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This section includes InterviewSolutions, each offering curated multiple-choice questions to sharpen your knowledge and support exam preparation. Choose a topic below to get started.
| 51. |
Here is a composition attributed to Kabir: Tell me, brother, how can there be No one lord of the world but two? Who led you so astray? God is called by many names: Names like Allah, Ram, Karim, Keshav, Hari and Hazrat. Gold may be shaped into rings and bangles. Ins't it gold all the same? Distinctions are only words we invent... Kabir ways that are both mistaken. Neither can find the only Ram. One kills the goat, the other cows, They waste their lives in disputation. How do you think the peopte waste their lives in disputation? |
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Answer» Solution :People waste their lives in POINTLESS DISPUTATION between Allah and Ram so as to emphasis or enforce one's beliefs and ideas over another. (i) People think that there are many Gods. (ii) KABIR says that there is one God who is called by many names. (iii)Some think that their God is pleased when a goat is killed and other FEEL that God is pleased when a cow is killed. Both are wasting their lives in disputation. |
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| 52. |
Here is a composition attributed to Kabir: Tell me, brother, how can there be No one lord of the world but two? Who led you so astray? God is called by many names: Names like Allah, Ram, Karim, Keshav, Hari and Hazrat. Gold may be shaped into rings and bangles. Ins't it gold all the same? Distinctions are only words we invent... Kabir ways that are both mistaken. Neither can find the only Ram. One kills the goat, the other cows, They waste their lives in disputation. How has the lyrical beauty of his poem made him a figure of inter-religious harmany? Explain |
| Answer» Solution :Kabir believed in ONE God who prevails everywhere. God can be realized through recitation of Namsimran, Zikr, Ishq. Kabir emphasizes the HARMONY AMONG all religions and states to END 'disputations'. | |
| 53. |
Here is a composition attributed to Kabir: Tell me, brother, how can there be No one lord of the world but two? Who led you so astray? God is called by many names: Names like Allah, Ram, Karim, Keshav, Hari and Hazrat. Gold may be shaped into rings and bangles. Ins't it gold all the same? Distinctions are only words we invent... Kabir ways that are both mistaken. Neither can find the only Ram. One kills the goat, the other cows, They waste their lives in disputation. How has Kabir laid emphasis on the attainment of oneness with the divine? Explain. |
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Answer» Solution :KABIR says that God has MANY names like Allah, RAM, Karim, Keshav, Hari and Hazrat. But the fact is that this DISTINCTION is only based on the words invented and in reality there is only one God. He repudiated idol worship and emphasized that there is only one God. He is a Nirguna bhakti saint. To him the ultimate reality is Alakh and Nirakar. He used TERMS like Atman and Brahman. He also used words with mystical connotation like Shabda or Shunya. |
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| 54. |
Explain how the constitutional developments before 1946 were different from those made by the constituent assembly? |
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Answer» Solution :(i) The earlier constitutional developments - the Acts of 1909, 1919 and 1935 were different from those made by the constituent assembly. (ii) In response to the growing demand for a representative government. They were not directly debated and formulated by Indians. They were ENACTED by the colonial government. (III) The electorate that elected the provincial bodies even in 1935 was limited to no more than 10% to 15% of the adult population. There was no universal adult franchise. (iv) The legislature elected under the Act of 1935 operated within the framework of colonial rule and were RESPONSIBLE to the governor appointed by the British (v) In contrast, developments by the constituent assembly were a result of aprocess of intense debates and discussions by Indians themselves arrived at through a process of give and TAKE by forging a middle PATH between two opposed positions. (vi) They were made by constituent assembly which consisted of people of all regions and communities, making it a miniature India. (vii) The events of 1946–49 finally led to the formualtion and adoption of constitution of an indeper. lent sovereign republic of India. It was what Indian people gave to themselves. |
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| 55. |
On the given political outline map of India, five important places in South India have been marked as 1,2,3,4,5. Identify them and write their names on the mark drawn near them. |
| Answer» SOLUTION :1. TIRUNELVELI, 2. Chandragiri, 3. Vijayanagara, 4. Bijapur, 5. Warangal | |
| 56. |
What were the opinion expressed by Al-Biruni about India's political condition? |
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Answer» Solution :According to him: (i) INDIA is a big nation but DIVIDED into smaller states. (ii) These number of smaller states were most OFTEN engaged in war to establish supremacy. (iii) There was LACK of political unity in India. |
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| 57. |
Explain how the East India Company subdued the authority.of the zamindars in Bengalduring 18th century. |
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Answer» Solution : (i) Though the East India Company had RECOGNIZED the zamindars yet it wanted to control and regulate them. The company subdued their (zamindars) authority and restrictedd their autonomy. (ii) The troops of the zamindars were disbanded by the company and custom duties were abolished. Their cutcheries (courts) were BROUGHT under the supervision of a collector appointed by the East India Company (iii) Consequently the zamindars lost their authority to organise local justice and the local police (iv) Now, the collectorate EMERGED as an ALTERNATIVE centre of power. The authority of the zamindars was SEVERELY curtailed. |
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| 58. |
Identify any two strategies evolved by Brahmanas to enforce the norms of Varna Order from c. 600 BCE to 600 CE. |
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Answer» Solution :Strategies evolved by Brahmanas to enforce the norms of varna order: (i) BRAHMANS used to assert that the Varna order was a DIVINE order. (ii) Brahmans ADVISED the kings to ensure that the Varna order norms are to be followed within their kingdoms. (iii) Brahmans ATTEMPTED to persuade PEOPLE that their status is determined by birth. |
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| 59. |
Discuss the religious practices of the Harappan people. |
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Answer» Solution :The study of seals, inscription and other antiques help to reconstruct the religious practices of the Harappan people. (i) Discovery of a large number of statues and terracotta figurines prove that they were icon-worshippers. These statues and figurines are considered as GODS and goddesses. (ii) Terracotta figurines of women heavily jewelled some with elaborate head dresses, were regarded as Mother-Goddess. (III) Rare stone statuory of men in an almost standarised posture CREATED with one hand such as the .priest-king., show the religious significance. (iv) Seals showing PLANT note indicate the worship of nature. (v) Unicorn is one horned animal, depicted on seals seem to be mythical, composite creatures. (VI) A figure shown seated cross-leged in .Yogic. posture, surrounded by animals, has been regarded as a depiction of "protoshiva" which is an early form of one of the major deities of Hinduism. The worship of the Linga, probably symbolize the idea of fertility, animal worship - images of various animals on the seals, Treeworship - the seals and painted pottery show the figure especially pipal tree. Discovery of .dancing girl. made of bronze throws lighton the religious aspect of Harappan people . |
