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The correct answer is 1804 AD.

• Pradhyumna Shah
  • He was the last and 54th ruler of the Garhwal Kingdom until the kingdom was independent.
  • Before ruling the Garhwal, he was the king of Kumaon from 1779 to 1785.
  • He died during the Battle of Khurbura against the Gorkhas in 1804.
• Battle of Khurbura
  • The battle of Khurbura occurred in May 1804 near the modern-day village, Khurbhura.
  • The battle is regarded as the first major attack in the history of the Garhwal Kingdom that triggered between Gorkhas forces and Maharaja Pradyumna Shah and continued for 13 days until the Garhwal King was defeated.
  • It is chiefly regarded as the only defeat of his life and the victory of Gorkhas.
  • This area is now administered by the Dehradun authorities of Uttarakhand state.
• ​Gharwal Kingdom
  • The kingdom was divided into two parts during British rule namely; the princely state of Garhwal and the Garhwal District of British India.
  • It was founded in 823 AD by Kanak Pal.
  • It was the kingdom in the modern-day Uttarakhand state.

• Nana Saheb Peshwa II, was an Indian Peshwa of the Maratha empire, aristocrat and fighter, who led the rebellion in Kanpur during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

​Nana Sahib (born 1824 as Dhondu Pant) was the adopted son of the Maratha Peshwa Baji Rao II whose kingdom had been annexed by the British following the 3rd Maratha War.

• He was brought up in exile in Bithur.
• The British refused to recognize him as the heir to his father's honours and pension despite an appeal to the government in Britain.
• At the outbreak of the Indian Mutiny, Nana Sahib seized the treasury at Cawnpore and besieged the British garrison.
• This resulted in the massacre at Satichaura Ghat and the murder of the hostages in the Bibigarh.
• General Henry Havelock recaptured Cawnpore forcing Nana Sahib to retreat to Bithur which Havelock also attacked and occupied.
• Nana Sahib escaped and was never found. Rumour said that he died in Nepal.

Hence, the correct answer is Peshwa Baji Rao II.

Shivaji Bhonsale I:

• He is also referred to as Chhatrapati Shivaji, was an Indian ruler and a member of the Bhonsle Maratha clan.
• Shivaji carved out an enclave from the declining Adilshahi sultanate of Bijapur that formed the genesis of the Maratha Empire.

Balaji Vishwanath Bhat:

• He was better known as Shrimant Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath, the first of a series of hereditary Peshwas.
• They hailed from the Bhat family who gained effective control of the Maratha Empire during the 18th century. 

Baji Rao I:

• He was born as Visaji, also known as Bajirao Ballal, was the 7th Peshwa of the Maratha empire.
• In his 20-year military career, he never lost a battle and is widely considered the best Indian cavalry general.

The correct answer is Deshraj.

• Jat leader of Bharatpur who inspired the peasants of Shekhawati for the uprising is Thakur Deshraj.

• Peasants Movement of Shekhawati was the movement of the Gurjars against the reign of Bundi.
  • Thakur Deshraj (1903–1970) was a social worker, journalist, nationalist, freedom fighter, and author.
    • He was from Rajasthan state in India.
    • He was revenue minister in the princely state of Bharatpur. 
  • Peasant struggles in Shekhawati in the first half of the twentieth century brought an end to the shackles of the Jagirdari system.
  • Jagirdari Abolition brought about a fundamental change in the structure of control over land in Shekhawati with tenants-at-will getting ownership rights over land.
  • In the late 1920s, leaders of All India Jat Mahasabha formed Ahir Jat Gujjar and Rajput Sabha to bring all peasant castes together.
  • However, Jats of Shekhawati left this organization in 1929 to organize their movement separately.

