Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

(i) MCC Chennai. 

(ii) I am a Postgraduate in Physics.

(iii) not employed at present.

The correct answer is Gulbadan Begum.

• It was the Akbar who encouraged Gulabadan Begum(his aunt) to write Humayun-Nama. 
• She wrote the book in the Persian Language with the original title known as "The Ahwal Humayun Padshah Jamah Kardom Gulbadan Begum bint Babur Padshah amma Akbar Padshah". Lately, Known as the Humanyun-Namah.
• Gulbadan Begum was one of the daughters of The Mughal Empire Babur and the sister of Humanyun.
• She fled back to India after two years of Humayun established the Empire of Delhi, accompanied by other Mughal women of the harem, and back to Agra.
• She wrote all his memoir, glory days, joys, and all his battles fought by his Brother in his era.
• Gulbadan Begum was married at the age of Seventeen to Khizr Khwaja Khan(Chagatai Mughal).

About Humanyun:

• He was the son of The Mughal Empire Babur. He was the Second Mughal Empire who served as the reign(1530-1540) and after fifteen years he established his empire again from (1555- 1556) for one year.
• His original name was Nasir-Ud-Din-Muhammad born on 6th March 1508. He succeeded in the throne after the death of his father Babur in 1530.
• Humayun lost all his controlled territories to the Afghan ruler  Sher Shah Suri with whom he fought the famous Battle of Chausa in 1539 but regained his control after 15 years with the help of the Safavid Dynasty.
• He lost his life after he had fallen from the Library staircase on 24th January 1556. He died after Three days and buried in the Purana Qila.

(b) Himachal Pradesh 

(d) Rajasthan

He was a great Ruler and a wise Statesman. After several years of political turmoil, Rome enjoyed more than three decades of peace. He not only built an Empire but also was a great patron of Art and Literature. His reign is called as the ‘Golden Age’ in the history of Rome.

Julius Caesar’s assassination by the Brutus led Liberators, caused great political and social turmoil in Rome. The power passed into the hands of Mark Antony, Lepidus and Octavian who formed the ‘Second Triumvirate’. The conspirators were defeated in the battle of Philippi and Brutus and Cassius were killed.

The Triumvirate divided the Empire amongst themseives- Lepidus was in charge of Africa, Antony ruled in the Eastern Province and Octavian remained in Italy and controlled Gaul (France and Belgium). However, the relationship between Octavian and Antony deteriorated. Lepidus was forced to retire (after betraying Octavian in Sicily). Antony was living in Egypt and in the battle of ‘Actium’ was defeated by Octavian.

With the conquest of Egypt, anew Era began for Romans. By 27 BCE, Octavian was the sole Roman leader. His leadership brought the Zenith to Roman civilization that lasted for two centuries. He ruled the Roman Empire for 44 years with the titles ‘Augustus’, ‘Imperator’ and ‘Princeps’. The Government established by him was known as the ‘Principate’- ‘Government by the Princeps – The first citizen.

Augustus introduced many reforms which had far reaching consequences in Rome. He gave, ‘A centre to the System, a Chief to the Civil service, a Head to the Army, a Sovereign to the Subjects, a Protector to the Provinces and Peace to the Empire’.

He recognized the Governments of the conquered territories, stopped plunder and corruption and strengthened law and order. New Courts, and Postal Services were established. Augustus continued the calendar promoted by Julius Caesar and the month ‘August’ is named after him. The Emperor kept the poor people happy by supplying food grains.

He spent money lavishly on the construction of public buildings, roads, bridges, amphitheatres and fountains. The most important Amphitheatre was the Coliseum built at Rome. This could accommodate about 50000 people. Due to the construction of well paved inter linking system of roads, Rome became the nerve centre of trade and commerce in the Mediterranean world.

He maintained diplomatic and commercial contacts with a number of countries including India and China. There were the Generals Agrippa and Maecenas, and Writers, Poets and Historians like Livy, Horace, Virgil, Ovid, Pliny and Tacitus in his time. Jesus Christ was born during his reign.