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| 60. |
Give a brief description of the Seals (Mohurs) of the Harappan civilisation. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Harappan seals were MADE of steatite stone. (ii) They contain animals. motif, signs of undeciphered script FOUND on these seals. (iii) These seals were used to FACILITATE the CONTACT of distant places. |
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| 61. |
Madras had a semi-rural air about it. Why? Give reasons. |
| Answer» Solution :The urban and the rural elements merged in the colonial city of Madras because, (i) Madras developed as important commercial town during the British empire in India. (ii) The port of Madras was developed to facilitate the trade. (iii) Most of the European lived, as a result city was developed as an important judicial as WELL as an administrative centre. (iv) White Towns were developed in the Fort St. George to SETTLE for the European, while Black Towns outside the fort came out for the INDIANS. These towns were laid out in a straight line. (v) In Black Towns the artisans, middlemen, weavers and interpreter lived. (vi) Religion specific settlements were ALSO developed, like Triplicane by Nawab of Arcot became a nucleus of a substantial muslim settlements. (vii) Wealthy Indians, who could afford transport too, started living like the English. So, many SUBURBS were created from the villages. (viii) Thus, all these points cleared that Madras had a semi-rural air. These development took here to fulfil the needs and to provide essential comforts to the white people living here. | |
| 62. |
Who among the following first used the term 'Industrial Revoluation' in English to describe the changes taht occurred in British industrial development between 1760 and 1820 ? |
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Answer» KARL Marx |
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| 63. |
Define the guiding principles behind the nationalist movement. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) The GUIDING principles behind the nationalist movement was to end the oppressive, illegitimate rule of colonial power. (II) The struggle for democracy and JUSTICE, right and equality for citizens. |
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| 64. |
Name any two ways in which the village functions as the Jatipanchayats. |
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Answer» Solution :VILLAGE artisanswere paid or compensated by (i) SHARE in the harvest or allotment of land (II)Individual households and artisans went into a mutually negotiated system of remunerationas a small daily allowance anddiet MONEY . |
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| 65. |
Who among the following was the auther of "Common Sense' the revoluationary pamphlet of the ameraican Revolution ? |
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Answer» Thomos PAINE |
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| 66. |
Why did the travellers who came to India, sometimes took social inequalities for granted as natural state of affair? Explain. |
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Answer» Solution :Travellers who came to India sometimes took social inequalities for granted as a natural state of affair and did not CONSIDER it unique because: (i) Biruni who visited India in 11th century had explained the caste system prevalent in the indian society. He did not consider it unique to as such social divisions were prevalent in ancient persia. (i) He admitted the social division described in Brahmanical description, but did notaccept the notion of POLLUTION as social pollution was contrary to the laws of NATURE. (iii) Biruni TRIED to explain the caste system in comparisonwithitsparallelingothersocieties like. (iv)InIslam all humans are treated equally and differ only in their observance piety. While in India on the basis of caste division, all human have to perform different DUTIES. |
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| 67. |
Readthe following extract carefully and answer the questions thatfollow :Irrigating trees and fieldsThisis an excerpt from the Baburnama that describes the irrigation devices the emperorobserved in Northern India : The greater part of Hindustan country is situated on level land. Many though its towns and cultivated lands are, it nowherehas running waters . . . For . . . Water is not at all a necessity in cultivating crops and orchards. Autumn crops grow by the downpour ofthe rains themselves , and strange it isthat springcrops grow even whenno rains fall. (However) to young trees water is made to flow by means of buckets or wheels . . . In Lahore, Dipalpur (both in present-day Pakistan) and those other parts, people water by means of a wheel. They make two circles ofropelong enoughto suitthe depths ofthe well, fix strips of wood between them,and on these fasten pitchers. The ropes with the wood and attached pitchers areput over the wheel-well. At one end of the wheelaxle a second wheelis fixed , and close to it another on an upright, axle. The last wheel the bullock turns, its teeth catch in the teeth of the second (wheel), and thus the wheel with thepitchers is turned. A trough is set wherethe waterempties from the pitchers and from this the water is conveyed everywhere. In Agra, Chandwar, Bayana (all in present-day Uttar Pradesh) andthose parts again, people water with a bucket ... At the well-edge they set up a fork of wood, having a rolleradjusted between the forks, tie a rope to a large bucket , put the rope over a roller, and tie its other end to the bullock. One person must drive the bullock, another empty thebucket.1. Explain the irrigation technology as observed by the Emperor. 2.What was the necessity of irrigation ?3. Explain any three factors which are responsible for the expansion of agriculture in India. |
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Answer» Solution :1.(a) The simple method was to drawwater with rope and bucketby hand without any mechanical aid.(b) Another method was rope-pulley used with addition of employment of a PAIR of oxen. A wheel was used for lifting water from well. In this form a garland of pots was used with three wheels a gear MECHANISM and animal power . 2.(a) Scarcity of water (Lack of RAINFALL) (b) The GREATER part of Hindustan is situated on plain. 3.(a) Autumn crops grow by the downpour ofthe rain. (b)Spring crops grow when no rains fall. (c) Availability of labour . |
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| 68. |
Explain the strengths and limitations of oral testimonies in the understanding of Partition of India. |
