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• In fermentation, say by yeast, the incomplete oxidation of glucose is achieved under anaerobic conditions by sets of reactions where pyruvic acid is converted to CO₂ and ethanol. 
• The enzymes, pyruvic acid decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase catalyse these reactions. 
• Other organisms like some bacteria produce lactic acid from pyruvic acid. In animal cells also, like muscles during exercise, when oxygen is inadequate for cellular respiration pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid by lactate dehydrogenase. 
• The reducing agent is NADH+H⁺ which is reoxidised to NAD⁺ in both the processes.

• Breathing involves two stages : inspiration during which atmospheric air is drawn in and expiration by which the alveolar air is released out. 
• The movement of air into and out of the lungs is carried out by creating a pressure gradient between the lungs and the atmosphere. 
• Inspiration can occur if the pressure within the lungs (intrapulmonary pressure) is less than the atmospheric pressure, i.e., there is a negative pressure in the lungs with respect to atmospheric pressure. 
• Similarly, expiration takes place when the intra-pulmonary pressure is higher than the atmospheric pressure. 
• The diaphragm and a specialised set of muscles – external and internal intercostals between the ribs, help in generation of such gradients.
• Inspiration is initiated by the contraction of diaphragm which increases the volume of thoracic chamber in the anteroposterior axis. 
• The contraction of external inter-costal muscles lifts up the ribs and the sternum causing an increase in the volume of the thoracic chamber in the dorso-ventral axis. 
• The overall increase in the thoracic volume causes a similar increase in pulmonary volume. An increase in pulmonary volume decreases the intra-pulmonary pressure to less than the atmospheric pressure which forces the air from outside to move into the lungs, i.e., inspiration. 
• Relaxation of the diaphragm and the inter-costal muscles returns the diaphragm and sternum to their normal positions and reduce the thoracic volume and thereby the pulmonary volume. 
• This leads to an increase in intra-pulmonary pressure to slightly above the atmospheric pressure causing the expulsion of air from the lungs, i.e., expiration .

•  Marginal – Pea, beans, 
•  Axile – China rose/tomato/lemon 
•  Parietal – mustard/Argemone
•   Free central – Dianthus/Primrose 
•  Basal – Sunflower/Marigold

Chondrichthyes: 

• They are marine animals with streamlined body 
• Cartilaginous endoskeleton. 
• Mouth is located ventrally. 
• Gill slits are separate and without operculum (gill cover) 
• The skin is covered by minute placoid scales. 
• Due to the absence of air bladder, they have to swim constantly to avoid sinking. 
• They are mostly viviparous 
• Fertilization is internal  

Osteichthyes: 

• It includes both marine and fresh water fishes 
• Bony endoskeleton. 
• Mouth is mostly terminal. 
• The gills are covered by an operculum on each side. 
• Skin is covered with cycloid/ctenoid scales. 
• Air bladder is present which regulates buoyancy. 
• They are mostly oviparous 
• Fertilization is external

Cross-Sectional Area of a Rectangular Solid

The volume of any rectangular solid, including a cube, is the area of its base (length times width) multiplied by its height: V = l × w × h.

Therefore, if a cross section is parallel to the top or bottom of the solid, the area of the cross-section is l × w. If the cutting plane is parallel to one of the two sets the sides, the cross-sectional area is instead given by l × h or w × h.

If the cross-section is not perpendicular to any axis of symmetry, the shape created may be a triangle (if placed through a corner of the solid) or even a hexagon.

The gas laws are a group of laws that govern the behaviour of gases by providing relationships between the following:

• The volume occupied by a gas.
• The pressure exerted by a gas on the walls of its container.
• The absolute temperature of the gas.
• The amount of gaseous substance (or) the number of moles of gas.

The gas laws were developed towards the end of the 18^th century by numerous scientists (after whom, the individual laws are named). The five gas laws are:

• Boyle’s Law, which provides a relationship between the pressure and the volume of a gas.
• Charles’s Law, which provides a relationship between the volume occupied by a gas and the absolute temperature.
• Gay-Lussac’s Law, which provides a relationship between the pressure exerted by a gas on the walls of its container and the absolute temperature associated with the gas.
• Avogadro’s Law, which provides a relationship between the volume occupied by a gas and the amount of gaseous substance.
• The Combined Gas Law (or the Ideal Gas Law), which can be obtained by combining the four laws listed above.