Augustan age is popularly called as ‘Golden Age’ in the history of Rome. It was known for peace and prosperity. This period is known as ‘Pax Romana’ or Roman peace. He gave the idea of the ‘World State’. His imperial system lasted for nearly 500 years and saved the great treasures of Greco-Roman civilization.

(b) Madhya Pradesh

Social Causes: Social inequality was one of the main causes for French revolution. On the top of the social hierarchy was the King and the Royal family, next came the Clergy the I Estate and Nobility the II Estate, and below them the Commoners the III Estate. The first two Estates were the privileged classes and the Third Estate was the unprivileged one consisting of Peasants, Workers, Teachers, Lawyers, Doctors and Philosophers, etc.

The people of I and II Estates were in minority who were less than 2% of the French population. The first two Estates monopolized all the highest offices in the Army, Church and the Government. They were also exempted from paying taxes and free from the authority of the court. They were the owners of enormous wealth and exploited the peasants and workers. On the other hand, the conditions of the commoners were deplorable. They had to pay all taxes and were not eligible for any higher government services.

“The Nobles fight, the Clergy pray and the Commons pay”, was a popular statement in France. Thus the majority of the French people were disgusted owing to their social inferiority and discrimination, which paved the way for the outbreak of this revolution. 

Economic Causes: The policy of taxation in France was defective and unfair. The burden of tax mostly fell on the Commoners, because the Clergy and Nobles were exempted from all kind of taxes. Commoners had to pay ‘Tai lie’(Property Tax), ‘Gable’ (Salt Tax), ‘Tithe’ (Religious Tax) and other cesses to the Government.

The peasants and workers after paying all these taxes were left with only 18 to 20% of their earnings. Even during the famines they had to pay their taxes and were suffering from untold miseries. Thousands of people died due to starvation. “If 10 people died in France, 9 would have been due to the starvation and the tenth one due to indigestion” was the condition of France on the eve of French Revolution. This kind of economic exploitation and discontent among the common people made them to revolt against the discriminative taxation policy of the French Government.

Many great Philosophers during 18^th century in France, criticized about the political tyranny, social inequality and economic exploitation in France and also insisted for reforms. Montesquieu, Voltaire, J.J. Rousseau and Diderot were the important philosophers of France who lived much before the out break of French Revolution.

France was prepared mentally and morally for a revolt against the old regime because of the writings and speeches of these brilliant thinkers of that age. They strongly criticized the Church and social inequality and provided the intellectual justification for the revolution. Montesquieu advocated the ‘Theory of Separation of Powers’ as per which, Legislative, Executive and Judiciary should function independently to safeguard the liberty of the people. 

Voltaire asked people to apply ‘Reason’ in every field. Rousseau gave the watch word of the revolution ‘Liberty, Equality and Fraternity’. Diderot condemned the privileged classes.Political causes: France Was ruled by the ‘Bourbon Dynasty’ for many centuries.

The French monarchy was absolute. Louis XIV, the King of France, who was called the ‘Grand Monarch of Europe’ went to the extent of saying “lam the state, I am the Government”. He believed in the ‘Divine Right Theory of Kings’. He neglected the interests of the people and ruled according to his whims and fancies. 

His successor Louis XV had no ability to rule the nation. During his reign, France fought many wars viz., the War of Austrian Succession, the Seven Years War and others. In these wars it was defeated and it was a great financial burden, j The administrative system of France was highly flawed and the Rulers neglected their responsibilities and welfare of the people and were addicted to women, wine and wealth.

The officials were highly corrupt and there was no uniform legal system. This type of political anarchy, absolutism and misrule increased the dissatisfaction of the people and led to the revolution.

Immediate cause: The financial condition of France was deplorable by about 1789. National debt increased owing to the costly wars and lavish life style of the King and his family. There was no difference between the state and the King’s personal expenditures. Unprivileged class was paying all the taxes.

