Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

It is the ratio of the mass of the substance to the total mass of the mixture

mass fraction= mass of the substance/total mass of the mixture 

The solubility of a gas in liquid is directly proportional to pressure of the gas is known as henry's law 

The title of the poem suggest that we must keep quiet for a moment. There will be silence and all will set together and realise the value of collectiveness. Here we should not confuse ‘stillness’ with ‘total inactivity’. Life should go on as it is doing about. Even the nature remains at work and keeps the Earth alive which remains busy in doing some activity. The poem stresses the significance of mutual understanding and necessity of introspection.

Q.1 HOW TO PLANTS RESPONSE TOWARDS STIMULUS

ANS~Plants respond to changes in

the environment by growing

their stems, roots, or leaves

toward or away from the

stimulus. 

• This response, or

behavior, is called a tropism

Q.2 HOW TO ANIMALS RESPONSE TOWARDS STIMULUS

ANS> Animals may respond to

environnmental stimuli through

behaviors that include 

hibernation migration, defense

 As a result of

cold, winter weather (stimulus)

• some animals will hibernate.

Hibernation is a state of greatly

reduced body activity, used to

conserve food stored in the

body.

(a) The poem is ‘A thing of beauty’ and the poet is John Keats. 

(b) The thing of beauty mentioned in these lines is the group of stories celebrating the glory of our powerful ancestors, which we have read or heard. 

(c) The poet uses the image of an ‘endless fountain’ coming down to us from heaven. According to him, nature and other beautiful things around us are like a gift from God, which give us infinite delight and Joy. 

(d) The immortahtirrnk gives us immense joy, a joy that is everlasting, one that will never come to an end. 

OR

(a) Our ancestors, who were great in their own ways and the dead emperors have been referred to as the mighty dead. We come to know about them by reading or hearing valorous tales, which speak of their innumerable sacrifices. They are a source of motivation for all who go through them. 

(b) ‘Endless fountain’ of joy is the image that has been used to convey that beauty is everlasting. Things of beauty are an eternal source of motivation, a precious gift from heaven which give us infinite pleasure and defight. 

(c) The immortal drink that nature’s endless fountain pours on us gives us immense joy and pleasure. 

(d) (i) tales (ii) grandeur

(b) Preconscious

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory/MMPI

(a) Here beautiful and pleasant things have been referred to as flowery bands. It is only those things which have beauty of some or the other kind that bind us to this Earth, or in a way, keep us going. The memory of our beautiful experiences helps us strengthen our bond with the Earth.

(b) The message that these lines convey is that the world is full of sorrow, sadness and depression. People have become selfish,-and there is a scarcity of noble people. Despite this, life is possible because there are some beautiful things around, which help us to look towards the positive side of life. It is the beauty of these things which brings a smile on our face and gives us happiness in our lives. 

(c) Today, there are few people who can rise above petty differences and be generous towards others. These days people are mostly selfish and do not think about others. 

(d) The unhealthy and o’er-darkened ways refer to the trials and tribulations in our life, and the dishonest and unfair means people adopt to achieve their goals.

(a) The poem is’A thing of beauty’and the poet is John Keats. 

(b) Human iife is full of trials and tribulations. We add to our troubles and make our lives more difficult by following evil ways. We hurt others as well as ourselves. This makes us despondent. 

(c) The various objects of beauty around us remove the pall from our dark spirits. Beautiful things have the power to make us happy. 

(d) The poet here means that the world lacks in men of noble nature or qualities. There are few people who are noble in character; most of the people are self-centred and pursue evil ways. 

OR

(a) The memory of beautiful things remains in our minds and strengthens our bond with the Earth. Every day, these bonds get strengthened by the flowery bands that we prepare. 

(b) Humans suffer from hopelessness and sadness. Our poor style of living make us grim.

(C) Hopelessness, sadness and lack of noble ways are a part of human life. We harm ourselves by following unhealthy and wicked paths. These circumstances contribute towards making humans unhappy and disillusioned with life. 

(d) Anything beautiful in our surroundings or even the memories of our beautiful experiences removes the pall from our dark spirits.

(a) Whenever we look at a beautiful object, we are filled with comfort and joy. When we are burdened with grief, a thing of beauty comes as a ray of hope, and makes us forget our sorrow and suffering at least for some time. 

(b) Beauty is an abstract idea and has no specific shape. The poet here means beauty in some form or some beautiful object which pleases us. 

(c) The above lines present an example of metaphor. Our souls are steeped in sadness and disappointment which are compared to a pall or shroud covering the dead. 

(d) Our spirits are dejected due to extreme sadness and disappointment which may be the result of our own evil actions. So, the poet refers to them as dark, because of the hopelessness we feel.

