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1. Hazard:

A natural hazard is a natural process and event that is a potential threat to human life and property.

2. Disasters:

A disaster is a hazardous event that occurs over a limited time span in a defined area and causes great damage to property / loss of life, also needs assistance from others.

Match the following

(a) Hydro – logical

‘Hazards are defined as a thing, person, event or factor that poses a threat to people, structures or economic assets and which may cause a disaster.’

1. Atmospheric hazard 

2. Geologic 7 Seismic hazard 

3. Hydrologic hazard 

4. Volcanic hazard 

5. Environmental hazard 

6. Biological hazard 

7. Human – induced hazard 

8. Technological hazard

(d) Meteorological

(b) Agricultural

(C) Carbon di oxide – 0.05%

1. disaster 

2. Geologic (or) Seismic 

3. Eight 

4. Human – induced 

5. Primary 

6. 26th April 1986

Meaning of flood :

1. Flood is an event in which a part of the earth’s surface gets inundated.

2. Heavy rainfall and large waves in seas are the common causes of flood.

Major causes of floods: The Major causes of floods are,

1. Meteorological Factors:

• Heavy rainfall 
• Tropical cyclones 
• Cloud burst 

2. Physical Factors:

• Large catchment area.
• Inadequate drainage arrangement

3. Human Factors:

• Deforestation 
• Siltation 
• Faulty agricultural practices Faulty irrigation practices 
• Collapse of dams 
• Accelerated urbanization

Droughts:

Any lack of water to satisfy the normal needs of agriculture, livestock, industry or human population may be termed as a drought.

Classifications of drought:

The drought could be classified into three major types.

They are: 

1. Meteorological drought:

It is a situation where there is a reduction in rainfall for a specific period below ‘ a specific level. 

2. Hydrological drought:

It is associated with reduction of water in streams, rivers and reservoirs. It is of two types.

• Surface water
• Ground water drought

3. Agricultural drought:

• It refers to the condition in which the agricultural crops get affected due to lack of rainfall.
• Droughts in India occur in the event of failure monsoon.

The Major areas highly prone to drought are:

• The arid and semi arid region from Ahmadabad to Kanpur on one side and from Kanpur to Jalandhar on the other.
• The dry region lying in the leeward side of the Western Ghats.

(c) Japanese

1. Earthquake: Earthquake is a violent tremor in the earth’s crust, sending out a series of stock waves in all directions from its place of origin.

2. Tsunami: Tsunami refers to huge ocean waves caused by an earthquake, landslide or volcanic eruption. It is generally noticed in the coastal regions and travel between 640 and 960 Km/h.

Cyclonic Storms: 

1. A Cyclonic storm is a strong wind circulating around a low pressure area in the atmosphere. 

2. It rotates in anti – clockwise direction in Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the southern Hemisphere. 

3. Tropical Cyclones are characterized by destructive winds, storms surges and exceptional levels of rainfall, which may cause flooding. 

4. Wind speed may reach upto 200 Km/h and rainfall may record upto 50 cm/ day for several consecutive days.

5. A sudden rise of seawater due to tropical cyclone is called storm surge.

6. It is more common in the regions of shallow coastal water.

East Coastal areas vulnerable to storm surges: 

1. North Odisha and West Bengal coasts. , 

2. Andhra Pradesh coast between Ongole and Machilipatnam.

3. Tamil Nadu coast (among 13 coastal districts, Nagapattinam and Cuddalore districts are frequently affected).

West Coastal areas vulnerable to storm surges:

1. The west coast of India is less vulnerable to storm surges than the east coast.

2. Maharashtra coast, North of Hamai and adjoining South Gujarat coast and the coastal belt around the Gulf of Cambay.

3. The coastal belt around the Gulf of Kutch.

Prevention is defined as the activities taken to prevent a natural calamity or potential hazard from having harmful effects on either people or economic assets.

Water Pollution may be defined as alteration in the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water, which may cause harmful effects in human and aquatic life

The wastes that may or tend to cause adverse health effects on the ecosystem and human beings are called hazardous wastes

1. Urbanization 

2. Industrial effluents 

3. Se-wages 

4. Solid wastes

1. The major flood prone areas in north and northeast India are, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, North Bihar, West Bengal and Brahmaputra valley.

2. Coastal Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and Southern Gujarat are the other regions which are also prone to flood often.

(b) Landslides

Stormi surge hazards may be worsened by the destruction of mangroves.

 Smog is a serious problem In most big Urban.

The word ‘hazard’ owes its origin to the word ‘hazart’ in old French meaning a game of dice (in Arabic-az-zahr; in Spanish – azar).

Tropical storms, Thunderstorms, Lightning, Tornadoes, Avalanches, Heat waves, fog and forest fire.

The example of surface water is Lake

(b)  Drought

(c) Droughts

(a) Western Ghats

(c) Landslide

We should not construct houses at foothill areas because it has rapid downward movement of rocks and soil and vegetation down the slope under the influence of gravity which leads to landslides.

Air is a mixture of several gases.

Drought could be classified into three types.

They are: 

1. Meteorological drought

2. Hydrological drought

3. Agricultural drought

The west coast of India is less vulnerable to storm surges than the east coast.

1. Three 

2. big urban 

3. Twenty first

4. a game of dice 

5. long 

6. Hazards 

7. Earthquake 

8. 0.03% 

9. 20.95% 

10. Chernoby

(d) all of these

(a) Human – made

Primary pollutant is an air pollutant emitted directly

78.09% percentage of nitrogen is present in the air.

1. Socio – natural

2. mangroves

3. storm surge

4. Cuddalore, Nagapattinam

5. three 16. Landslides

7. harbour

8. ‘wave’

9. 1945

10. Explosives

11. Tsunami

Hazards can be broadly classified Into three types.

(b) Cyclonic

Flood:

1. Flood is an event in which a part of the earth’s surface gets inundated.

2. Heavy rainfall and large waves in seas are the common causes of flood.

Drought:

1. Any lack of water to satisfy the normal needs of agriculture, livestock, industry or human population may be termed as a drought.

2. Droughts in India occur in the event of a failure of monsoon.

1. c 

2. e 

3. d 

4. b 

5. a

1. True 

2. True 

3. False 

4. False 

5. True 

6. False

7. True 

8. False 

9. True 

10. False

(d) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) are Correct

(a) Secondary Pollutant – Smog

Heavy rainfall and large waves In seas are the common causes of Flood

A Naturall hazard ¡s a natural process.

1. e

2. d 

3. b 

4. c 

5. a

Natural Hazards:

1. These are the results of natural processes and man has no role to play in such hazards.

2. For example: Earthquakes, Floods, Cyclonic storms and volcanic eruption etc.

Human – made – Hazards: 

1. These are caused by undesirable activities of human. It can be the result of an accident such as an industrial chemical leak or oil spill. 

2. For example: Hazardous wastes, pollution of air, water and land etc.