and traditional products lost its market. Indigo cultivation in the wheat field brought the farmers of Orissa and Bengal into misery.

• Salary and Pension to the British officers in India.
• Tax from India.
• Profit gained through the sale of the British products in India. 

• Forest Laws of the British. 
• Imposition of excessive tax by the British. 
• Compulsion of paying tax in cash. 

The British rule made the life of peasants in trouble. Farmers who borrowed money for high interests were compelled to leave the fields. Merchants of Bengal closed their shops. Weavers lost their job. Cattle were sold. Tools for agriculture were sold. They ate whatever they got. Many were dead. Fever, Plague and other epidemics spread all over. Many lost their lives in Bengal and Bihar.

India became a mere supplier of raw materials to Britain and a market for finished goods. Life had become a burden when the production and distribution of consumer items like salt came under the control of the British government. A huge amount of money was flowing to Britain every year.

The drain of wealth was the root cause of poverty and starvation in India. Export of Indian raw materials, salary and pension to the British officers in India, profit gained through the sale of the British products in India, Tax from India also led to poverty and starvation among Indians.

Correct option is (B) Meerut 

• Imposition of excessive tax by the British. 
• Seizing of agricultural land for paying tax in cash.

• Increase in the manufacture of textile. 
• High demand for indigo.
• Land used for cultivation of food grains was to be reserved for indigo plantation. 
• Indigo became obsolete. 
• The plight of the farmers became more miserable. 

The immediate reflection of the decline of the textile industry was found in urban areas. The textile centers like Murshidabad and Dhaka that were thickly populated once, became least inhabited. The people who had been working in textile industry migrated to villages and engaged in agriculture related works.

As a result, the number of people who engaged in agriculture to earn a living, increased. It fragmented the agricultural fields and the production became stagnant.

The observation made by William Ben tick, the Governor General of India, on the decline of textile industry that was world famous once. The bones of the cotton weavers were bleaching the plains of India.

The British policies completely ruined not only the agricultural sector, but also the handicrafts in India.Large scale import of machine made British textiles was the major reason for the ruin of Indian textile industry.The machine made textiles imported from Britain could be sold easily, for they were cheaper.

The expansion of railway was also responsible for the decline of the Indian textile industry.It helped the British to carry the imported fabrics from port towns to interior villages and the cotton collected from villages to the ports for exporting to Britain.

Due to the higher tax levied, the price of Indian textiles exported to Britain increased so it lost the British market too.Weavers gave up their work massively due to the exploitation and torture of the British officers. So they searched for other jobs. The textile centers like Murshidabad and Dhaka that were thickly populated once, became least inhabited.

The people, who had been working in the textile industry migrated to villages and engaged in agriculture related works. This led to the stagnation in agriculture. The ruins of agriculture sector and handicrafts industry led India to famine and deaths due to starvation. Lakhs of people died of famine.

• Import of machine made textile. 
• Export of raw materials. 
• Expansion of railway. 
• Exploitation and Torture of British. 
• Advent of rail ways. 

Correct option is (C) Mangal Pandey

• Pahariya Rebellion, 
• Kol Rebellion, 
• Vaadi Revolts, 
• Munda Rebglion, 
• Bhil Rebellion.

Correct option is (B) Ryotwari System 

• High Taxation, 
• Seizing of agricultural land for non payment of tax, 
• Compulsion for paying tax in cash.

• The cities became least inhabited. 
• People who had been working in textile industry migrated to villages and engaged in agriculture related works. 
• The ruins of agriculture sector and handicraft industry led India to famine and death.

Correct option is (C) Dadabhai Naoroji

Correct option is (C) Mahalwari System

• Discrimination of cast, 
• Miseries of sepoys, 
• Miseries of farmers, 
• Poverty of Crafts men. 

• Bahadur Shah II, 
• Jhansi, 
• Begum Hazret Mahal, 
• Kanpur, 
• Moulavi Ahammedullah. 

Correct option is (A) Lord Cornwallis 

Correct option is (A) 1905 

Consumption of Indigenous products.

Correct option is (A) Bal Gangadhar Tilak 

Bengal, Bihar, Orissa

• In the permanent land revenue settlement the tax was collected by zamindars. 
• Zamindar was the owner of the entire land where had the jurisdiction to collect tax. 
• While the zamindars became the owners of the land, the actual farmers became tenants. 
• Farmers were to pay up to 60% of the yield as tax. 
• Tax was to be paid even at the time of poor yield. 
• The tax was to be paid in cash strictly before the cutoff date. 

In Ryotwari system, the land revenue was collected directly from the farmers. Ownership of land was vested with the farmers.

• In the Mahalwari system village headman collected tax. 
• Village was considered as a single unit for tax collection. 

The land revenue system that the British introduced in South Indian regions was known as Ryotwari System. In this system, the land revenue was collected directly from farmers.

• Zamindars were the owners of the entire land in Permanent land revenue system. They collected tax from the farmers. 
• In Ryotwari system, the land revenue was collected directly from the farmers. Ownership of land was vested in the farmers.