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Answer» Solution :Thestrengths of oral testimonies in the understanding of Partition of India. (i) Oral history helps us grasp experiences and memories in detail. (ii) It ENABLES historians to write richly texturèd, vivid accounts of what happened to people during events such as Partition which would be impossible to extract this kind of information from government documents. (ii) It also allows historians to broaden the boundaries of their discipline about the lived experiences of the poor and the powerless. For example, about Latif's father, the women of Thoa Khala. (iv) MOVING beyond the actions of the well-off and the well-known, the oral history of Partition has succeeded in exploring the experiences of those men and women that were ignored, taken for granted, or mentioned only in passing in mainstream history. (v) Oral narratives memoirs, DIARIES, family histories fiest-hand written accounts help to understand the trials and tribulation of ordinary people during the paritition of the country. Memories and experiences shape the reality of an EVENT. Oral testimonies tell us about the day to day experiences of those affected by the government decision to divide the country. The limitations of oral testimonies in the under starding of Partition of India: (i) Many historians believed that oral data seem to lack concretencss and the chronology they yield may have be imprecise. Historians argue that the uniqueness of personal experience makes generalisation difficult: a large picture cannot be built from such micro-evidence, and one witness is no witness. (ii)They also think that oral accounts are concetned with tangential issues, and that the small individual experiences which remain in memory are irrelevant to the unfolding of larger processes of history. (iii)If history has to accord presence to the ordinary and powerless, then the oral history of Partition is not concerned with tangential matters. (iv) The experiences it relates are central to the story, so much so that oral sources should be USED to check other sources and vice versa. |
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| 69. |
Which goddess is called Pampadevi ? |
| Answer» SOLUTION :GODDESS PAMPADEVI is the NAME of goddess PARVATI. | |
| 70. |
Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow:"We are not going just to copy" This is what Jawaharlal Nehru said in his famous speech of 13 December 1946: My mind goes back to the various Constituent Assemblies that have gone before and of what took place at the making of the great American nation when the fathers of that nation met and fashioned out a Constitution which has stood the test of so many years, more than a century and a ifand of the great nation which has resulted, which has been built up on the basis of that Constitution. My mind goes back to that mighty revolution which took place also over 150 years ago and to that Constituent Assembly that met in that gracious and lovely city of Paris which has fought so many battles for freedom, to the difficulties that that Constituent Assembly had and to how the King and other authorities came in its way, and still it continued. The House will remember that when these difficulties came and even the room for a meeting was denied to the then Constituent Assembly, they betook themselves to an open tennis court and met there and took the oath, which is called the Oath of the Tennis Court, that they continued meeting in spite of Kings, in spite of the others, and did not disperse till they had finished the task they had undertaken. Well, I trust that it is in that solemn spirit that we too are meeting here and that we, too, whether we meet in this chamber or other chambers, or in the fields or in the market-place, will go on meeting and continue our work till we have finished it. Then my mind goes back to a more recent revolution which gave rise to a new type of State, the revolution that took place in Russia and out of which has arisen the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics, another mighty country which is playing a tremendous part in the world, not only a mighty country but for us in India, a neighbouring country. So our mind goes back to these great examples and we seek to learn from their success and to avoid their failures. Perhaps we may not be able to avoid failures because some measure of failure is inherent in human effort. Nevertheless, we shall advance, I am certain, in spite of obstructions and difficulties, and achieve and realise the dream that we have dreamt so long ... We say that it is our firm and solemn resolve to have an independent sovereign republic. India is bound to be sovereign, it is bound to be independent and it is bound to be a republic ... Now, some friends have raised the question: "Why have you not put in the word 'democratic' here.?" Well, I told them that it is conceivable, of course, that a republic may not be democratic but the whole of our past is witness to this fact that we stand for democratic institutions. Obviously we are aiming at democracy and nothing less than a democracy. What form of democracy, what shape it might take is another matter. The democracies of the present day, many of them in Europe and elsewhere, have played a great part in the world's progress. Yet it may be doubtful if those democracies may not have to change their shape somewhat before long if they have to remain completely democratic. We are not going just to copy, I hope, a certain democratic procedure or an institution of a so-called democratic country. We may improve upon it. In any event whatever system of government we may establish here must fit in with the temper of our people and be acceptable to them. We stand for democracy. It will be for this House to determine what shape to give to that democracy, the fullest democracy, I hope. The House will notice that in this Resolution, although we have not used the word "democratic" because we thought it is obvious that the word "republic" contains that word and we did not want to use unnecessary words and redundant words, but we have done something much more than using the word. We have given the content of democracy in this Resolution and not only the content of democracy but the content, if I may say so, of economic democracy in this Resolution. Others might take objection to this Resolution on the ground that we have not said that it should be a Socialist State. Well, I stand for Socialism and, I hope, India will stand for Socialism and that India will go towards the constitution of a Socialist State and I do believe that the whole world will have to go that way. CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY DEBATES. Explain why Nehru did not mention the world democratic in the resolution. |
| Answer» SOLUTION :The WORD .democratic. is not MENTIONED by Nehru in this resolution because he was not in the favour of COPYING of the democratic system that was ADOPTED by the European Countries. He wanted to make India a democracy or democratic country in a real sense. | |
| 71. |
Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow:"We are not going just to copy" This is what Jawaharlal Nehru said in his famous speech of 13 December 1946: My mind goes back to the various Constituent Assemblies that have gone before and of what took place at the making of the great American nation when the fathers of that nation met and fashioned out a Constitution which has stood the test of so many years, more than a century and a ifand of the great nation which has resulted, which has been built up on the basis of that Constitution. My mind goes back to that mighty revolution which took place also over 150 years ago and to that Constituent Assembly that met in that gracious and lovely city of Paris which has fought so many battles for freedom, to the difficulties that that Constituent Assembly had and to how the King and other authorities came in its way, and still it continued. The House will remember that when these difficulties came and even the room for a meeting was denied to the then Constituent Assembly, they betook themselves to an open tennis court and met there and took the oath, which is called the Oath of the Tennis Court, that they continued meeting in spite of Kings, in spite of the others, and did not disperse till they had finished the task they had undertaken. Well, I trust that