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The oldest sea floor in the Atlantic that is made of basalt is to be found closest to the continents, the further into the ocean away from LAND that you go, the newer the sea floor.

This is because new sea floor is still being ADDED in the middle of the ocean and therefore the BANDING and age of the rocks gets increasingly older the further you move from the CENTRE of the ocean.

The oldest sea floor in the Atlantic that is made of basalt is to be found closest to the continents, the further into the ocean away from land that you go, the newer the sea floor.

This is because new sea floor is still being added in the middle of the ocean and therefore the banding and age of the rocks gets increasingly older the further you move from the centre of the ocean.

TALL STRUCTURES and things that are METAL attract lightning, also trees do.

In FACT, anything that is METALLIC containing mineral may seem to attract the lightning for instance things like iron.

Tall structures and things that are metal attract lightning, also trees do.

In fact, anything that is metallic containing mineral may seem to attract the lightning for instance things like iron.

In FACT, it is a bit like CONSIDERING when a few grains of sand become a heap of sand: there is no absolute point where something TURNS from a DEPRESSION to a canyon.

The definition is simply a deep, narrow steep-sided VALLEY, but the minimum depth is not absolute.

In fact, it is a bit like considering when a few grains of sand become a heap of sand: there is no absolute point where something turns from a depression to a canyon.

The definition is simply a deep, narrow steep-sided valley, but the minimum depth is not absolute.

The outer core is liquid and the inner is solid. Both PARTS are made of alloy of two metals – iron and NICKEL, allowing the rise of the MAGNETIC field that the earth exhibits and is so ESSENTIAL in PROTECTING our existence.

The outer core is liquid and the inner is solid. Both parts are made of alloy of two metals – iron and nickel, allowing the rise of the magnetic field that the earth exhibits and is so essential in protecting our existence.

The remains of TREES and SHRUBS grew MILLIONS of YEARS ago, when the weather was mild and moist.

The remains of trees and shrubs grew millions of years ago, when the weather was mild and moist.

This is caused by the MAGMA – the molten rock – that is underneath each of the plates of the earth and CAUSES them to MOVE and flow along.

This is the major cause of this PHENOMENON to the best of our current geological understanding.

This is caused by the magma – the molten rock – that is underneath each of the plates of the earth and causes them to move and flow along.

This is the major cause of this phenomenon to the best of our current geological understanding.

The asthenosphere is a layer of the EARTHS crust. There are various definitions here is one of them from a geology resources definition LIST:

“A layer of soft but solid, MOBILE rock comprising the lower PART of the upper MANTLE from about 100 to 350 kilometers beneath the Earth's surface.”

The asthenosphere is a layer of the earths crust. There are various definitions here is one of them from a geology resources definition list:

“A layer of soft but solid, mobile rock comprising the lower part of the upper mantle from about 100 to 350 kilometers beneath the Earth's surface.”

The earth has changed MASSIVELY since it was FORMED. Earth was a ball of rock that was HIT and changed by loads of impacts and METEOR impacts.

The earth has changed massively since it was formed. Earth was a ball of rock that was hit and changed by loads of impacts and meteor impacts.

Generally, the relation is this – the further from the surface the colder the water.

This MAKES sense because of course as you go down further there is LESS and less SUNLIGHT, and therefore the temperature of the water DROPS.

Generally, the relation is this – the further from the surface the colder the water.

This makes sense because of course as you go down further there is less and less sunlight, and therefore the temperature of the water drops.

The heat and compression deep within the earth's magma are what cause these unique and interesting layers of striation.

Depending on the PARTICULAR stresses and STRAINS, heat and pressure APPLIED, and the individual rocks and minerals there in that composed the material, they react differently and this is what causes the BANDING.

The heat and compression deep within the earth's magma are what cause these unique and interesting layers of striation.

Depending on the particular stresses and strains, heat and pressure applied, and the individual rocks and minerals there in that composed the material, they react differently and this is what causes the banding.

Igneous rocks form in quite a different way to METAMORPHIC rocks.