The Finance Ministers of France, such as Turgot, Neckar and Colonne, suggested the reduction in unnecessary expenditures and to impose some taxes on the privileged classes to solve the financial crisis. This was not acceptable to the privileged classes and the deterioration continued.

The correct answer is Vijaydan Detha.

• Vijaydan Detha:
  • He was born in Jodhpur, 1926.
  • He is famously known as 'Bijji'.
  • He is a prolific writer of Rajasthani folk literature.
  • He is famously known for his book, 'Batan Ri Phulwari'.
  • He was awarded with Rao Siha award in 2011.
  • In 2007, he was awarded with Padma Shri.
  • He was awarded with first Rajasthan Ratan award in 2012.
  • He was also a co-founder of Rupayan Sansthan.

• Recently, Vishesh Kothari translated stories from Detha's 'Baata re fulwari'.
• The book was named 'Tales from Marwar'.

England’s strength was in its trade and commerce. Hence Napoleon decided to attack England by destroying its trade. He issued two decrees from Berlin in 1806 and Milan in 1807 as per which, British goods were fully excluded from the whole of Europe. This was called the Continental System. Since Europe was dependent on England and its imports, the application of this system harmed France more than England.

The European nations which depended on imports from England suffered a lot. As a result, Spain and Portugal were attacked for not observing the Continental System. When there was a civil war in Spain, Napoleon installed his brother Joseph on the Spanish throne against the wishes of its people. There was a national revolution in Spain and England sent its Army which defeated the French Army.

1. Edict of Milan 

2. Boston Tea Party 

3. New Economic Policy 

4. Discovery of India 

5. Non-Aligned Movement

(c) Vijayawada to Villupuram

The term ‘History’ has been derived from the Greek word ‘Historia’, which means ‘Enquiry’ or Investigation. 

The correct answer is Darjeeling.

• Rammam Hydroelectric Power Plant India is located 3km upstream of Lodhama, Darjeeling district, West Bengal.
• This infrastructure is of type Hydro Power Plant with a design capacity of 50 MW.
• It has 4 unit(s). The first unit was commissioned in 1995 and the last in 1996.
• Sidrapong Hydroelectric Power Station is another power station in Darjeeling.
  • It is the oldest hydel power station or hydroelectric power plant in India.
  • This power station is fed with water from the three jhoras (streams): Kotwali, Hospital, and Barbatia.

• List of power stations:

  POWER PLANT	OPERATOR	LOCATION
  Mejia Thermal Power Station	DVC	Bankura
  Farakka Super Thermal Power Station	NTPC	Farakka, Murshidabad
  Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station	WBPDCL	Birbhum
  Kolaghat Thermal Power Station	WBPDCL	Purba Medinipur district
  Panchet Hydroelectric, Raghunathpur Thermal Power Station	DVC	Purulia

The U.N.O. consists of six principal organs. They are General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice and Secretariat.

General Assembly: It is a consultative body of U.N.O. It consists of representatives of all member nations. Each member nation has one vote, but may send five representatives. It is empowered to discuss any matter relating to the maintenance of international peace and security. The Assembly meets once in a year in September. But special sessions can be held at the request of majority of the members of the Security Council. Its resolutions require 2/3 majority.

It elects the Secretary General, non permanent members of the Security Council, members of Economic and Social Council and Judges of International Court of Justice, and also discusses budgetary questions. Entry of any new members requires 2/3 majority of the General Assembly.

Security Council: The Security Council is the executive body. It consists of 15 members- 5 permanent and 10 non-permanent. The permanent members are U.S.A., England, France, Russia and China. The non-permanent members are elected for a term of two years. Any measure to be carried out in the Security Council has to be accepted by 9 members including all the 5 permanent members.

Any permanent member can ‘Veto’ any decision of the Security Council.‘Veto’ is a special power given to the five permanent members to negate any resolution of the United Nations. The Security Council is responsible for the prevention of aggression and to the maintenance of international peace and security.

Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC): The Economic and Social Council consists of 54 members, who are elected by the General Assembly for 3 years, i/3 of them retire every year. The Council meets at least twice in a year. Its main function is to promote welfare around the world, and to improve the economic, social, cultural, educational, health and other related matters.

Trusteeship Council: The Trusteeship Council consists of 14 members. All permanent members of the Security Council are the members of Trusteeship Council. Its duty is to investigate the conditions of Trust Territories and to advice the General Assembly. In 1994 all the Trust territories were detached from Japan and Italy and became independent. Since then, its operations are formally suspended and will meet as and when required.

International Court of Justice: The International Court of Justice is located at The Hague in Netherlands. It consists of 15 Judges, who are elected by the General Assembly. Its main function is to settle the international disputes and to act as an advisory body. The tenure is 9 years and no country can have more than one representative at a time.

Secretariat: It is headed by the Secretary-General. It carries on the day-to-day administration of the U.N.O. Its headquarters is in New York. The term of the Secretary-general is five years. It is the duty of the Secretary General to ensure that all the branches function properly, and to submit annual reports.

The term ‘History’ has been derived from the Greek word ‘Historia’, which means ‘Enquiry’ or ‘Investigation’.

1. Battale of Jhelum 

2. Constantinopal Accupaid 

3. Vascodigama 

4. The Crimean war 

5. End of Second world war

The Correct Answer is Darjeeling (West Bengal) in 1887.

• The first small hydropower plant, a 130-kilowatt plant, started functioning in 1897 at Darjeeling.
• The Rajasthan Atomic Power Station is located at Rawatbhata.
• Kakrapar Atomic Power Station is a nuclear power station that lies in the proximity of the Surat and Tapi river in the state of Gujarat.
• Narora Atomic Power Station (NAPS) is a nuclear power plant located in Narora, Bulandshahar District in Uttar Pradesh.

Correct option is (2) Presence of chlorophyll 'a'

Egyptian civilization developed on the banks of River Nile.

King Nebuchadnezzar got the The Hanging Garden built at Babylon.

The Correct Answer is Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh.

• India has more than 79.8% population of Hindus.
• As per census 2011
  • Hindus are the majority in Chhattisgarh state.
  • Hinduism constitutes 93.25% of the Chhattisgarh population.
• ​Religion wise Himachal Pradesh population
  • Hinduism is the major religion with 95% are Hindu, followed by 2% Muslim population. and Jain is below 1%.
• Madhya Pradesh and Orissa have more than 90% of people as Hindus.

• Lakshadweep has a Muslim population of 96.58%.

Correct option is (4) Most of the bacteria are heterotrophs

Istanbul modern name for Constantinople.

Correct option is (2) Methanogens

The Olympic Games began in 776 BC.

Each country tries to develop its main human resource as to realize their developmental goals. Research and Training centers for education and healthcare are established for this. The knowledge, skill, expertise and health of the people are enhanced. This will facilitate the creation of an efficient labour force in the country. Programmes improve skills of labour force and helps in human resource development.

Jesus was born at Bethlehem in Judea

The correct answer is Second Continental Congress.

• Continental Congress was the body of delegates who spoke and acted collectively for the people of the colony-states that later became the USA during the American Revolution.
• The bodies that met in 1774 and 1775–81 are respectively designated as the First Continental Congress and the Second Continental Congress.
• Second Continental Congress included Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson.
• John Hancock and John Jay were among those who served as president. 
• Declaration of Independence was the document that was approved by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776.
• It announced the separation of 13 North American British colonies from Great Britain.

• Washington Conference (1921–22), an international conference called by the United States to limit the naval arms race and to work out security agreements in the Pacific area. 
• San Francisco Conference was an international meeting (April 25–June 26, 1945) that established the United Nations. 

Martin Luther was the leader of the Reformation Movement.

The correct answer is Animal dung.