it is in that solemn spirit that we too are meeting here and that we, too, whether we meet in this chamber or other chambers, or in the fields or in the market-place, will go on meeting and continue our work till we have finished it. Then my mind goes back to a more recent revolution which gave rise to a new type of State, the revolution that took place in Russia and out of which has arisen the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics, another mighty country which is playing a tremendous part in the world, not only a mighty country but for us in India, a neighbouring country. So our mind goes back to these great examples and we seek to learn from their success and to avoid their failures. Perhaps we may not be able to avoid failures because some measure of failure is inherent in human effort. Nevertheless, we shall advance, I am certain, in spite of obstructions and difficulties, and achieve and realise the dream that we have dreamt so long ... We say that it is our firm and solemn resolve to have an independent sovereign republic. India is bound to be sovereign, it is bound to be independent and it is bound to be a republic ... Now, some friends have raised the question: "Why have you not put in the word 'democratic' here.?" Well, I told them that it is conceivable, of course, that a republic may not be democratic but the whole of our past is witness to this fact that we stand for democratic institutions. Obviously we are aiming at democracy and nothing less than a democracy. What form of democracy, what shape it might take is another matter. The democracies of the present day, many of them in Europe and elsewhere, have played a great part in the world's progress. Yet it may be doubtful if those democracies may not have to change their shape somewhat before long if they have to remain completely democratic. We are not going just to copy, I hope, a certain democratic procedure or an institution of a so-called democratic country. We may improve upon it. In any event whatever system of government we may establish here must fit in with the temper of our people and be acceptable to them. We stand for democracy. It will be for this House to determine what shape to give to that democracy, the fullest democracy, I hope. The House will notice that in this Resolution, although we have not used the word "democratic" because we thought it is obvious that the word "republic" contains that word and we did not want to use unnecessary words and redundant words, but we have done something much more than using the word. We have given the content of democracy in this Resolution and not only the content of democracy but the content, if I may say so, of economic democracy in this Resolution. Others might take objection to this Resolution on the ground that we have not said that it should be a Socialist State. Well, I stand for Socialism and, I hope, India will stand for Socialism and that India will go towards the constitution of a Socialist State and I do believe that the whole world will have to go that way. CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY DEBATES. Mention the three basic features of the Constitutiuon given in the above passage. |
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Answer» Solution :These basic FEATURES are: (a) To set DEMOCRATIC system of government. (b) To adopt socialism in India in which every ONE is equal in all respects, (c) To MAKE a India REPUBLIC. |
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| 72. |
Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow:"We are not going just to copy" This is what Jawaharlal Nehru said in his famous speech of 13 December 1946: My mind goes back to the various Constituent Assemblies that have gone before and of what took place at the making of the great American nation when the fathers of that nation met and fashioned out a Constitution which has stood the test of so many years, more than a century and a ifand of the great nation which has resulted, which has been built up on the basis of that Constitution. My mind goes back to that mighty revolution which took place also over 150 years ago and to that Constituent Assembly that met in that gracious and lovely city of Paris which has fought so many battles for freedom, to the difficulties that that Constituent Assembly had and to how the King and other authorities came in its way, and still it continued. The House will remember that when these difficulties came and even the room for a meeting was denied to the then Constituent Assembly, they betook themselves to an open tennis court and met there and took the oath, which is called the Oath of the Tennis Court, that they continued meeting in spite of Kings, in spite of the others, and did not disperse till they had finished the task they had undertaken. Well, I trust that it is in that solemn spirit that we too are meeting here and that we, too, whether we meet in this chamber or other chambers, or in the fields or in the market-place, will go on meeting and continue our work till we have finished it. Then my mind goes back to a more recent revolution which gave rise to a new type of State, the revolution that took place in Russia and out of which has arisen the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics, another mighty country which is playing a tremendous part in the world, not only a mighty country but for us in India, a neighbouring country. So our mind goes back to these great examples and we seek to learn from their success and to avoid their failures. Perhaps we may not be able to avoid failures because some measure of failure is inherent in human effort. Nevertheless, we shall advance, I am certain, in spite of obstructions and difficulties, and achieve and realise the dream that we have dreamt so long ... We say that it is our firm and solemn resolve to have an independent sovereign republic. India is bound to be sovereign, it is bound to be independent and it is bound to be a republic ... Now, some friends have raised the question: "Why have you not put in the word 'democratic' here.?" Well, I told them that it is conceivable, of course, that a republic may not be democratic but the whole of our past is witness to this fact that we stand for democratic institutions. Obviously we are aiming at democracy and nothing less than a democracy. What form of democracy, what shape it might take is another matter. The democracies of the present day, many of them in Europe and elsewhere, have played a great part in the world's progress. Yet it may be doubtful if those democracies may not have to change their shape somewhat before long if they have to remain completely democratic. We are not going just to copy, I hope, a certain democratic procedure or an institution of a so-called democratic country. We may improve upon it. In any event whatever system of government we may establish here must fit in with the temper of our people and be acceptable to them. We stand for democracy. It will be for this House to determine what shape to give to that democracy, the fullest democracy, I hope. The House will notice that in this Resolution, although we have not used the word "democratic" because we thought it is obvious that the word "republic" contains that word and we did not want to use unnecessary words and redundant words, but we have done something much more than using the word. We have given the content of democracy in this Resolution and not only the content of democracy but the content, if I may say so, of economic democracy in this Resolution. Others might take objection to this Resolution on the ground that we have not said that it should be a Socialist State. Well, I stand for Socialism and, I hope, India will stand for Socialism and that India will go towards the constitution of a Socialist State and I do believe that the whole world will have to go that way. CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY DEBATES. On whatkind of socialismdid Nehru give stress to ? |