Igneous rocks form due to heat and volcanic activity specifically they form when molten rock COOLS and becomes solid.

HOWEVER, metamorphic rocks are existing rocks – perhaps igneous ones – that have been changed by great PRESSURE and often-great heat into metamorphic rocks.

Igneous rocks form in quite a different way to metamorphic rocks.

Igneous rocks form due to heat and volcanic activity specifically they form when molten rock cools and becomes solid.

However, metamorphic rocks are existing rocks – perhaps igneous ones – that have been changed by great pressure and often-great heat into metamorphic rocks.

The rate of species DEPENDS on the TIME and PARTICULAR species and environment at the time, THEREFORE there is no one absolute figure that can be used.

However clearly the rate of species can be used to estimate where in transition each species is and when the NEXT variations will come along.

The rate of species depends on the time and particular species and environment at the time, therefore there is no one absolute figure that can be used.

However clearly the rate of species can be used to estimate where in transition each species is and when the next variations will come along.

These are a mountain RANGE, along ZAIRE and Uganda in EAST Africa.

These are a mountain range, along Zaire and Uganda in East Africa.

Liquid rock is needed for geysers to FORM in the form of what is called MAGMA – which is the GEOLOGICAL NAME for liquid rock. Without that, you cannot get geysers forming.

Liquid rock is needed for geysers to form in the form of what is called magma – which is the geological name for liquid rock. Without that, you cannot get geysers forming.

This BEGINS to FORM when tiny marine ANIMALS – coral polyps – attach themselves to rocks on the seabed.

This begins to form when tiny marine animals – coral polyps – attach themselves to rocks on the seabed.

The overall composition of the Earth's crust, in TERMS of elemental composition is as follows:

• OXYGEN 46.6%
• Silicon 27.7%
• ALUMINUM 8.1%
• Iron 5.0%
• All other ELEMENTS 12.6%

The overall composition of the Earth's crust, in terms of elemental composition is as follows:

This is a TYPE of soil, which is halfway between clay and SANDY SOILS.

This is a type of soil, which is halfway between clay and sandy soils.

Usually the triangulation method is used, MAKING THREE MEASUREMENTS, and then using simple geometry/maths to locate the POSITIONING.

Usually the triangulation method is used, making three measurements, and then using simple geometry/maths to locate the positioning.

This REFERS to a layer of LOOSE surface material COVERING bedrock.

This refers to a layer of loose surface material covering bedrock.

It is a fine-grained, earthy, SEDIMENTARY rock like CLAY, but FORMED in thin layers.

It is a fine-grained, earthy, sedimentary rock like clay, but formed in thin layers.

The GEOID is an imaginary surface that equivalences with the AVERAGE (mean) sea level AROUND the world.

THEREFORE, it is not an actual or REAL thing like the continents themselves that form the surface of the earth, but merely a useful model that we can imagine to extend through the continents.

The geoid is an imaginary surface that equivalences with the average (mean) sea level around the world.

Therefore, it is not an actual or real thing like the continents themselves that form the surface of the earth, but merely a useful model that we can imagine to extend through the continents.

There is a GRADUAL transition caused by a CHANGE in temperature and REDUCING PRESSURE.

There is a gradual transition caused by a change in temperature and reducing pressure.

This is the GREAT BARRIER Reef off the northeast corner of Australia.

This is the Great Barrier Reef off the northeast corner of Australia.

It moves because the huge PRESSURE of the ice and snow LOWERS the FREEZING point of its lower LAYERS, causing them to melt.

It moves because the huge pressure of the ice and snow lowers the freezing point of its lower layers, causing them to melt.

Compounds of the FOLLOWING metals or semi-metals, ALONG with OXYGEN compounds:

1. Iron compounds
2. Magnesium compounds
3. Aluminum compounds
4. Silicon compounds

Compounds of the following metals or semi-metals, along with oxygen compounds:

The simplest way to answer this is to define each term, so you can see:

1. A canyon is a deep VALLEY with steep sides thinks of the Grand Canyon most famously to VISUALIZE what this is.
2. A gorge is a deep ravine, which USUALLY has a river running through it – though this does not have to be the case.
3. FINALLY, a valley is any depression, usually of a certain length, in the surface of the land and often contains a river.