Here 2e⁻ + PbO₂ ​→ [Pb(OH)₃​]⁻

2H₂​O + 2e⁻ PbO_2​] → [Pb(OH)₃​] + OH⁻ ...(I)

2OH + CI⁻ → CIO⁻ + 2e⁻ + H₂​O  ...(ii) and 

(i) & (ii)

PbO₂ ​+ OH⁻ + CI⁻ + H₂​O → [Pb(OH)₃​]⁻ + CIO⁻

A = ZnS-> Zinc Sulphide

 B = H₂S-> Hydrogen sulphide

  C = PbS -> Lead sulphide

Balanced equations of the reactions occurred 

ZnS (A)+ H₂SO4 -> ZnSO₄ + H₂S (B)

Pb(CH₃COO)₂ + H₂S => PbS (C) + 2CH₃COOH

Correct option: (B) pK_W decreases with increase of temperature

Alkali, NaOH

Aluminium does not react with cold as well as hot water but reacts with steam​.

पुष्पी पादप में संलयन क्रिया में तीन केंद्रक होते है एक युग्मक तथा दो ध्रुविय केन्द्रक । अत: प्रत्येक भ्रूणकोष में दो संलयन, युग्मक – संलयन तथा त्रिसंलयन होने की क्रिया विधि को दोहरा निषेचन कहते है।

संकटग्रस्त जातियाँ-वे जातियाँ हैं, जिनके संरक्षण के उपाय नहीं किये गये तो वे निकट भविष्य में समाप्त हो जायेंगी। जैसे-गैण्डा, गोडावन आदि।

(b) Toughness 

Nickel promotes formation of small discontinuous carbides and enhance toughness

The effect of thrust depends on the area of the surface on which it acts . smaller the area of the surface on which a thrust acts , larger is its effect. but the effect of a thrust is less on a larger area.

Area of column = 300mn x 300

= 90000 mm²

Area of steel bar = 8 x \(\Big(\frac{\pi}{4}\Big)\)x (20)²

= 8 x \(\frac{\pi}{4}\) x 400

= 2513.27 mm²

Strain in concrete = Strain in bars

\(\frac{σ_c}{E_c}\) =\(\frac{σ_s}{∑_s}\) .........(1)

total load

ρ = σ_sA_s + σ_cA_c

360 x 10³N = σ_sA_s + σ_cA_c  .....(ii)

σ_c = \(\frac{∑_c}{∑_c}\) ∑_s

σ_c = \(\frac{14 \times10^9}{210\times10^9}\) x σ_s

σ_c = \(\frac{σ_s}{15}\) ....(iii)

Putting the value  σ₀ in equation (ii)

360 x 10³ = σ_s 2513.27 +  \(\frac{σ_s}{15}\) x 90000

360 x 10³ = σ_s (2513.27 + 6000)

360 x 10³ = σ_s x 8513.27

σ_s = 42.2869 N/mm³

putting the value of F_s in eqution (iii)

σ_s = \(\frac{42.2869}{15}\) N/mn²

σ_c = 2.819 N/mm² 

(2) bras is an alloy of copper and nickel

Correct option (C) I – (B), II – (C), III – (A), IV – (D)

Explanation:

(I) Calamine – ZnCO₃ 

(II) Cassiterite – SnO₂ 

(III) Bauxite – Al2O₃.2H₂O 

(IV) Carnallite – KCl.MgCl₂.6H₂O

Si, Ge, As and Sb are semi-metals 

C, P, S, Cl and Ne are non-metals. 

Metals are ductile, good conductor of heat and electricity, high M.P. & B.P., having lustre, Sonorous, dense and electropositive in nature. 