| Answer» Solution :He gave stress to the KIND of SOCIALISM in which economic kind of socialism will be PROVIDED to all WITHOUT the distinction of any kind. | |
| 73. |
In which country did the first Marxist revolutaion take place ? |
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Answer» Germany |
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| 74. |
Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow:"We are not going just to copy" This is what Jawaharlal Nehru said in his famous speech of 13 December 1946: My mind goes back to the various Constituent Assemblies that have gone before and of what took place at the making of the great American nation when the fathers of that nation met and fashioned out a Constitution which has stood the test of so many years, more than a century and a ifand of the great nation which has resulted, which has been built up on the basis of that Constitution. My mind goes back to that mighty revolution which took place also over 150 years ago and to that Constituent Assembly that met in that gracious and lovely city of Paris which has fought so many battles for freedom, to the difficulties that that Constituent Assembly had and to how the King and other authorities came in its way, and still it continued. The House will remember that when these difficulties came and even the room for a meeting was denied to the then Constituent Assembly, they betook themselves to an open tennis court and met there and took the oath, which is called the Oath of the Tennis Court, that they continued meeting in spite of Kings, in spite of the others, and did not disperse till they had finished the task they had undertaken. Well, I trust that it is in that solemn spirit that we too are meeting here and that we, too, whether we meet in this chamber or other chambers, or in the fields or in the market-place, will go on meeting and continue our work till we have finished it. Then my mind goes back to a more recent revolution which gave rise to a new type of State, the revolution that took place in Russia and out of which has arisen the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics, another mighty country which is playing a tremendous part in the world, not only a mighty country but for us in India, a neighbouring country. So our mind goes back to these great examples and we seek to learn from their success and to avoid their failures. Perhaps we may not be able to avoid failures because some measure of failure is inherent in human effort. Nevertheless, we shall advance, I am certain, in spite of obstructions and difficulties, and achieve and realise the dream that we have dreamt so long ... We say that it is our firm and solemn resolve to have an independent sovereign republic. India is bound to be sovereign, it is bound to be independent and it is bound to be a republic ... Now, some friends have raised the question: "Why have you not put in the word 'democratic' here.?" Well, I told them that it is conceivable, of course, that a republic may not be democratic but the whole of our past is witness to this fact that we stand for democratic institutions. Obviously we are aiming at democracy and nothing less than a democracy. What form of democracy, what shape it might take is another matter. The democracies of the present day, many of them in Europe and elsewhere, have played a great part in the world's progress. Yet it may be doubtful if those democracies may not have to change their shape somewhat before long if they have to remain completely democratic. We are not going just to copy, I hope, a certain democratic procedure or an institution of a so-called democratic country. We may improve upon it. In any event whatever system of government we may establish here must fit in with the temper of our people and be acceptable to them. We stand for democracy. It will be for this House to determine what shape to give to that democracy, the fullest democracy, I hope. The House will notice that in this Resolution, although we have not used the word "democratic" because we thought it is obvious that the word "republic" contains that word and we did not want to use unnecessary words and redundant words, but we have done something much more than using the word. We have given the content of democracy in this Resolution and not only the content of democracy but the content, if I may say so, of economic democracy in this Resolution. Others might take objection to this Resolution on the ground that we have not said that it should be a Socialist State. Well, I stand for Socialism and, I hope, India will stand for Socialism and that India will go towards the constitution of a Socialist State and I do believe that the whole world will have to go that way. CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY DEBATES. Namethe document that Nehru introduced on 13 Dec.1946. Give on guarante ig gave to the citizens of India. |
| Answer» Solution :The DOCUMENT that NEHRU introduced was the objectives Resolution. It guaranteed social, POLITICAL and economic DEMOCRACY to all SECTIONS of the people. | |
| 75. |
Colin Mackenzie Born in 1754, Colin Mackenzie became famous as an engineer, surveyor and cartographer. In 1815, he appointed the first Surveyor General of India, a post he held till his death in 1821. He embarked on collecting local histories and surveying historic sites in order to better unders tand India's past and make governance of the colony easier. He says that "ir struggled long under the miseries of bad management..before the South came under the benign influence of the British government." By studying Vijaynagar, Mackenzie believed that the East India Company could gain "much useful information on many of these institutions, laws and customs whose influence still prevails among the various Tribes of Natives forming the general mass of the population to this day." Who was the first Surveyor General was of India ? What was his mission in India? |
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Answer» SOLUTION : Colin MACKENZIE was frst Surveyor Gencla of India from 1815 to 1821. His mission was to STUDY the PAST of India so as to know better the country which would make it easier to govern. He studied various archaeological SITES and histories. |
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| 76. |
Colin Mackenzie Born in 1754, Colin Mackenzie became famous as an engineer, surveyor and cartographer. In 1815, he appointed the first Surveyor General of India, a post he held till his death in 1821. He embarked on collecting local histories and surveying historic sites in order to better unders tand India's past and make governance of the colony easier. He says that "ir struggled long under the miseries of bad management..before the South came under the benign influence of the British government." By studying Vijaynagar, Mackenzie believed that the East India Company could gain "much useful information on many of these institutions, laws and customs whose influence still prevails among the various Tribes of Natives forming the general mass of the population to this day." What was the purpose behind Colin Mackenzie studying the Vijaynagar Empire ? Explain. |
| Answer» Solution :COLIN MACKENZIE studied Vijaynagar empire because it was a great empire during 1500s in southern India and thus wanted LEARN about the customs and norms of the south Indian SOCIETY by studying the history of this great empire, which he believed still existed among the native tribes He believed that this would help the East India Company in better GOVERNANCE and prolonging its colonial rule. | |