Therefore, a canyon is a specific type of valley, with PARTICULARLY steep sides. A gorge is a deep depression that will usually contain a river.

The simplest way to answer this is to define each term, so you can see:

Therefore, a canyon is a specific type of valley, with particularly steep sides. A gorge is a deep depression that will usually contain a river.

Ablation is a technical term for the loss of snow and ICE from a glacier. The process occurs by a combination of the two PHYSICAL PROCESSES, melting, and evaporation, caused by the warming of the relevant ice on the glacier. It may be THOUGHT this would be most PREVALENT at the top of a glacier, however actually it occurs more at the foot – for the simple reason that temperatures tend to be higher here.

Ablation is a technical term for the loss of snow and ice from a glacier. The process occurs by a combination of the two physical processes, melting, and evaporation, caused by the warming of the relevant ice on the glacier. It may be thought this would be most prevalent at the top of a glacier, however actually it occurs more at the foot – for the simple reason that temperatures tend to be higher here.

IGNEOUS rocks are those that form from volcanoes and VOLCANIC activity.

SEDIMENTARY rocks are laid down over great time in oceans and are the results of compression on dead organic matter like small sea animals and so on.

Metamorphic rock is a change that occurs to igneous or sedimentary rock in the earth's crust DUE to the immense heat and pressure there acting on those rocks and chemically and physically changing their properties.

Igneous rocks are those that form from volcanoes and volcanic activity.

Sedimentary rocks are laid down over great time in oceans and are the results of compression on dead organic matter like small sea animals and so on.

Metamorphic rock is a change that occurs to igneous or sedimentary rock in the earth's crust due to the immense heat and pressure there acting on those rocks and chemically and physically changing their properties.

Various ways and techniques can be used. With many mountains, the rock in the mountain can be sampled and then a dating TECHNIQUE applied to find the AGE.

For instance, radiometric dating may be used to find the age of the rock. These techniques exploit the half-life of naturally occurring radioactive isotopes of elements PRESENT in tiny quantities to help work out how old SOMETHING is.

With some mountains other techniques may be used, for instance at a plate boundary scientists may be able to wind BACK time to work out when the plates must have collided and formed mountain ranges such as the Himalayas.

Various ways and techniques can be used. With many mountains, the rock in the mountain can be sampled and then a dating technique applied to find the age.

For instance, radiometric dating may be used to find the age of the rock. These techniques exploit the half-life of naturally occurring radioactive isotopes of elements present in tiny quantities to help work out how old something is.

With some mountains other techniques may be used, for instance at a plate boundary scientists may be able to wind back time to work out when the plates must have collided and formed mountain ranges such as the Himalayas.

The earth has only very recently been accurately dated. Until astonishingly recently, the earth was thought to be anywhere between a few hundred thousand and a few million years old. Now it is thought that the Earth is 4.6 billion years old, and was FORMED by interstellar dust COMING TOGETHER and being attracted to an increasingly strong GRAVITATIONAL force. Incidentally, life is thought to have arisen relatively EARLY in the earth's existence – just 3.5 – 4 billion years ago!

The earth has only very recently been accurately dated. Until astonishingly recently, the earth was thought to be anywhere between a few hundred thousand and a few million years old. Now it is thought that the Earth is 4.6 billion years old, and was formed by interstellar dust coming together and being attracted to an increasingly strong gravitational force. Incidentally, life is thought to have arisen relatively early in the earth's existence – just 3.5 – 4 billion years ago!

Minerals or small particles of rocks, become rocks through pressure and temperature, often deep inside the earth's core, or simply through pressure for instance on the seabed.

Wherever many small things become something big it is usually through compression, temperature, or pressure.