The Revolt of 1857 was the first organized mass movement against the misrule of the British in India. The revolt was generated out of the discontent that prevailed among all sections of Indians due to the policies of the British. The rebellion was started by the Sepoys of Meerut. The following were the main causes for the revolt.

Miseries of the Sepoys : Poor salary and abuse by the British officers were the major reasons for the Sepoy’s resentment. The rumour that the cartridge in the newly supplied Enfield rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs provoked them. It wounded the religious sentiments of Hindus and Muslim soldiers. The soldiers who were unwilling to use the new cartridges were punished by the officers.

Dissatisfaction of Kings : 

The British rule had adversely affected the kings also. In addition to the Doctrine of Lapse, the princely states were convicted of inefficient rule and were annexed by the British. Lord Dalhousie, the British Governor General annexed the princely states of Satara, Jhansi, Nagpur and Sambalpur using the policy of Doctrine of Lapse. This made them to lead the revolt.

Miseries of farmers : 

The land revenue policies of the British in India namely the Permanent settlement, Ryotwari system and Mahalwari system impoverished the peasants. When the farmers were unable to pay tax in cash before the deadline, they had to take loan from moneylenders at a high rate of interest by mortgaging their land.

The moneylenders seized the agricultural land of farmers who could not pay back loan and interest. The farmers who cultivated commercial crops as a result of the commercialization of agriculture also had to suffer losses.

Poverty of the craftsmen : The British policies completely ruined not only the agricultural sector, but also the handicrafts in India. Large scale import of machine-made British textiles was the major reason for the ruin of Indian textile industry. Weavers gave up their work massively due to the exploitation and torture of the British officers. They searched for other jobs. The village industries like pottery, tanning and carpentry also declined.

The ruins of agricultural sector and handicrafts industry led India to famine and deaths due to starvation.

Immediate cause : 

In Barrackpore in Bengal, Mangal Pandey, an Indian soldier shot a British officer who forced him to use the cartridge. He was arrested an hanged to death. The revolt began at Meerut. The rioters moved to Delhi, captured it and declared Bahadur Shah II as the emperor of India. The rioters could not compete with the superior military power of the British and the rebellion was completely suppressed.

Results of the revolt :

• The first and the foremost massive resistance of the Indians against the British. 
• Brought about several changes in the policies and administration of the British. 
• The British Parliament took over the administration of India from the English East India Company. 
• Paved the way for the emergence national movement.

Export of Indian raw materials.Salary and pension to the British officers in India. Tax from India.These are the various sources of economic drain from India to Britain.

There are various reasons for the Revolt of 1857. The Rebellion was started by the sepoys of Meerut. Poor salary and abuse by the British officers were the major reasons for their resentment. The rumour that the car ridge in the newly supplied infield rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs provoked Indians.

It wounded the religious sentiments of the Hindu and Muslim soldiers.The soldiers who were unwilling to use the new cartridge were punished by the officers.

Along with the kings and the sepoys, common people also took part in the revolt.

The British rule had adversely affected the kings too. In addition to the Doctrine of Lapse, the princely states were convicted of inefficient rule and were annexed by the British.This made the kings lead the Rebellion.The salient features of this Rebellion was the active participation of the common people like farmers and craftsmen.

Out of one and a half lakhs of people who were killed in the riots at Awadh, a princely state, one lakhs were the common people. The real strength of the rebellion was the Hindu Muslim unit. A spirit of cooperation existed among the soldiers, common people and the leaders.

The rioters captured Delhi and declared Bahadur Shah II as the emperor of India.The rioters could not overcome the superior military power of the British and the rebellion was extremely suppressed.Though the revolt could not succeed completely, it was marked as the foremost massive resistance of the Indians against the British.

1857 sepoy revolt brought several changes in the policies and administration of the British.The British parliament took over Indians from the British East India company. Economic exploitation of the British reached its extreme level in the post 1857 phase.

There are various reasons for the Revolt of 1857. The Rebellion was started by the sepoys of Meerut. Poor salary and abuse by the British officers were the major reasons for their resentment. The rumour that the car ridge in the newly supplied infield rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs provoked Indians. It wounded the religious sentiments of the Hindu and Muslim soldiers.

The soldiers who were unwilling to use the new cartridge were punished by the officers. Along with the kings and the sepoys, common people also took part in the revolt. The British rule had adversely affected the kings too. In addition to the Doctrine of Lapse, the princely states were convicted of inefficient rule and were annexed by the British.

This made the kings lead the Rebellion.The salient features of this Rebellion was the active participation of the common people like farmers and craftsmen. Out of one and a half lakhs of people who were killed in the riots at Awadh, a princely state, one lakhs were the common people.

The real strength of the rebellion was the Hindu Muslim unit. A spirit of cooperation existed among the soldiers, common people and the leaders. The rioters captured Delhi and declared Bahadur Shah II as the emperor of India.

The rioters could not overcome the superior military power of the British and the rebellion was extremely suppressed. Though the revolt could not succeed completely, it was marked as the foremost massive resistance of the Indians against the British.

1857 sepoy revolt brought several changes in the policies and administration of the British.The British parliament took over Indians from the British East India company. Economic exploitation of the British reached its extreme level in the post 1857 phase.

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