Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Molar mass of NH₃ is 17 g.

So 17 g NH₃ occupies 22.4L at STP

Hence 20 g will occupie 22.4×20/17 L=26.35L.a t STP 

Tabulation is the process of systematic arrangement of statistical data in vertical columns and horizontal rows, in the form of a table.

1. (a) place one on top of the other

2.  (c) Pleasant

3. (a) visible features Of an area

4. (c) making a loud noise

5. (a) moving with a puffing sound

Poisson distributions are used when the variable of interest is a discrete count variable.

Mid- point (m/x) = (Lower limit - Upper Limit/2).

It is method of collection of the data based on a part or a portion of representative items from the population.

The rate of change figures from one period to another is uniform.

Chronological Classification of Filing means arranging records in date order.

Census method is the method of collection of data by complete enumeration of every unit of population. Sample survey is the method of collection of data based on a part or portion of representative items from the population.

C. Santosh

Santosh is not part of Yama.

1. c. surplus nearly 50 percent

2. .b. less than LPA

3. a. Long Term Average

4. b. deficiency of nearly 80 percent

5. b. faced excess rain

6. c. deficiency of rain

7. b. SOCIAL EVIL Q5.ERADICATION

8. c. used according to need

9. a. Both are Brief and have word limit

Photoshop - Photoshop software allows users to create and edit images, which includes manipulating, cropping, resizing, and colour correction etc. Photoshop files are made up of tiny squares of color called pixels. Using large pixels will make a grainy image, and using tiny pixels to make the same image will be much smoother. Photoshop software is particularly popular amongst professional photographers and graphic designers. Photoshop became integral to many diverse industries, including publishing, Web design, medicine, film, advertising, engineering, and architecture. Photoshop is a product by Adobe and is considered one of the leaders in photo editing software.

AutoCAD - CAD, or computer-aided design, is the use of computer technology for design and design documentation. CAD software replaces manual drafting with an automated process. AutoCAD is a computer-aided design (CAD) program developed and marketed by the Autodesk Inc. and it is used for 2-D and 3-D design and drafting by the designer, architects, as well as engineers. The first release of the software used only primitive entities such as polygons, circles, lines, arcs and text to construct complex objects. Later, it came to support custom objects through a C++ application-programming interface. The modern version of the software includes a full set of tools for solid modeling and 3-D. AutoCAD also supports numerous application program interfaces for automation and customization.

Merits of Direct Taxes: 

(i) Equity: 

1. Direct taxes are progressive i.e. rate of tax varies according to tax base. 

2. For example, income tax satisfies the canon of equity .

(ii) Certainty: 

1. Canon of certainty can be ensured by direct taxes. 

2. For example, an income tax payer knows when and at what rate he has to pay income tax.

(iii) Elasticity: 

1. Direct taxes also satisfy the canon of elasticity. 

2. Income tax is income elastic in nature. As income level increases, the tax revenue to the Government also increases automatically.

(iV) Economy:

1. The cost of collection of direct taxes is relatively low.

2. The tax payers pay the tax directly to the state.

Merits of Indirect Taxes:

(i) Wider Coverage:

1. All the consumers, whether they are rich or poor, have to pay indirect taxes. 

2. For this reason, it is said that indirect taxes can cover more people than direct taxes. 

3. For example, in India everybody pays indirect tax as against just 2 percent paying income tax.

(ii) Equitable: The indirect tax satisfies the canon of equity when higher tax is imposed on luxuries used by rich people.

(iii) Economical: 

1. Cost of collection is less as producers and retailers collect tax and pay to the Government. 

2. The traders act as honorary tax collectors.

(iv) Checks harmful consumption: 

1. The Government imposes indirect taxes on those commodities which are harmful to health e.g. tobacco, liquor etc. 

2. They are known as sin taxes.

(v) Convenient: 

1. Indirect taxes are levied on commodities and services. 

2. Whenever consumers make purchase, they pay tax along with the price. 

3. They do not feel the pinch of paying tax.

1. c. absence of Amul milk booth in Gandhinagar

2. a. the area does not have an Amul milk booth.