• Peasants Movement of Bijolia
  • Bijolia was ‘‘A” class Jagir of the Udaipur State with a population of about 1200 in 1891. 
  • The majority of peasants in Bijolia belonged to Dakan Gotra of the Jats.
  • In 1897, All the farmers gathered in Bhijolia’s Girirdhpura village on the occasion of the feast of the father of Ganga Ram Dhakar. Then collectively it was decided to send Nanaji Patel and Thakri Patel to Mewar Maharana to complain of Krishna Singh. Later Krishan Singh expelled both of them from Bijolia.
  • In 1906, Thakur Prithvi Singh became a new zamindar, which in 1906 introduced the new tax called “Talwar Bandhai” (a kind successor tax, and was also called insulting tax) on the people of Bijolia in 1906.
• Bengu Kisan movement – (started in 1921)
  • The main center of the peasant movement of Bengu was Raita.
  • Earlier, this place was in Bhilwara, but it is currently in the Chittorgarh district.
  • This movement ran at the time of Bangngu’s Zamidar Anoop Singh.
  • Maharana of Mewar was Fateh Singh.
  • Reason – Excessive levy and unfair means.
  • This movement was run by the farmers of the Dhakar caste.
  • The initial leadership of this movement was done by Vijay Singh Pathik from Ajmer because there was a ban upon him on arrival in Mewar state. Later, on the insistence of Vijay Singh Pathak, Ram Narayan Chaudhary led the movement.
• Peasants Movement of Dabra
  • Dabda or Dabrais a village in Didwana tehsil of Nagaur district in Rajasthan.
    • The village is known for The Dabra farmers movement-1947 for the abolition of Jagirs in Rajasthan.
  • The peasant movement which was being organized by the Marwar Kisan Sabha and the Marwar Lok Parishad jointly was a parallel movement to that of the national movement going on in British India whose aims were common i.e. to free the country from foreign rule.
  • To mobilize the peasants, meetings under the joint auspices of Marwar Lok Parishad and Marwar Kisan Sabha were held at various places in the Jat belt and such meeting was fixed at village Dabra in Nagaur district for 13th March 1947.
  • The Jagirdars got together in a bid to crush the political awakening among the Kisan and the black deed at Dabra was planned.
  • In this, the Jagirdars had the blessings and active support of the Maharaja. 

Trade Unions were formed by the workers because they possessed no means of production of their own, i.e. they were propertyless and their labour power which is inseparable from them could only be withdrawn from production in sufficient strength when it was organised.

The correct answer is Indore

• The Rajwada Palace is a historical palace built by the Holkars of the Maratha Empire about two centuries ago at Indore in Madya Pradesh.
• Today it is a fine example of royal grandeur and architectural skills.
• The architectural style of the Rajwada Palace is Indo-Saracenic Maratha.
• The Rajwada Palace was destroyed by fire riots in 1984.
   

The correct answer is Kyoti.

• The fort of Kyoti is 22 miles away from Rewa in the northeastern direction in the Sirmour tehsil.
• Near the fort is the 33 feet Kyoti falls in which the water flows from the Mahanadi.
• The history of the Kyoti dynasty begins with the 18th King of Rewa, Veer Singh Dev. King Shahalvahan had two sons, Veer Singh Dev and Nagmal Dev.
• Veer Singh Dev ascended the throne while Nagmal Dev got the state of Kyoti. Hence the fort of Kyoti is believed to be built by Nagmal Dev and its architecture also suggests the same.
• In the year 1857 a fierce battle was fought between Thakur Rannmat Singh and the British Col. Aswan in this fort.
• Ahead of the Fort lies a small cave through which a stream flows whose origin is unknown.
• The cave has a piece of broken idol on which Gajlakshmi, Ganesh and Vishnu are inscribed in a sitting posture. Above the inscription three male figures have been drawn.
• The fort has been declared as a conserved monument. Near the fort are some small temples and below are two rock cut caves, one having a Shivlinga on the outer rock are carved designs of Buddhist stupas indicating that there caves must have been used at one time by Buddhist monks.

Ajanta: The most famous cave site is Ajanta. It is located in Aurangabad District of Maharashtra state. It has a large chaitya-viharas and is decorated with sculptures and paintings.

The Indigo revolt was a peasant movement and subsequent uprising of indigo farmers against the indigo planters that arose in Chaugacha village of Nadia in Bengal in 1859.

The Bengali middle class supported the peasants wholeheartedly.