• The introductory part of the brochure illustrates background and areas of tour operation. 
• The subsequent pages highlight on the information related to arrivals, departure and transfer, location of hotel with room services, transport, guide services, sightseeing and cultural programmes along with suggested places to dine and shop for souvenirs. 
• Do’s and don’ts are clearly stated to help guide the guests to make the tour more enjoyable and memorable. 
• Over and above, tour brochure clearly explains the inclusive and exclusive component of services. 
• Images of places of tourist interest, pictures of hotels, transport, and souvenir shops are placed against the contents to arouse much interest to buy package tour. 
• In nutshell, a tour brochure generally includes the booking form and booking conditions, including meal plans and ground services.

The cerebrum is divided into two cerebral hemispheres, the right and the left. Each hemisphere is made of four cerebral lobes: frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe and occipital lobe. 

Each cerebral lobe contains the gray matter and the white matter. The gray matter is the outer portion and it is made of neuron bodies; the gray matter is also known as the cerebral cortex. The white matter is the inner portion and it is white because it is in the region where axons of the cortical neurons pass.

Green Benefits of Bio-toilets are :

a. Water conservation 

b. Decrease in soil and water contamination

An engine is a machine which converts the chemical energy from fuel into mechanical forms of energy through heat waves.

• World span is the global leader in Web based travel ecommerce and a foremost provides of travel technologies and services for thousands of travel related companies worldwide, including airlines, travel suppliers, travel agencies, web sites and corporations. 
• World span transforms global travel distribution and transaction processing with industry leading fares, pricing, shopping and booking technologies, enabling travel companies to reduce costs, increase productivity and build revenues. 
• World span provides worldwide electronic distribution of travel information.

The sustainable development includes following points: 

1. Reduces excessive uses of resources and enhancing resource conservation. 

2. Recycling and reuse of waste materials. 

3. Scientific management of renewable bio- resources 

4. Planting more trees. 

5. Using more environment friendly/ bio degradable material 

6. Use of technologies which are environmental friendly and based on efficient use of resources. 

7. Green grassy patches and trees to be interspersed between concrete buildings.

• Utilisation of non-conventional sources of energy. 
• Use of liquified petroleum gas and gobar gas in rural areas. 
• Use of compressed natural gas (CNG) in public transport. 
• Use of solar energy. 
• Practice of traditional knowledge in healthcare and other fields.

Synapses are the structures that transmit the neural impulse between two neurons.

When the electric impulse arrives the presynaptic membrane of the axon releases neurotransmitters that bind to postsynaptic receptors of the dendrites of the next cell. The activated state of these receptors alters the permeability of the dendritic membrane and the electric depolarization propagates along the neuron plasma membrane to its axon.

Most of the neurons are situated within the brain and the spinal cord (central nervous system) in places known as neural nuclei. Neural ganglia, or simply ganglia, are structures of the peripheral nervous system located beside the spinal column or near some organs where neuron cell bodies are also located.

Neurons situated at specific points can present distant axonal terminations and they also can receive impulses from axons of distant neurons. The inferior motor neurons situated in the spinal cord are examples since their axons can transmit information to the extremities of the inferior limbs triggering contractions of the foot. 

Axons extend throughout the body inside nerves. Nerves are axoncontaining structures presenting many axons and covered by connective tissue. The nerves connect neural nuclei and ganglia with the tissues.

Nerves may contain only sensory axons (sensory nerves), only motor axons (motor neurons) or both types of axons (mixed nerves).

There are three types of neurons: afferent neurons, efferent neurons and interneurons. Afferent neurons are those that only transmit sensory information from the tissues to neural nuclei and ganglia (where they make connection with interneurons or effector neurons). Efferent neurons are those that transmit commands to tasks performed in several parts of the body. Interneurons, also known as association neurons or relay neurons, serve as connection between two other neurons.

Afference is the conduction of sensory impulses and efference is the conduction of effector impulses (impulses that command some body action).

(c) Ion pumps

1. sweet, sour, salt, and bitter 

2. sweet and salty on the front, bitter on the back, and sour on the sides.

1. Multipolar, bipolar and unipolar 

2. Examples

•  Multipolar – found in cerebral cortex 
• Bipolar – found in the retina of eye 
• Unipolar- found in embryonic state 

3. afferent neurons or sensory neuron.

1. Arrival of impulse at the axon terminal 

2. Movement of synaptic vesicle towards the membrane 

3. Release of neurotransmitter at synaptic cleft. 

4. Binding of neurotransmitter with specific receptor. 

5. Generation of a new potential at post synaptic neuron.

1. They respond to pain and temperature 

2. Meissner’s corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles 

• Meissner’s corpuscles: 

These are found just beneath the skin epidermis in dermal papillae and abundant in fingertips and soles of the feet. These are light pressure receptors. 