3. d. writing a letter to the editor of a local daily drawing the attention of the responsible authorities

4. d. 06.03.2021

5. d. all of the above

6. d. all of the above

7. b. seemed very confident

D. far-reaching effects of political decisions

1. b. Roosevelt

2. a. fear

3. c. death

4. a. fear and its side effects

Correct option: c) Games

A. to abandon the American as a patriot or save him as a humanist

The author Anees Jung strives hard to eliminate child labour through her book. She propagates the education of children and enforcement of strict laws against child labour by the government. The message is to put an end to child exploitation and let all children enjoy their days of the spring and joy.

(a) They provide credit for long term requirement for farmers. 

(b) They promote to development of agriculture.

The major steps in formation of a company are as follows:

1. Promotion stage
2. Registration stage
3. Incorporation stage
4. Commencement of Business stage

Promotion Stage: Promotion is the first step in the formation of a company. In this phase, the idea of starting a business is converted into reality with the help of promoters of the business idea.

In this stage the ideas are executed. The promotion stage consists of the following steps:

1. Identify the business opportunity and decide on the type of business that needs to be done.
2. Perform a feasibility study and determine the economic, technical and legal aspect of executing the business.
3. Interest shown by promoters towards the business idea and supply of capital and other necessary procedures to start the business.

Registration stage: Registration stage is the second part of the formation process. In this stage, the company gets registered, which brings the company into existence.

A company is said to be in existence, if it is registered as per the Companies Act, 2013. In order to get a company registered, some documents need to be provided to the Registrar of Companies.

There are several steps involved in the registration phase, and are as follows:

1. Memorandum of Association: A memorandum of association (MoA) must be signed by the founders of the company. A minimum of 7 members are required in case of a public company and 2 in case of a private company. The MoA must be properly registered and stamped.
2. Article of Association: Article of Association (AoA) is also required to be signed and submitted. All members who previously signed MoA, should also be signing the AoA.
3. The next step is preparing a list of directors which should be filed with the Registrar of Companies.
4. Directors of the company should provide a written consent agreeing to be directors, should be filed with the Registrar of Companies (RoC).
5. The notice of address of the office needs to be filed.
6. A statutory declaration should be made by any advocate of either the High Court or Supreme Court, or a person of the capacity of Director, Secretary or Managing Director. This declaration shall be filed with the RoC.

Certificate of Incorporation: Certificate of incorporation is issued when the registrar is satisfied with the documents provided. This certificate validates the establishment of the company in the records.

Certificate of commencement of business: Certificate of commencement of business is required for a public company to start doing business, while a private company can start business once it has received the certificate of incorporation.

Public companies receiving the certificate of incorporation can issue prospectus in order to make the public subscribe to the share for raising capital. Once all the minimum number of required shares have been subscribed, a letter should be sent to the registrar along with a bank document stating the receiving of the money.

The registrar will issue a certificate upon finding the provided documents satisfactory. This certificate is known as certificate of commencement of business. The company can start business activities from the date of issue of the certificate and the business shall be done as per rules laid down in the MoA (Memorandum of Association).

Dividend decision: The decision involved here is how much of the profit earned by the company (after paying tax) is to be distributed to the shareholders and how much of it should be retained in the business.

Factors affecting Dividend decision:

1. Amount of Earnings: Dividends are paid out of current and past earnings. Therefore, earnings are a major determinant of the decision about dividend. 

2. Growth Opportunities: Companies having good growth opportunities retain more money out of their earnings so as to finance the required investment. The dividend in growth companies is, therefore, smaller, than that in the non– growth companies. 

3. Cash Flow Position: The payment of dividend involves an outflow of cash. A company may be earning profit but may be short on cash. Availability of enough cash in the company is necessary for declaration of dividend. 