The opposite process – large things being worn into smaller particles – usually comes through ANOTHER sort of force. Either weathering, erosion – ACTION by wind, rain, and water – is responsible.

Gradually many rocks are ERODED by MOVEMENT of ice and water over them or the wind action also to become finer and finer and form little grains – e.g. of SAND or of soil.

Minerals or small particles of rocks, become rocks through pressure and temperature, often deep inside the earth's core, or simply through pressure for instance on the seabed.

Wherever many small things become something big it is usually through compression, temperature, or pressure.

The opposite process – large things being worn into smaller particles – usually comes through another sort of force. Either weathering, erosion – action by wind, rain, and water – is responsible.

Gradually many rocks are eroded by movement of ice and water over them or the wind action also to become finer and finer and form little grains – e.g. of sand or of soil.

By offering more rights and giving better treatment, more freedom and better OPTIONS it was HOPED to reduce the CONFLICT and pre-empt PROBLEMS from occurring because of this.

By offering more rights and giving better treatment, more freedom and better options it was hoped to reduce the conflict and pre-empt problems from occurring because of this.

There is no ANSWER to this as it varies very much depending on the type of soil you are TALKING about and the conditions on EARTH at the time.

In places that are very warm or very wet with fast moving waters for instance then times are quicker than places where very little happens for thousands of years at a time.

However, the process is very slow indeed and therefore, you would be looking at hundreds of years to PRODUCE an inch of soil – and 1,000 years+ to GET two or more inches.

There is no answer to this as it varies very much depending on the type of soil you are talking about and the conditions on earth at the time.

In places that are very warm or very wet with fast moving waters for instance then times are quicker than places where very little happens for thousands of years at a time.

However, the process is very slow indeed and therefore, you would be looking at hundreds of years to produce an inch of soil – and 1,000 years+ to get two or more inches.

A hypothesis is a postulation as to what could be the case; it is a suggestion as to something that ACCURATELY MODELS and explains some aspect in REALITY.

Then the hypothesis can be TESTED by GETTING it to make a prediction, then performing the actual experiment it predicts the outcome of, and see if the outcome matches the prediction.

A hypothesis is a postulation as to what could be the case; it is a suggestion as to something that accurately models and explains some aspect in reality.

Then the hypothesis can be tested by getting it to make a prediction, then performing the actual experiment it predicts the outcome of, and see if the outcome matches the prediction.

• The DIFFERENCE between precious and semi-precious comes down purely to HUMAN definitions that have been imposed.
• There is nothing in and of itself about the nature of a stone, which makes it precious or semi-precious.
• Rather it is down to human DESIRABILITY of an element or mineral or FORM or a stone that decides.
• Generally, the rarer and more sought after a mineral is, the more likely it is to be defined as precious.
• Desired, but more common and less valuable items MAY be, in contrast, semi-precious.

This is to do with LIGHT and the atmosphere.

The way the rays of light strike the mountains at a greater height than us, then reflect and reach our eyes below the height of mountains, coupled with the air in-between, leads to them looking purple, in a SIMILAR way to the process with different WAVELENGTH light makes the SKY look blue on a SUNNY day.

This is to do with light and the atmosphere.

The way the rays of light strike the mountains at a greater height than us, then reflect and reach our eyes below the height of mountains, coupled with the air in-between, leads to them looking purple, in a similar way to the process with different wavelength light makes the sky look blue on a sunny day.

The LOWER section of the Earth's crust has been REACHED. The possibility of the MANTLE is not FAR away. Depths of over 4,500 FEET have been reached.

The lower section of the Earth's crust has been reached. The possibility of the mantle is not far away. Depths of over 4,500 feet have been reached.

This is because of the way that it is formed. When you have a rock that is formed through metamorphosis then it has been created through heat and PRESSURE acting on other rocks.

Fossils are inherently delicate things and therefore precious little would WITHSTAND the conditions that are required to create MARBLE – and therefore marble hardly ever contains fossils as a direct result of this.