| 77. |
Colin Mackenzie Born in 1754, Colin Mackenzie became famous as an engineer, surveyor and cartographer. In 1815, he appointed the first Surveyor General of India, a post he held till his death in 1821. He embarked on collecting local histories and surveying historic sites in order to better unders tand India's past and make governance of the colony easier. He says that "ir struggled long under the miseries of bad management..before the South came under the benign influence of the British government." By studying Vijaynagar, Mackenzie believed that the East India Company could gain "much useful information on many of these institutions, laws and customs whose influence still prevails among the various Tribes of Natives forming the general mass of the population to this day." Explain how Mackenzie has described the British government as a benign influence on the Vijaynagar Empire. |
| Answer» SOLUTION : He said that after the fall of Vijaynagar empire, India was under bad MANAGEMENT under various rulers and thus people of Vijaynagar empire suffered. Since British were new ruling this AREA, he was HOPEFUL of better management and thus better political stability and life for NATIVE people. | |
| 78. |
"The archaeological records provide immediate answer to the Harappa's central authority," Analyze different views given on the same. |
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Answer» Solution : Opinion of some of the archaeologists about the Harappan central authority: (i) According to some archaeologists the Harappan society had no rulers and that everybody enjoyed equal status. (ii) Others feel that there was no several. The Mohenjodaro had a separate ruler, Harappan another and so forth. (iii) Others argue that there was a SINGLE state, given the similarity in artifacts, the evidence for planned settlement, the standardized ratio of brick SIZE and the cstablishments near SOURCES of raw MATERIAL. (iv) Of all, the last theory seems the most plausible as it is unlikely that entire communities could have collectively MADE and implemented such complex decisions. |
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| 79. |
" Buddhist literature needs to be studied to understand the sculpture at Sanchi and other please." Justify . |
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Answer» Solution :On looking at the sculptures at Sanchi it becomes quite difficult to guess as to what contexts they were depicted so or what they really meant. However , Buddhist texts help us to understand the sculpture at Sanchi , To study of the Buddhist that help a visitor greatly in understanding VARIOUS points related to social and human life depicted in the sculpture. Scholars often try to understand the MEANING of sculpture with help of concerned text and interpret it by comparing it with textual evidence . The hagiographies of the Buddha also help significantly in understanding Buddhist sculpture . They clearly MENTION that Buddha attained enlightenment while meditating under a tree . Literature related to popular TRADITIONS, also help significantly in understanding sculpture . The historians opine that the motifs or symbols depicted in the sculpture at Sanchi were also taken from the popular traditions by making themselves familiar with the traditions of those who produced them the historians can successfully interpret them for future use. |
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| 80. |
"John Marshall's stint as Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India marked a major change in Indian Archaeology." Explain the statement. |
| Answer» Solution :John Marshall, the Director General of the Archaeological SURVEY of India, from 1902 1928 has marked a major change in Indian Archaeology as he was the first professional archaeologist to work in India, and brought his experience of working in Greece and Crete to the FIELD. He was very much interested in spectacular finds and equally keen to look for patterns of everyday life. He EVEN announced in 1924 the DISCOVERY of a new civilization in the Indus Valley, to the WORLD. | |
| 81. |
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: Education and Entertainment This is what Ibn Juzayy, who was deputed to write what Ibn Battuta dictated, said in his introduction: Agracious direction was transmitted (by the ruler) that he (Ibn Battuta) should dictate an account of the cities which he had seen in his travel, and of the interesting events which had clung to his memory, and that he should speak of those whom he had met of the rulers of countries, of their distinguished men of learning, and their pious saints. Accordingly, he dictated upon these subjects a narrative which gave entertainment to the mind and delight to the ears and eyes, with a variety of curious particulars by the exposition of which he gave edification and of marvellous things, by referring to which he aroused interest. What instruction was given to Ibn Battuta by the king? |
| Answer» Solution :The king INSTRUCTED IBN Battuta to write the INTERESTING EVENTS he SAW during his travels. | |
| 82. |
Analyse how did the introduction of the railways by the British prove advantageous for the Indians in the late nineteenth century. |
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Answer» SOLUTION : (i) The introduction of the railways changed the scope and area of economic ACTIVITIES from traditional towns to new CITIES which were linked to railways. (ii) The country side from where RAW materials and labour were drawn became linked to these port cities. Areas of SOCIAL and economic mobility enhanced. |
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| 83. |
Read the passage given below and answer the question that follow: " I am simply returning my father's karz , his bebt" This is what the researcher recorded:During my visit to the History Department Library of Punjab University. Lahore, in the winter of 1992, the librarian , Abdul Latif , a pious middle-aged man, would help me a lot,He would go out of his way, well beyond the call of duty.to provide me with relevant material meticulously keeping photocopies requested by me ready before my arrival the following morning. I found his attitude to my work so extraordinary that one dayI could not help asking him " Latif Sahib, why do you go out of your way to help me so much? Latif Sahib glanced at his watch ,grabbed his namazi topi and said" I must go for namaz right now but I will answer your question on my return" Stepping into his office half an hour later he continued " yes , your question. I ... I mean my father belonged to Jammu to a small village in Jammu district. This was a Hindu-dominated village and Hindu ruffians of the area massacred the hamlet's Muslim population in August 1947. One late afternoon ,when the Hindu mob had been at its furious worst, my father discoveredhe was perhaps the only Muslim youth of the village left alive. He had already lost his entire family in the butchery ans was looking for ways of escaping, Remembering a kind, elderly Hindu lady ,a neighbour, he implored her to save him by offering him shelter at her place. The lady agreed to help father but said,'Son if you hide here they will get both of us, This is of no use You follow me to the spot where they have pilled up the dead. You lie down ,there as if dead and I will dump a few dead-bodies on you. Lie there among the dead ,son as If dead through the night and run for your life towards Sialkot at the break of dawn tomorrow. "My father agreed to the proposal. Off they went to that spot, father lay on the ground and the old lady dumped a number of bodies on him. An hour or so later a group or armed Hindu