4. Access to Capital Market: Large and reputed companies generally have easy access to the capital market and, therefore, may depend less on retained earnings to finance their growth. These companies tend to pay  higher dividends than the smaller companies which have relatively low access to the market.

OR

Rate of Return of Investment is 4,00,000/10,00,000 X 100=40%

EBIT after expansion = 40% X 15,00,000=6,00,000 

Calculation of EPS

                   Plan 1                         Plan 2

EBIT          6,00,000                    6,00,000

(-)Interest        -                            50,000

EBT           6,00,000                   5,50,000

(-)Tax(50%)  3,00,000                  2,75,000

EAT.                  3,00,000             2,75,000

No. Of shares.   15000.                  10000

EPS.                        20                  27.5

The company should use Plan 2 in order to increase the return to the equity shareholders.

Following are the essential elements of a Valid Contract :

(i) Two or More than Two Parties : The first and foremost characteristic is that a valid contract must have two or more than two persons . A person cannot make a contract with himself . There must be atleast two persons or parties . One of them is known as "Proposer or Promisor" who proposes a proposal and the other one is known as "Ofference or Promisee" who can accept that proposal . 

(ii) Agreement : Am agreement comes into existence by acceptance of an offer .Therefore for making of an agreement one party should make an offer to another party and the other should accept it . Such an acceptance must be absolute and unconditional . 

(iii) Intention to Create Legal Relations : The intentions of the parties be to create legal relationship between them . In daily life or activities we do any such agreement like ñ Go to Play with , Go to Picnic and Club , any Marriage ,Birthday Function take Food together , Walk etc. Thus in all Social Domestic , Morale and Religious Agreement , the usual presumption is that the parties do not indeed to creat legal obligation .

(iv) Contractual Capacity to Parties : A Valid Agreement can be made only by Legally Competent Persons . The law presumes that every person is competent to enter into contract , if he fulfils the following conditions : 

i. He is a Minor .

ii. He is of Sound Mind and 

iii. He is Not Disqualified from Contracting by any Law of the Land to which he is a Subject 

(v) Consent : Consent is the Essence of a Contract . The Parties are said to consent when they agree upto the same thing in the same sense . 

(vi) Lawful Consideration : In simple words , consideration means ìSomething in Returnî . It is also essential for a validity of a contract . A promise to do something or to give something without anything in return would not be enforceable at law and therefore would not be valid . Consideration need not be in cash or in kind . It would not be enforceable at law and therefore would not be valid .

(a).Selection

Steps in the process of selection discussed: 

1. Preliminary Screening.

2. Selection Tests. 

3. Employment interview 

(b). Next two steps: 

1. Reference and background checks - Many employers request names, addresses and telephone numbers of references for the purpose of verifying information and gaining additional information on an applicant. Previous employers, known persons, teachers and university professors can act as references. 

2. Selection Decision- The final decision has to be made from among the candidates who passed the tests, interviews and reference checks. The views of the concerned manager will be generally considered in the final selection. 

3. Medical Examination- After the selection decision and before the job offer is made, the candidate is required to undergo a medical fitness test. The job offer is given to the candidate being declared fit after the medical examination.

Provisions related with Proposal :

 (i) At least Two Parties : In order to make a Proposal there must be atleast two parties . because no one can in his / her own right be under an obligation to self . 

(ii) Proposal may be in Forms : Proposal can be negative or positive , expressed or implied , ordinary or specific . 

(iii) Legal Relations : Proposal must be made with an intention to create legal relations , otherwise it will not be a legal proposal . 

(iv) The terms of Proposal must be certain : Proposal should not be Indefinite , loose or vague or if an essential provision is lacking it cannot be accepted , because than its acceptance cannot create any legal relationship .

 (v) It must be Communicated : An offer is complete when it is properly communicated to the Offeree . Communication of offer is complete when it comes to the knowledge of the person to whom it is made . An offer is complete when the Offeree comes to know the offer made to him 

(vi) A Proposal must be made to obtain Assent : A proposal must be made with a view to obtaining the assent of the Offeree . A proposal made without any intention to get the assent of the order is not a proposal in the eyes of law . 