• The Hindu Patriot, under the able editorship of Harish Chandra Mukherjee, became the mouthpiece of protest against imperial injustices.
• In the late fifties, the Hindu Patriot began to expose the oppression and atrocities on Indian peasants by the indigo planters.
• The latter used to force the peasants into cultivating indigo.
• In late 1875, when one Jagadananda Mukherjee invited the Prince of Wales to his residence and zenana, the Hindu Patriot commented that the national feeling had been outraged.
• After the initial editorship of Girish Chandra Ghosh and Harish Chandra Mukherjee, Krishnadas Pal was the editor of the paper for 23 years.
• During this period he opposed imperial laws like the Immigration Bill, the Vernacular Press Act, and the Ilbert Bill through the columns of the Hindoo Patriot.
• He protested against the oppression of tea workers and termed the Immigration Bill as 'The Slave Law of India'.
• The press supported the revolt and played its part in portraying the plight of the farmers and fighting for their cause.

​Hence, the correct answer is Hindu Patriot.

Causes of the Indigo revolt:

• Indigo cultivation started in Bengal in 1777.
• Indigo was in high demand worldwide. European planters enjoyed a monopoly over indigo and they forced Indian farmers to grow indigo.
• The cultivators were forced to grow indigo in place of food crops.
• The farmers were given advance loans for this purpose. Once the farmers took loans, they could never repay them due to the high rates of interest.
• They were forced to sell indigo at non-profitable rates so as to maximize the European planters’ profits.
• If a farmer refused to grow indigo and planted paddy instead, the planters resorted to illegal means to get the farmer to grow indigo such as looting and burning crops, kidnapping the farmer’s family members, etc.
• The government always supported the planters who enjoyed many privileges and judicial immunities.

The correct answer is 1993.

• On September 30, 1993, at 3:56 a.m. local time (UTC+05:30), the Latur earthquake struck India. Maharashtra, a state in Western India, was the most affected.
• The earthquake mainly struck the districts of Latur and Osmanabad, including Latur's Ausa block and Osmanabad's Omerga. In the intraplate earthquake, fifty-two villages were destroyed.
• It had a magnitude of 6.2 on the Richter scale, killing 10,000 people and injuring 30,000 more. Since the hypocenter of the earthquake was only around 10 kilometers deep, shock waves were able to inflict more harm.
• On October 2, 1993, at about 10 a.m., the first convoy of over 120 trucks carrying relief supplies such as tents, blankets, food and clothes, medical supplies, and temporary shelters provided by international donors left Mumbai.
• The Indian Army, the 42nd battalion of the MIL, the State Reserve Police Force, the Central Reserve Police Force, and other law enforcement agencies rushed their staff almost immediately after the quake, anticipating a higher number of casualties. 

The correct answer is Stringent administrative measures regarding sanitation were implemented and building activity in the Indian towns was regulated.

• The physical growth of urban areas as a result of rural migration and even suburban concentration into cities is called Urbanisation.
• A demographic and social process whereby people move from urban areas to rural areas is called counter urbanization.
• Facts related to the urbanization process under British rule in the 19th Century:
  • In the process new urban spaces called Civil Lines were set up, to accommodate Indian elites.
  • For the British, the "Black" areas came to symbolize not only chaos and anarchy but also fifth and disease.
  • Cantonments, hill stations were distinctive features of colonial urban development.
• The following are the causes of urbanization in the 19th Century:
  • Agrarian Crisis
  • Natural Resource Mining
  • The attraction of Employment opportunities in the big cities
  • Factories were located near urban areas.
• The following are the effects of urbanization in the colonial period:
  • Growth of population
  • The suitable natural environment and geographical position
  • Well communication
  • Favourable trade and commerce place
  • Growth of industry religious places.

The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social revolution that took place in the former Russian Empire and began during the First World War.

Nicholas II was the last Emperor of All Russia, ruling from 1 November 1894 until his abdication on 15 March 1917.