hoodlums appeared. One of them yelled, Any life left in anybody ?" and the others started with their crude staffs and guns. to feel for any trace of life in that heap. Somebody shouted, 'There is a wrist watch on that body!' and hit my father's fingers with the bult of his rifle. Father's used to tell us how difficult it was for him to keep his outstretched palm, beneath the watch he was wearing, so utterly still, Somehow he succeeded for a few seconds until one of them said 'Oh , it's only a watch. Come let us leave ,it is getting dark' Fortunately ,for Abbajithey left and my father lay there in that wretchedness the whole night , literally running for his life at the first hint of light. He did not stop until he reached Sialkot. " I help you because that Hindu mai helped my father.I am simply returning my father's karz, his debt." "But I am not a Hindu,"I said" Mine is a Sikh family , at best a mixed Hindu-Sikh one" "I do not know what your religion is with any surety. You do not wear uncut hair ans you are not a Muslim, So ,for my you are a Hindu and I do my little bit for you because a Hindu mai saved my father."Why did Abdul Latif go out of his way to help the researcher? |
| Answer» Solution :Abdul Latif.s father lived in a VILLAGE in Jammu DISTRICT, In this village the Hindus were in majority.During the partition, one day the Hindu ruffians attacked the Muslims. MANY people were killed by the MOB, but his father escaped. He was left alone and wanted to escape. A Hindu lady gave him SHELTER and saved his life. So he (Abdul Latif) wanted to help the researcher to return the debt of his father. | |
| 84. |
Read the passage given below and answer the question that follow: " I am simply returning my father's karz , his bebt" This is what the researcher recorded:During my visit to the History Department Library of Punjab University. Lahore, in the winter of 1992, the librarian , Abdul Latif , a pious middle-aged man, would help me a lot,He would go out of his way, well beyond the call of duty.to provide me with relevant material meticulously keeping photocopies requested by me ready before my arrival the following morning. I found his attitude to my work so extraordinary that one dayI could not help asking him " Latif Sahib, why do you go out of your way to help me so much? Latif Sahib glanced at his watch ,grabbed his namazi topi and said" I must go for namaz right now but I will answer your question on my return" Stepping into his office half an hour later he continued " yes , your question. I ... I mean my father belonged to Jammu to a small village in Jammu district. This was a Hindu-dominated village and Hindu ruffians of the area massacred the hamlet's Muslim population in August 1947. One late afternoon ,when the Hindu mob had been at its furious worst, my father discoveredhe was perhaps the only Muslim youth of the village left alive. He had already lost his entire family in the butchery ans was looking for ways of escaping, Remembering a kind, elderly Hindu lady ,a neighbour, he implored her to save him by offering him shelter at her place. The lady agreed to help father but said,'Son if you hide here they will get both of us, This is of no use You follow me to the spot where they have pilled up the dead. You lie down ,there as if dead and I will dump a few dead-bodies on you. Lie there among the dead ,son as If dead through the night and run for your life towards Sialkot at the break of dawn tomorrow. "My father agreed to the proposal. Off they went to that spot, father lay on the ground and the old lady dumped a number of bodies on him. An hour or so later a group or armed Hindu hoodlums appeared. One of them yelled, Any life left in anybody ?" and the others started with their crude staffs and guns. to feel for any trace of life in that heap. Somebody shouted, 'There is a wrist watch on that body!' and hit my father's fingers with the bult of his rifle. Father's used to tell us how difficult it was for him to keep his outstretched palm, beneath the watch he was wearing, so utterly still, Somehow he succeeded for a few seconds until one of them said 'Oh , it's only a watch. Come let us leave ,it is getting dark' Fortunately ,for Abbajithey left and my father lay there in that wretchedness the whole night , literally running for his life at the first hint of light. He did not stop until he reached Sialkot. " I help you because that Hindu mai helped my father.I am simply returning my father's karz, his debt." "But I am not a Hindu,"I said" Mine is a Sikh family , at best a mixed Hindu-Sikh one" "I do not know what your religion is with any surety. You do not wear uncut hair ans you are not a Muslim, So ,for my you are a Hindu and I do my little bit for you because a Hindu mai saved my father." What kind of a period the report of the researcher was? |
| Answer» Solution :The report of the RESEARCHER refers to the period of PARTITION. This was the period of Holocaust. There was UNPRECEDENTED violence, genocide and LOSS. | |
| 85. |
Read the passage given below and answer the question that follow: " I am simply returning my father's karz , his bebt" This is what the researcher recorded:During my visit to the History Department Library of Punjab University. Lahore, in the winter of 1992, the librarian , Abdul Latif , a pious middle-aged man, would help me a lot,He would go out of his way, well beyond the call of duty.to provide me with relevant material meticulously keeping photocopies requested by me ready before my arrival the following morning. I found his attitude to my work so extraordinary that one dayI could not help asking him " Latif Sahib, why do you go out of your way to help me so much? Latif Sahib glanced at his watch ,grabbed his namazi topi and said" I must go for namaz right now but I will answer your question on my return" Stepping into his office half an hour later he continued " yes , your question. I ... I mean my father belonged to Jammu to a small village in Jammu district. This was a Hindu-dominated village and Hindu ruffians of the area massacred the hamlet's Muslim population in August 1947. One late afternoon ,when the Hindu mob had been at its furious worst, my father discoveredhe was perhaps the only Muslim youth of the village left alive. He had already lost his entire family in the butchery ans was looking for ways of escaping, Remembering a kind, elderly Hindu lady ,a neighbour, he implored her to save him by offering him shelter at her place. The lady agreed to help father but said,'Son if you hide here they will get both of us, This is of no use You follow me to the spot where they have pilled up the dead. You lie down ,there as if dead and I will dump a few dead-bodies on you. Lie there among the dead ,son as If dead through the night and run for your life towards Sialkot at the break of dawn tomorrow. "My father agreed to the proposal. Off they went to that spot, father lay on the ground and the old lady dumped a number of bodies on him. An hour or so later a group or armed Hindu hoodlums appeared. One of them yelled, Any life left in anybody ?" and the others started with their crude staffs and guns. to feel for any trace of life in that heap. Somebody shouted, 'There is a wrist watch on that body!' and hit my father's fingers with the bult of his rifle. Father's used to tell us how difficult it was for him to keep his outstretched palm, beneath the watch he was wearing, so utterly still, Somehow he succeeded for a few seconds until one of them said 'Oh , it's only a watch. Come let us leave ,it is getting dark' Fortunately ,for Abbajithey left and my father lay there in that wretchedness the whole night , literally running for his life at the first hint of light. He did not stop until he reached Sialkot. " I help you because that Hindu mai helped my father.I am simply returning my father's karz, his debt." "But I am not a Hindu,"I said" Mine is a Sikh family , at best a mixed Hindu-Sikh one" "I do not know what your religion is with any surety. You do not wear uncut hair ans you are not a Muslim, So ,for my you are a Hindu and I do my little bit for you because a Hindu mai saved my father."Which kind of incident described in this report? |