Regulatory Functions of Securities and Exchange Board of India: 

1. Registration of brokers and sub-brokers and other players in the market. 

2. Registration of collective investment schemes and Mutual Funds.

3. Regulation of stock brokers, portfolio exchanges, underwriters and merchant bankers and the business in stock exchanges and any other securities market. 

4. Regulation of takeover bids by companies. 

5. Calling for information by under- taking inspection, conducting enquiries and audits of stock exchanges and intermediaries.

6. Levying fee or other charges for carrying out the purposes of the Act. 

7. Performing and exercising such power under Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act 1956, as may be delegated by the Government of India.

Rights of a Consumer under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019 :

1. Right to safety: The consumer has a right to be protected against goods and services which are hazardous to life, health and property. 

2. Right to be informed: The consumer has a right to have complete information about the product he intends to buy including its ingredients, date of manufacture, price, quantity, directions for use, etc. 

3. Right to be assured: The consumer has the freedom to assess a variety of products at competitive prices. 

4. Right to be heard: The consumer has a right to file a complaint and to be heard in case of dissatisfaction with a good or a service.

5. Right to seek redressal: The consumer has a right to get relief against unfair trade practice of restrictive trade practices or unscrupulous exploitation in case the product or a service falls short of his expectation. 

6. Right to consumer education: The consumer has a right to acquire knowledge and to be a well informed consumer throughout life.

OR

Responsibilities of a Consumer under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019 :

 1. Be aware of various goods and services available in the market so that an intelligent and wise choice can be made. 

2. Buy only standardised goods as they provide quality assurance.

3. Learn about the risks associated with products and services, follow manufacturer's instructions and use the products safely. 

4. Read labels carefully so as to have information about prices, net weight, manufacturing and expiry dates, etc. 

5. Assert yourself to ensure that you get a fair deal. 

6. Be honest in your dealings. Choose only from legal goods and services and discourage unscrupulous practices. 

7. Ask for a cash memo on purchase of goods or services. 

8. File a complaint in an appropriate consumer forum in case of a shortcoming in the quality of goods purchased or services availed.

9. Form consumer societies which would play an active part in educating consumers and safeguarding their interests.

10. Respect the environment.

Management is regarded as one of the most important human activity . The significance of management can be explained through the following points : 

(i) Achievement of Objectives : Each organization has its some objectives , the achievements of which calls for organized efforts in a planned manner . Management becomes essential for directing and unifying the group efforts towards a common objective , .

 (ii) To face throat cut competition : Now-a-days it is a period of throat-cut competition . Management helps in it by utilization of the capacity of human resources , carries out production , arranges market research and also studies the policies of the Government and the Competitors . 

(iii) Optimum and Profitable Utilixztion of Resources : Every business organization possesses limited resources and their profitable use depends on managerial skill and ability . There are seven Mís in an organization (Men , Material , Money , Machines , Methods , Markets and Management) . Management stands at tope of these Mís as it determines and controls all other factors of business . 

(iv) Increase Productivity : Management makes increase in productivity possible by establishing co-ordination between the resources of production . For that it makes best utilization of the resources , eliminating the wastages . It also selects the best alternative through planning and increases the productivity by motivating the employees . 

(v) Innovation and its Use : Innovation means production of new product . The objects of innovation is to satisfy its customers . In this regard management creates change , like search of new type of marketing and distribution of products and services . The task of management is to adjust to change , but also to create change ñ a dynamic quality that is a solution of many challenging problems . 

(vi) Stability to the Society : Management plans a powerful and purposeful role in the welfare of the society in following manner ñ Utilization of resources of society like ñ physical , human , financial and informational , providing goods and services , delivering and improving the standard and quality of life , generating employment and creating stability in social system by continuous change in society 

Sports performance training is training that takes your sport, in-season and post-season demands, frequent injuries, and energy systems used into consideration. Based upon these guidelines a 12 month program is made which includes intensities, durations, frequency, and rest days or weeks.