• Pacinian corpuscles: 

These are scattered deep in the dermis and in the subcutaneous tissue of the skin .These are stimulated by deep pressure.

1. Rod cells bring about vision in night or dim light vision. 

2. The function of rods and cons: 

• Cones are cone shaped sensory cells of retina that bring about vision in day light and also distinguish colours. There are three types of cone cells for sensing primary colours red, green and blue. 
• Rods are rod shaped sensory cells of the retina that bring about vision in night, but cannot distinguish colours.

1. Organ-Brain 

• A – Gray matter 
• B - White matter 

2. Alcohol effects the cerebellum which control and co-ordinate voluntary muscular action. 

3. Because death is less painful and fast as atlas pierces the medulla oblongata and it is smashed. Medullar oblongata is the control centre of respiratory and cardiac action. Stoppage of which cause death.

Optic nerve → ganglion cells → Bipolar neuron → Cone cells

The answer is (A) Acidic

(B) III, IV, I, II.

1. A – Synaptic vesicles 

2. B – Synaptic cleft 

3. C – Presynaptic neuron

4. D – Post synaptic neuron

Nocturnal animals like owls have only rods in the retina. The rods are sensitive to dim light and enable to see dim light and at night.

1. Light ray → cornea → pupil → aqueous chamber → lens → vitreous chamber → retina → optic nerve → brain 

2. Rods and cones’ are absent in blind spot and so the image falling at this spot cannot be carried to the brain.

1. Bipolar neuron 

2. Bipolar neurons are the neurons with one axon and one dendrite

1. Nodes of Ranvier 

2. Saltatory conduction

1. Retina 

2. Inner ear 

3. Endolymph 

4. lodopsin

The efferences (reactions) of the nervous system can be classified into voluntary, when controlled by the will, and involuntary, those not consciously controlled. Examples of reactions triggered by volition are the movements of the limb, tongue and respiratory muscles. Examples of involuntary efferences are those that command the peristaltic movements, the heartbeat and the arterial wall muscles. The skeletal striated muscles are voluntarily contracted; the cardiac striated and the smooth muscles are involuntarily contracted.

Functionally the nervous system can be divided into the somatic nervous system and visceral nervous system.

The somatic nervous system includes the central and peripheral structures that make voluntary control of efferences. Central and peripheral structures that participate in the control of the vegetative (unconscious) functions of the body are included in the concept of visceral nervous system.

The efferent portion of the visceral nervous system is called the autonomic nervous system.

1- A) advice

2- C) means

3- D) about

4- C) Although

5- A) choice

6- D) get

7- C) though

8- B) envy

9- C) another

10- C) fact

11- B) down

12- A) while

13- D) approval

14- C) deny

15- D) Although

(b) Sympathetic and para sympathetic neural system

Fovea or yellow spot

Brain is not involved in Knee-jerk reflex

Vit A present in Rhodopsin.

Corpus callosum

In some situations the movement of the skeletal striated muscles does not depend upon commands of the superior motor neurons, i.e., it is not triggered by volition.

Involuntary movements of those muscles may happen when sensory fibers that make direct or indirect connection with inferior motor neurons are unexpectedly stimulated in situations that suggest danger to the body. This happens, for example, in the patellar reflex, or knee jerk reflex, when a sudden percussion on the knee patella (kneecap) triggers an involuntary contraction of the quadriceps (the extension muscle of the thigh). Another example of the arch reflex occurs when someone steps on a sharp object: one leg retracts and the other, by the arch reflex, distends to maintain the equilibrium of the body.

(b) Lens, aqueous humor and vitreous humor

In the cerebral hemispheres there are neurons that centrally command and control muscle movements. These neurons are called superior motor neurons and they are located in a special gyrus of both frontal lobes known as motor gyrus (or precentral gyrus). The superior motor neurons send axons that transmit impulses to the inferior motor neurons of the spinal cord (for neck, trunk and limb movements) and to the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves (for face, eyes and mouth movements).

The fibers cross to the other side in specific areas of those axon paths. About 2/3 of the fibers that go down the spinal cord cross at the medullar level forming a structure known as pyramidal decussation. The other (1/3) of fibers descend in the same side of their original cerebral hemisphere and cross only within the spinal cord at the level where their associated motor spinal root exit. The fibers that command the inferior motor neurons of the cranial nerves cross to the other side just before the connection with the nuclei of these nerves.

The motor fibers that descend from the superior motor neurons to the inferior motor neurons of the spinal cord form the pyramidal tract. Injuries in this tract, for example, caused by spinal sections or by central or spinal tumors may lead to paraplegia and tetraplegia.

According to researchers some of the main regions of the nervous system associated with the memory phenomenon are the hippocampus, situated in the interior portion of the temporal lobes, and the frontal lobe cortex, both part of the cerebral hemispheres.