Most children have some behaviour problems at some time or the other. Behaviour problems arise from conditions within the child or from external influences, effects of which are often not noticed or understood by others. Some of the commonly observed behaviour problems in children are described below:

• Classroom Disturbance: The extent to which the child teases and torments classmates, interferes with other’s work and is quickly drawn into noise-making.
• Impatience: The extent to which the child starts work too quickly, is sloppy in work, is unwilling to review work and rush through work. Physically more active and restless.
• Disrespect-Defiance: The extent to which the child speaks disrespectfully to teachers, resists doing what is asked of, belittles the work being done, and breaks classroom rules.
• Achievement Anxiety: The extent to which the child gets upset about tests and scores and is sensitive to criticism or correction.
• Other Disturbances are: External Reliance, Inattentive-Withdrawn, Irrelevant-Responsiveness, Need for closeness to the teacher, Anxiety-Depression, Quiet and Withdrawn, Aggression and Violence, Attention Deficit, Truancy, Physical Injury.

Some Control Techniques that have proved effective in managing disturbance in the classroom are:

• Signals such as a finger on the lips, a frown, or shaking of the teacher’s head in a disapproving way might be all that is required to get the students quietly back to their work.
• Moving nearer to the noisy pair could remind them of the proper classroom decorum.
• Provide closer supervision as a means of preventing the recurrence of the incident.
• The student’s interest might be boosted if the teacher says “That’s a pretty important report you are writing. May I see how it’s coming along”?
• Ignoring the noise for a moment might be a technique if the teacher believes that the noise will soon subside by itself.
• Verbal clarity of command produces results. For example, ‘John, stop drumming on your desk and get busy on those arithmetic problems.
• A task-focused technique dealing with noise in the ‘I hear noise in the back of this room. We will never finish learning how to do square root if that continues’.
• Increase your repertory of techniques. Part of misbehaviour control is using the right technique at the right time since students are individuals and react in different ways.
• The more interesting a subject can be made, the more effective a teacher’s control efforts become.
• Encourage the students by pointing out their positive attributes.
• Comment positively when the attention deficit student is attending appropriately to a task. Let him/her know he/she is working constructively. Praise him/her.
• Stop disruptive behaviour in time. Do not wait until the situation is totally out of hand. Stop the act before you become angry and lose control or before the whole class gets into the act.

Thus from the above-mentioned points, it is clear that after correcting a disturbance in the classroom, the teacher's main concern should be to provide closer supervision as a means of preventing the recurrence of the incident.

Correct option is E) heavy

Correct option is D) instead of / without

The dangers include the moving reed, the frames which hold the headers and “pinch” or “sand” roll utilized to keep the cloth tight as it passes over the front of the machine and onto the doff roll. The most common injury in weaving is pinched fingers from distracted or bored workers. Weavers with long hair getting it tangled in the warp itself and having their scalp pulled away from the skull or large chunks of hair pulled off. Due to possible pinch points on the front of machines loose baggy clothing is prohibited. The loud nature in which weave mills operate, it is nearly impossible to hear a person calling for help when entangled.

Correct option is D) spoiled

Correct option is C) warn

Correct option is C) has

Correct option is B) so that

Correct option is C) about

Correct option is 

1 (c) loss ₹ 2,400

2 (c) 0:1

3 (d) ₹45,200

4 (b) ₹52,400

The correct answer is 1, 3, 4.

Gabor Szego prize:

• The Society of Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM) Activity Group on Orthogonal Polynomials and Special Functions, USA awards the Gábor Szego Prize. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• It is awarded after every two years to an early-career researcher for outstanding research contributions in the area of orthogonal polynomials and special functions. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect while 3 is correct.
• The prize can only be awarded to a researcher who has at most 10 years of involvement in mathematics since PhD at the award date.
• No cash Prize.
• In 2021, Atul Dixit of India has been conferred with the award.
  • Hence, statement 4 is correct.

The correct answer is Prevent stubble burning.

• The Supreme Court had appointed Justice Madan B. Lokur committee in October 2020, to prevent stubble burning in the states of Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, amid rising levels of pollution in the national capital and adjoining regions.
  • ​Hence, option 2 is correct.
• He is a former judge of the Supreme court. 
• The Supreme Court also directed the appointment of the Environment Pollution Control Authority (EPCA).
• Chief secretaries of Haryana, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh were advised to help the Lokur panel with physical surveillance of fields to check instances of stubble burning and other related matters.
• It will get assistance from National Cadet Corps (NCC), National Service Scheme and Bharat Scouts.