Strategic Mangement is the managerial process for determining the objectives of the organization , formulating the strategies , implementing and applying those strategies in due course of time . Importance of Strategic Mangement are as follows : 

(i) Clarity of Objectives and Incentives : Strategic Management gives information about the objectives of organization to employees , so as to inspire them to achieve the objectives 

(ii) Effective Operation of Business : In Strategic Management changes may be ascertained more easily . Result is by innovations ,, organization can earn more profit and risk may be reduced and makes effective operations of the business possible . 

(iii) Increase in Ability and Efficiency of Organization : This technique helps the organization to increase its ability and efficiency such as ñ establishing optimum adjustment with the environment , reducing the conflicts between the expectation and performance functions . 

(iv) Helps in Best Decision Making : Strategic Management helps in taking best decisions , like ñ availability of facts , date and information , testing the main problem and improvement in searching the alternatives . 

(v) Environmental Changes and Benefits of Opportunities : Strategic Management makes capable to Manager and Creates the Capability to take the benefits of Special Opportunities . It also helps the Managers to manage things in a better way and continuously making adjustments with the environment . 

(vi) Improvement in Employees Motivation : Strategic Management improves its Employees Motivation , because in strategic planning goals are required and clarified by the employees . 

(vii) Reduces Resistance to Changes : Strategic Management reduces the resistance to changes , since it removes the doubt , rumors and misconceptions of the employees ..

Clearing is a fundamental benefit in the futures markets. Long before a trade is cleared through a clearing house, clearing firms check the financial strength of both parties to the trade, whether they’re a big institution or an individual trader. 

Clearing: 

The procedure through which a clearing house becomes the buyer to each seller of a futures contract and the seller to each buyer, and assumes the responsibility of ensuring that each buyer and seller performs on each contract. 

Clearing houses provide clearing and settlement services for futures traded at an exchange. They act as the neutral counterparty between every buyer and seller, ensuring the soundness and integrity of every trade.

 A country can do without a central bank if it is on fixed exchange rates, such as the gold standard, or otherwise gives up discretionary monetary policy, as when countries dollarize or adopt a foreign currency as their own. In such cases, other institutions fulfill central banking functions: government departments regulate financial institutions, commercial banks safeguard the government’s deposits, a currency board administers the fixed exchange rate mechanism, clearinghouses established by banks clear checks, and so forth. 

The function of marketing management is to give direction to those activities from which marketing goals can be achieved . The function or process of marketing management can be explained as : 

(i) Function of Market Analysis : This is an important function of a marketer or marketing manager . He collects information of market and analyses them . From these he can gain knowledge about tastes , needs , desire and interest etc. of the customer . As such these market information provide basis for a firmís marketing objectives , activities and change into resources . Instead of this a Manager can also know that who is a customer . Study of competive position of market , market environment , purchase power of customer , incomes and buying motives 

(ii) Marketing Planning : After determining the marketing objectives , one has to plan for marketing as ñ how to achieve these objectives ? Here Planning means to determine the future action and development . Function of marketing management , means the forecast of sale for future , preparation of marketing programmes , formulation of marketing policies and strategies regarding production , packing , price , determination of channels of distribution , sales promotion etc. Under planning a marketing manager has to the answer the question like ñ what , when , where , how and who for taking a decision on a particular problem . 

(iii) Design and Development of Product : The important function of marketing management is the design and development of products . It means design structure , look , physical statue and formation which can be helpful for selling . Design and development of a product helps the producers and distributors to achieve marketing and constructive goals and meet the consumer needs for a change and helps in satisfaction of belongings . Because of this reason , maximum attention is paid to design of cars , regrigerators , watch , ,mobiles , laptop , computers , clothes and furniture etc. 

