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Diseases mean disease. It is a condition of disturbed functioning of the body or its part.
Type of diseases:

(i) On the basis of duration: Acute and chronic.

(ii) On the basis of the period of occurrence: Congenital and Acquired.

(iii) On the basis of causal agent-infectious and non-infectious.

For example Influenza, tuberculosis, pneumonia is infectious diseases. Diabetes and cancer are non-infectious diseases.

 Infectious agents: Disease where microbes are the immediate causes are called infectious diseases.

The infectious agents, like microbes, can spread in the community and the disease they cause, will spread; them.

The following infections agents are:

1. Bacteria: They are unicellular, prokaryotic, microscopic organisms. They reproduce very quickly. Some common diseases caused by bacteria are typhoid, cholera, tuberculosis, anthrax, diphtheria, tetanus, etc.

2. Viruses: They are submicroscopic organisms. They cannot reproduce by themselves, because they do not have their own metabolic machinery. They utilise the metabolic machinery of the host cell and multiply. The various diseases caused by viruses are common cold, influenza, dengue fever, SARS, AIDS, measles, mumps, polio, small pox, chicken pox, etc.

3. Protozoans: They are microscopic, unicellular, eukaryotic organisms. They can reproduce on their own. The various diseases caused by protozoa are malaria, by Plasmodium, Kala-azar, etc.

4. Helminths: Helminthes are multicellular worms, which are mostly present in the intestine. They cause taeniasis, ascariasis, elephantiasis worm, hence also known as filariasis, etc.

5. Fungi: They are also multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms. They cause ringworm, athlete’s foot id other skin infections.

Non-communicable diseases: Non-communicable diseases are also known as non- infectious or non-transmittable diseases. Those diseases which do not spread from person to person by contact or through pathogens or germs. Some non- communicable diseases are as follows.

1. Heart disease: It is also known as coronary disease. It is the main cause of death in the 20th century. Heart disease is caused by hardening and blockage of coronary arteries.

a. Angina pectoris: It is characterised by severe and persistent chest pain.

b. Coronary thrombosis: It involves the formation of a blood clot called thrombus, in the coronary artery. It is characterised by severe chest pain, breathlessness, uneasiness and vomiting.

2. Diabetes: In this disease, the percentage of glucose increases in the blood very much and glucose also comes out with urine. It occurs due to deficiency of insulin hormone. Diabetes affects  eyes, kidney and heart.

The main symptoms of diabetes are as follows:

(i) Presence of glucose in urine

(ii) Presence of more glucose in the blood.

(iii) Excessive urination

(iv) Loss of body weight.

The answer is (D) all of these

The answer is (C) leukemia

The answer is (B) acute disease

The answer is (D) both (A) and (B)

The answer is (A) Iron

The answer is (B) an acute disease

The answer is (D) all of these

Being free from physical, mental and social disorder, is good health.

The answer is (B) Proteins

The answer is (D) None of these

The first antibiotic, Penicillin, was discovered by Alexander Fleming.

Antibiotics are chemical substances that kill or stop the growth of microbes, thereby helping the body to fight diseases. Eg. penicillin.

Deficiency of carbohydrates leads to: 

1. Body weakness. 

2. Loss of stamina

Two diseases caused by bacteria are pneumonia and cholera. Two diseases caused by protozoa are malaria and amoebiasis. Two diseases caused by vims are chicken pox and AIDS.

1. Diseases: Any disorder or abnormal working of an organ, part or system of the body leads to illness called as disease. 

2. Malnutrition: The condition of nutrition in which the food is either in inadequate quantity or in excess or it lacks in some essential nutrient is called malnutrition.

Diseases develop due to a number of causes such as: 

1. Imbalances in the diet. 

2. Infection by micro-organisms. 

3. Malfunctioning of body organs. 

4. Allergic reactions to substances in the environment. 

5. Social factors such as smoking, alcoholism, drug addiction, unhealthy life style.

undermutrition 

1. It is a condition of nutrition where food isinad equate. 

2. It leads to deficiency diseases. 

3. Under mutrition is a form of malnutrition 

Malnutrition 

1. It is condition of nutrition where food is either inade-uate, or excess or lacks some essential nutrient. 

2. It leads to deficiency diseases and obesity. 

3. Malnutrition has many forms like under mutrition, over-nutrition or imbalance of nutrients in diet.

The diseases caused by inadequate intake of food or the lack of some essential nutrient in our diet are called deficiency diseases

1. Anaemia (due to deficiency of iron). 

2. Goitre (due to deficiency of iodine). 

3. Tooth decay (due to deficiency of fluorine).

1. Night blindless (due to deficiency of Vitamin A). 

2. Scurvy (due to deficiency of Vitamin C).

3. Rickets (due to deficiency of Vitamin D).

Congenital diseases are the diseases found in an individual, right from birth.

Varicella herpes virus.

The answer is (B) Carbohydrate

Parasitic protozoan female anopheles.

Mosquito- Aedse aegypti.

Effects of fast food: Heart diseases, liver damage, stroke, obesity and diabetes are some of the diseases revolving around fast food. Frequent consumption of fast food has been associated with increased body mass index, as well as higher intake of fat, sodium, added sugar, beverage and lower intakes of fruits, vegetable, milk in children and adults. Fast food has higher energy densities and poor nutritional value.

Acquired diseases are those diseases which one picks up after birth.

The answer is (B) Obesity

Malnutrition can be defined as a physical condition of a person in which he suffers from a disease, due to lack of nutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins. In short, the condition arising out of improper nutrition and unbalanced diet is called malnutrition. The main cause of improper nutrition and unbalanced diet is poverty. Malnutrition retards the physical and mental development of children. Some deficiency diseases can also be called as nutritional diseases.

Deficiency disease can be classified into the following categories:

1. Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM)

2. Vitamin deficiency diseases.

3. Protein Energy Malnutrition: Growing children need more protein. The children between the age group, 1-5 years are affected by protein malnutrition. Protein malnutrition leads to two types of diseases, namely Kwashiorkor and Marasmus. Kwashiorkar is caused due to deficiency of protein, which develops when mothers stop feeding the babies with their protein-rich breast milk.

Dengue: This dangerous disease is caused by Dengue virus, and spread by Aede aegypti mosquito.

Symptoms: The symptoms of this disease are high fever, headache, soreness of eyes, pain in joints and pain in stomach. Bleeding nose, mouth and gums are other symptoms.

Treatment: Propagating agent for this disease is Aedes mosquito, that bite generally in the daytime. Aedes lay eggs in cold standing water. Waterlogged in coolers, refrigerators and water cooling machines, underground tanks, provide a good place for its reproduction. Water should not be logged in the vicinity of home or spread kerosene on water to destroy aedes larvae. Use of mosquito repellents and mosquito nets are also fruitful. We can also use Mycophenallic acid and Ribavirin, to stop the growth of the virus.

The answer is (A) Proteins

Pathogens are germs which cause disease.

Shushruta Smahita.

Chicken Pox, Poliomyelitis.

The answer is (C) Carbohydrates

The answer is (C) Iron

Patanjali is known as the father of Yoga.

Thyroid, (goitre) is caused due to lack of Iodine.

The answer is (A) Thyroid