This is because of the way that it is formed. When you have a rock that is formed through metamorphosis then it has been created through heat and pressure acting on other rocks.

Fossils are inherently delicate things and therefore precious little would withstand the conditions that are required to create marble – and therefore marble hardly ever contains fossils as a direct result of this.

The OVERALL composition of the Earth, in terms of elemental composition is as FOLLOWS:

• Iron 34.6%
• Oxygen 29.5%
• Silicon 15.2%
• MAGNESIUM 12.7%
• Nickel 2.4%
• Sulphur 1.9%
• All others: 3.7%

The overall composition of the Earth, in terms of elemental composition is as follows:

The three TYPES of rocks are as follows:

1. Igneous (from volcanoes etc)
2. Sedimentary (DEAD SEA creatures, time and pressure)
3. METAMORPHIC (other rock types compressed, squished, heated and geologically STRESSED in massive temperatures and pressure fairly deep in the earth)

The three types of rocks are as follows:

Limestone is FORMED from pressure APPLIED over time to dead creatures in the SEA. Oil is formed because of SEDIMENTARY processes and which is one of the most important resources.

Limestone is formed from pressure applied over time to dead creatures in the sea. Oil is formed because of sedimentary processes and which is one of the most important resources.

Over time it developed an atmosphere that changed in time as liquid WATER gathered on the surface of the earth and created an atmosphere with clouds of water and levels of certain GASES that protected the PLANET below and made it the temperature that it is, which is OBVIOUSLY fit for life as we can tell by looking around us.

Over time it developed an atmosphere that changed in time as liquid water gathered on the surface of the earth and created an atmosphere with clouds of water and levels of certain gases that protected the planet below and made it the temperature that it is, which is obviously fit for life as we can tell by looking around us.

• Things as if CLIMATE and food availability will make a BIG difference if it is too COLD, too dry then people will need to move.
• In addition, the amount of food is important too. Other factors might be human and political ones – such as a tough regime in CHARGE of a COUNTRY or if there is a war and so on then people will want to move too.

• The largest volcano in the world over ground is CALLED Mauna LOA.
• Mauna Loa is to be FOUND in Hawaii, now a US STATE.

This is due to the heat GENERATED from the EARTH's INTERIOR and earthquakes – the convection currents deep within the earth because the movement of the material that sits on top.

This is due to the heat generated from the earth's interior and earthquakes – the convection currents deep within the earth because the movement of the material that sits on top.

• This refers to the Cambrian PERIOD, a GEOLOGICAL time, at around 570 – 510 million years ago. It is when invertebrate life first appeared.
• During the period COMES what is known as the Cambrian Explosion – where the FOSSIL record SUDDENLY seems to radiate with an array of multi-celled creatures.

Fossils are created amongst periods of ROCK FORMATION, and CAUSED by the gradual accumulation of sediment over millions of years at the bottom, most commonly, of the SEABED.

Fossils are created amongst periods of rock formation, and caused by the gradual accumulation of sediment over millions of years at the bottom, most commonly, of the seabed.

Factors such as the volume and surface AREA of the lake together with AVERAGE WIND SPEED and TEMPERATURE at the surface are the factors that can be used to work out how much evaporation there is at the surface.

Factors such as the volume and surface area of the lake together with average wind speed and temperature at the surface are the factors that can be used to work out how much evaporation there is at the surface.

It is a type of clay FIRST used by the CHINESE for MAKING CHINAWARE and PORCELAIN.

It is a type of clay first used by the Chinese for making chinaware and porcelain.

Igneous rocks are CREATED when MELTED material crystallizes, e.g. from magma.

There are TWO formation methods, the first is that they form on the surface and these are called extrusive igneous rocks, or they can form inside the CRUST, and these ones are called intrusive igneous rocks.

Igneous rocks are created when melted material crystallizes, e.g. from magma.

There are two formation methods, the first is that they form on the surface and these are called extrusive igneous rocks, or they can form inside the crust, and these ones are called intrusive igneous rocks.