Biogas: 

• It is the mixture of gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen (anaerobically).
• It primarily consists of Methane and Carbon dioxide. 
• It can be produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste, animal manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green waste, or food waste.
• It is a renewable energy source.
• In India, it is also known as "Gobar Gas".
• The gases methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide (CO) can be combusted or oxidized with oxygen.
• This energy release allows biogas to be used as a fuel.
• It can be used for any heating purposes, such as cooking.
• It can also be used in a gas engine to convert the energy in the gas into electricity and heat.

About coal:​

• Coal is a sedimentary black or dark brown rock that varies in carbon composition.
• As coal contains mainly carbon, the slow process of conversion of dead vegetation into coal is called carbonisation.
• Since it was formed from the remains of vegetation, coal is also called a fossil fuel.
• Coal is one of the fuels used to cook food.
• Earlier, it was used in railway engines to produce steam to run the engine.
• It is also used in thermal power plants to produce electricity.
• Coal is also used as a fuel in various industries. 

The correct answer is liquid.

Cooking Gas:

• Cooking gas is also called LPG (Liquified Petroleum Gas).
• Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a colourless odourless liquid which readily evaporates into a gas. 
• LPG (cooking gas) is a mixture of  Butane and propane.
• LPG (cooking gas) is a flammable mixture of hydrocarbon gases that include propane, butane, isobutene, and mixtures of the three LPG gases.
• On liquefaction, petroleum gas changes into a liquid which is called liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG).
• The main constituent of LPG is butane though it contains smaller amounts of ethane and propane also.
• LPG (cooking gas) is stored in steel vessels ranging from small BBQ gas bottles to larger gas cylinders and tanks.
• When a valve provided in the cylinder is opened with the help of a regulator; due to a decrease in pressure, LPG changes into a vapour.
• This vapour flows to the burners through a rubber tubing attached to the regulator.
• They are commonly used for generating heat for the home.
• For example- heating, hot water, cooking including boilers, etc.

Advantages of LPG:

1. It is a high calorific value fuel (50 kJ/g).
2. It bums without smoke and is pollutionless.
3. It is a neat and clean fuel.
4. It is convenient to store.

Privileged Class and Unprivileged Class.

• The Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) was formed in 1985.
• To plan and implement the activities necessary for human resource development.

Dante wrote the book ‘Divine Comedy’.

• The statistical study of a population is called Demography.
• It takes into account the size, distribution, density & composition of a population across a given area.
• The demography of a given geographical area depends on the number of births, deaths, age, race, ethnicity, gender, marital status, income, education, and employment.
• For example: If someone wants to gather demographic information of gender in a particular area, then the question asked should be:
• What is your gender:

1. Male
2. Female
3. Other (specify)
4. Thus, this way demographic studies are conducted.

Thus, the study related to the population is called demography.

• Biography: It is the life story of a person written by somebody else.
• Psychobiology: It is the branch of science that deals with the biological basis of behaviour and mental phenomena.
• Calligraphy: It is derived from Greek words 'kallos' = beauty & 'graphein' = to write. So it is the art of beautiful handwriting.

Thomas Jefferson drafted the declaration of American Independence in 4^th July 1776 A.D.

Richard Arkwright invented the Water Frame.

‘Iliad’ and ‘Odyssey’ were two of the works of Homer.

Adolf Hitler was the founder of Nazism.

Ignatius Loyola founded the society of Jesus in 1534.

Mencius, Confucius and Lao-tse were the important philosophers of ancient China.

1(c) redox reaction

2(a) dry Ca(OH)₂ 

3(a)MnO₂ is getting reduced whereas HCl is getting oxidized 

4(b) Basic oxide 

5(b) Reaction will not occur

Correct option is C) go in for sports

Correct option is C) will buy / impresses

Battle of Waterloo fought in 1815. 

Correct option is C) than

Correct option is B) as

The headquarters of UNO is located in New York (U.S.A).

Correct option is B) in

Correct option is E) visit / will see