(iv) Standardization and Grading : Standardization means the production of products according to pre-determined specifications so that there can be uniformity and favourability in the product. In other words , it is a process to establish a special physical qualities and chemical compositions which are based on other components . Grading and degrading refers to classifying and separating the products according to estabilsihed standards . Thus standardization and grading are essential for efficient and convenient marketing of product , market risk reduces and market information becomes easy and facilitates in pricing . 

(v) Selection of Channels of Distribution : Physical distribution of goods and services is the main part of the function of marketing management . Channels of distribution are those paths through which goods reach from producer or manufacturer to consumers like ñ agents , wholesalers , retailers etc. Marketing manager is to select specific channels of distribution according to the needs and requirements of the enterprise . 

(vi) Pricing of the Product : For a common man , price means the amount that a customer has to pay to buy a product . But pricing means to determine currency value of a product or service . In other words , the art of converting the value of goods into currency purchase , for the customer is called pricing . Price affects the demand of goods , high price generally lessens the demand and low price helps in increasing the demand of goods . In addition to this price influences the success or failure of any product in market

MERITS/ADVANTAGES

1. Stable Existence: Society has its own legal entity distinct from its members. Hence, the continuity of the business is not affected by the death, insolvency or insanity of any member.
2. Equality in Voting Right: The cooperative societies are governed by the principle of ‘one man one vote’. Each member has equal voting right irrespective of his capital contribution in the society. 
3. Limited Liabilities: The members have limited liability to the extent to the capital contributed by them. Therefore, they cannot be held personally liable for the payment of debts. 
4. Economy in Operations: As the focus is on elimination of middlemen, this helps in reducing costs. The customers or producers themselves are members of the society. So, there is no risk of bad debts.
5. Ease of Formation: Minimum 10 members are required to form a cooperative society. The procedure for the registration of the society is very simple and involves a few legal formalities.
6. Support from government: Government gives all kind of support to cooperative societies in the form of relief in taxation, subsidies and low interest rates on loans. 

LIMITATIONS/DEMERITS

1.  ​​Limited Resources/Shortage of Funds: The capital contributed by the members constitutes the resources base of the cooperative societies. The rate of dividend offered on investment is very low; hence attracting new members and arranging for more capital from the existing members is very difficult for these societies. 
2. Inefficiency in Management: Managing committee of a cooperative society consists of part-time and inexperienced people. It does not have members with adequate technical knowledge. Even it is unable to employ expert managers because of their inability to pay them high salaries.
3. Lack of Secrecy: The Cooperative Societies Act 1912 has made it compulsory for the societies to make their accounts public and to discuss their operations in the meeting of the members. This makes it difficult for the societies to maintain secrecy of their operations. 
4. Government Control: In return for the benefits provided to the cooperative societies, the government imposes various rules and regulations related to auditing to accounts, submission of accounts and also interferes in their working. Sometimes these regulations affect the freedom in operation of the society. 
5. Differences of Opinion: Because of opinion differences, there are chances of conflict among its members. The welfare motive of the society may get dominated by the personal interests of members. 

Sales promotion directed at the end users are called consumer sales promotion .These promotions are based on pull strategy. These consumer promotion methods may be used for both durable as well as non-durable goods . Following ar the main methods of consumer promotion : 

(i) Free Distribution of Sample : Under this method , the producer distributes free samples of the product to attract consumers . It is the most powerful method of promotion of new products ,the immediate aim being to obtain trial by users When the product is new or is not a market leader in its category , sampling of these proves to be a very successful strategy to induce trial . This method is very much applied by Hindustan Lever and Godrej and other companies . By offering free samples to a selection of a new market , a company tries to gain entry into the market . It is genrally used for hair oil , tooth powder , shampoo and soaps etc.

(ii) Sale on Reducing Price : Under this method , the producers or dealers annonce heavy reduction in the prices of their products , generally on some specific occasion or festival like ñ Deepawali , Establishment day of the organization , New Year , Holi , Christmas etc. They advertise such reductions very widely and invite the consumers to purchase these products at reduced prices . E.g. 20 % to 30 % Discount on all products of Gandhi Ashram .