• The main events of the revolution took place in and near Petrograd (present-day Saint Petersburg), the then-capital of Russia, where long-standing discontent with the monarchy erupted into mass protests against food rationing on 23 February Old Style. 
• The revolutionary activity lasted about eight days, involving mass demonstrations and violent armed clashes with police and gendarmes, the last loyal forces of the Russian monarchy.
• At the end of the "February Revolution", Nicholas II chose to abdicate on 2 March (O.S.) / 15 March (N.S.) 1917.
• Nicholas thus abdicated on behalf of his son and drew up a new manifesto naming his brother, Grand Duke Michael, as the next Emperor of all Russias.
• He issued a statement but it was suppressed by the Provisional Government.
• Michael declined to accept the throne until the people were allowed to vote through a Constituent Assembly for the continuance of the monarchy or a republic.
• During his reign, Nicholas gave support to the economic and political reforms promoted by his prime ministers, Sergei Witte and Pyotr Stolypin.
• He advocated modernization based on foreign loans and close ties with France but resisted giving the new parliament (the Duma) major roles.
• Ultimately, progress was undermined by Nicholas's commitment to autocratic rule, strong aristocratic opposition, and defeats sustained by the Russian military in the Russo-Japanese War and World War I. 
• By March 1917, public support for Nicholas had collapsed and he was forced to abdicate the throne, thereby ending the Romanov dynasty's 300-year rule of Russia.

Hence, the correct answer is Nicholas II.

• The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a series of political events in Russia, involving first the overthrow of the system of autocracy, and then the overthrow of the liberal Provisional Government ( Duma), resulting in the establishment of the Soviet power under the control of the Bolshevik party.
• This eventually led to the establishment of the Soviet Union, which lasted until its dissolution in 1991.
• The Revolution can be viewed in two distinct phases:
  • The February Revolution of 1917, which displaced the autocracy of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, the last effective Tsar of Russia, and sought to establish in its place a liberal republic.
  • The October Revolution, in which the Bolshevik party and the workers' Soviets, led by Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Provisional Government. While many notable historical events occurred in Moscow and St. Petersburg, there was also a broadly based movement in the rural areas as peasants seized and redistributed land.

The correct answer is Asuri.

• The Asuri language has become extinct from the Adivasi tribe of Jharkhand.
• The Asuri Adivasis draw their lineage from the buffalo demon Mahishasur and were portrayed as demons and enemies in the predominant text.
• They are also credited with being the country's first community of iron smelters.
• Today, they are one of India's dwindling Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups in Jharkhand.
• Asuri, their language, is on the verge of extinction, with less than 8000 people speaking it.

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• Munda language introduced on the coast of Odisha from Indochina about 4000–3500 years ago and outspread after Indo-Aryan migration to Odisha.
• Mundari language consists of 27 letters and 5 diacritics.
• The reason for the extinction of this language is the popularization of foreign languages and also due to restrictions of it in a particular domain.
• The reason for the decline of any language is If a language is incapable of providing livelihood, the language is bound to lose its value.

The correct answer is the Chauri-Chaura incident.

• Chauri Chaura incident took place on 4th February 1922.
  • A violent incident took place where a large crowd of peasants set on fire a police station that killed 22 policemen.
  • Due to the Chauri-Chaura incident, Mahatma Gandhi called off the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922).
  • Chauri Chaura is a town in the Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh.
• Jallianwala Bagh incident took place on 13th April 1919 at Amritsar, Punjab.
  • The crowd of nonviolent protesters, along with Baisakhi pilgrims who had gathered in Jallianwala Bagh was fired by General Reginald Dyer and his troops.
  • The peaceful protest was done due to the arrest and deportation of two national leaders Satyapal and Saifuddin Kitchlew.
  • The Hunter Commission was appointed to look into the case.
  • On 13th March 1940 in London Reginald Dyer aged 75 years was shot dead by Udham Singh.
• Bengal Partition was announced on 19th July 1905 and it was implemented on 16th October 1905.
  • Lord Curzon the British superior was responsible for the partition of Bengal.
  • The reorganization separated the largely Muslim eastern areas from the largely Hindu western areas.
  • The Bengal was reunited by Lord Hardinge in 1911.
  • The Bengal Presidency encompasses Bengal, Bihar, Parts of Chattisgarh, Orissa, and Assam.
• Kakori Conspiracy is also known as the Kakori train robbery or Kakori case.
  • It took place on 9th August 1925.
  • It was a train robbery that took place between Kakori and near Lucknow during the Independence movement of India against the British Indian Government.
  • The robbery was organized by the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA).
  • The Revolutionaries such as Ashfaqullah Khan, Chandra Shekhar Azad, Ram Prasad Bismil, Roshan Singh, and Rajendra Lahiri were all associated with the Kakori Conspiracy Case.