(iii) Coupons : Under this method , discount coupons are distributed to the consumers . A coupon is a certificate that entitles the consumer to a specified saving on the purchase of a specified product . These coupons are usually issued by the manufacturers through the retailers or in most of the cases they are kept inside the package . The consumer may get a discount of the value stated on the coupon at the time of purchase . The retailers are reimbursed the value of coupons by the manufacturers .

(iv) Premiums : By premium , we mean providing an extra item or items by the manufacturers on purchase of vertain products by a customer . E.g. giving on tooth brush with a pack of tooth paste , giving rubber with a pack of pencil , providing a bowl with a pack of chips etc. 

(v) After Sales Service : After sales service is an important method of sales promotion . Under this method producers give a warranty to the consumer that they will maintain the product in proper condition during a certain period and if during this product period , consumers feels any problem , they can get a repair / replacement of the product free of cost . 

(vi) Packaging : Packaging is also an important method of Sales Promotion , in which some goods / products are packed or covered by something . So that it can be kept safe and it can be moved easily from one place to another . Goods can be packed in small or large tin , containers , bottle , packets , cartoons , plastic bags , wooden boxes , glass bottles and thermocol etc. 

(B) providing loan

Indegenous bankers are private firms of individual who operate as banks and as such both receive deposites and give loan. They are also financial intermediaries. 

Properties, Gold, Insurance policy. 

A non Banking assets is an assets of a banking with a company physical value, such as real estate, equipment machinery or a vehicle. 

Yes, we agree. We cannot think of any business which is risk free. You start a general store—the simplest business. There is a risk of things you buy getting wasted due to changes in demand pattern. You start a garments shop, fashion may change making your stock a waste and so on. There is not even a single business where there is no risk. It will be clearer when we look at the nature and causes of risk.

Causes of Business Risk  

(i) Natural causes: These are beyond human control, e.g., flood, earthquake, heavy rains, famine, etc.  

(ii) Human causes: It includes carelessness or negligence of employees, e.g. theft, strikes, riots, misappropriation of cash and goods, etc.  

(iii) Economic causes: These are related to a chance of loss due to changes in market condition, e.g., fluctuations in demand and prices, competition, change in technology etc.  

(iv) Physical causes: Mechanical defects or failures may also lead to losses, e.g. bursting of the boiler or machine may cause death or destruction. 

(v) Legal and Political Causes: These causes of business risk include:  

(а) Changes in government policies regarding foreign trade  

(b) Entry of multinational companies  

(c) Changes in laws affecting the business like to license, taxation, etc  

(d) Changes in consumer laws and labour laws.  

Think of any business. Risk in one way or the other must be applied to it. Hence, we may conclude that no business is risk free.

Objective of business:

1. Getting and Staying Profitable 

Maintaining profitability means making sure that revenue stays ahead of the costs of doing business. Focus on controlling costs in both production and operations while maintaining the profit margin on products sold.

2. Productivity of People and Resources 

Employee training, equipment maintenance and new equipment purchases all go into company productivity. Your objective should be to provide all of the resources your employees need to remain as productive as possible.

3. Excellent Customer Service 

Good customer service helps you retain clients and generate repeat revenue. Keeping your customers happy should be a primary objective of your organization.

Answer: Ritodrine

Functions of Commerce  

The following are the various functions of commerce  

(a) Commerce offers employment opportunities to a large number or people 

(b) Commerce links buyer and seller together to do business without physical contact. 

(c) Commerce helps to create wealth for nations as duties are charge on either imported or exported goods 

(d) Commerce facilities the exchange of goods and services through transportation 

(e) Commerce leads to the improvement of standard of living and quality of life of the people. 

(f) Commerce facilitates mass production of goods and thus, people all over the world can enjoy goods and services within and outside their countries.

D. Methyldopa

a) Concentration of a substance in plasma