| Answer» Solution :The INCIDENT that occurred at the TIME of the partition of INDIA is described in this report by the researcher. | |
| 86. |
Read the source given below and answer the questions which follow : The bazaar Paes gives a vivid description of the bazaar : Going forward, you have a broad and beautiful street …. In this street live many merchants, and there you will find all sorts of rubies, and diamonds, and emeralds, and pearls, and seed - pearls, and cloths, and every other sort of thing there is on earth and that you may wish to buy. Then you have there every evening a fair where they sell many common horses and nags, and also many citrons, and limes, and oranges, and grapes and every other kind of garden stuff, and wood, you have all in this street. More generally, he described the city as being " the best provided city in the world " with the markets " stocked with preovisions such as rice, wheat, grains, India corn and a certain amount of barley and beans, moong, pulses and horse - gram" all of which were cheaply and aboundantly available. According to Fernao Nuniz, the Vijayanagara markets were " overflowing with abundance of fruits, grapes and oranges, limes, pomegranates, jackfruit and mangoes and all very cheap ". Meat too was sold in abundance in the marketplaces. Nuniz describes " mutton, pork, venison, partridges, hares, doves, quail and all kinds of birds, sparrows, rats and cats and lizards " as being sold in the market of Bisnaga (Vijayanagara). (i) In which city this bazaar had been found ? (ii) What Paes had written about Bazaar ? (iii) According to Fernao Nuniz, what were the three features of the Bazaar ? |
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Answer» Solution :(i) This bazaar had been found in Vijayanagara. (II) He had written : (a) Everything AVAILABLE on the earth can be BOUGHT here. (b) There were a large number of merchants who made transactions of things. (iii) ACCORDING to him, (a) Things available in the bazaars were very cheap. (b) The bazaars were flooded with fruits. (C ) Every kind of meat was available in abundance. |
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| 87. |
Mention the factors thataccounted for the constant expansion of agriculture during15th and 17thconturies . |
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Answer» SOLUTION :The factors thataccounted for the constantexpansion of agricultureduring16th and 17th CENTURIES were: (a) Excess of land (b)Dynamism of farmers (c)Availability of labourers. (d)DEVELOPMENT of artificial menans of IRRIGATION FACILITIES. |
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| 88. |
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: Education and Entertainment This is what Ibn Juzayy, who was deputed to write what Ibn Battuta dictated, said in his introduction: Agracious direction was transmitted (by the ruler) that he (Ibn Battuta) should dictate an account of the cities which he had seen in his travel, and of the interesting events which had clung to his memory, and that he should speak of those whom he had met of the rulers of countries, of their distinguished men of learning, and their pious saints. Accordingly, he dictated upon these subjects a narrative which gave entertainment to the mind and delight to the ears and eyes, with a variety of curious particulars by the exposition of which he gave edification and of marvellous things, by referring to which he aroused interest. Write any one problem faced by him during his travel. |
| Answer» Solution :IBN Battuta FACED many problems during his travel. When he was travelling from SIND to DELHI his caravan was attacked by robbers and had a narrow escapes in this attack. | |
| 89. |
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: Education and Entertainment This is what Ibn Juzayy, who was deputed to write what Ibn Battuta dictated, said in his introduction: Agracious direction was transmitted (by the ruler) that he (Ibn Battuta) should dictate an account of the cities which he had seen in his travel, and of the interesting events which had clung to his memory, and that he should speak of those whom he had met of the rulers of countries, of their distinguished men of learning, and their pious saints. Accordingly, he dictated upon these subjects a narrative which gave entertainment to the mind and delight to the ears and eyes, with a variety of curious particulars by the exposition of which he gave edification and of marvellous things, by referring to which he aroused interest. What was the impact of the narrative of Ibn Battuta on the author? |
| Answer» SOLUTION :The narrative of Battuta ENTERTAINED the MIND of the AUTHOR. It also delighted his EARS and eyes. | |
| 90. |
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: Education and Entertainment This is what Ibn Juzayy, who was deputed to write what Ibn Battuta dictated, said in his introduction: Agracious direction was transmitted (by the ruler) that he (Ibn Battuta) should dictate an account of the cities which he had seen in his travel, and of the interesting events which had clung to his memory, and that he should speak of those whom he had met of the rulers of countries, of their distinguished men of learning, and their pious saints. Accordingly, he dictated upon these subjects a narrative which gave entertainment to the mind and delight to the ears and eyes, with a variety of curious particulars by the exposition of which he gave edification and of marvellous things, by referring to which he aroused interest. How did his account prove fruitful? |
| Answer» Solution :His ACCOUNT PROVED FRUITFUL because he WROTE whatever he saw and experienced. | |
| 91. |
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: Education and Entertainment This is what Ibn Juzayy, who was deputed to write what Ibn Battuta dictated, said in his introduction: Agracious direction was transmitted (by the ruler) that he (Ibn Battuta) should dictate an account of the cities which he had seen in his travel, and of the interesting events which had clung to his memory, and that he should speak of those whom he had met of the rulers of countries, of their distinguished men of learning, and their pious saints. Accordingly, he dictated upon these subjects a narrative which gave entertainment to the mind and delight to the ears and eyes, with a variety of curious particulars by the exposition of which he gave edification and of marvellous things, by referring to which he aroused interest. In which language the book Rihla was written? |
| Answer» SOLUTION :It is WRITTEN in ARABIC. | |
| 92. |
Which work was done by Mir Bakshi and his office? |
| Answer» Solution : (i) Mir Bakshi was the paymaster in the MUGHAL court. In the Mughal court, he STOOD on the RIGHT side of the emperor and used to present all candidates for appointment. (III) The officer of the Mir Bakshi prepared orders bearing his seal and signature as well as those of the emperor. | |
| 93. |
Name some prominent leaders who layed an important role in framing the constitution of India. |
| Answer» Solution :The leaders were: Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru, Sardar Vallabhbhai PATEL, Dr. B.R. AMBEDKAR, Dr. RAJENDRA Prasad and K.M. Munshi. | |
| 94. |
Which language was declared by Akbar as his state language and why? |
| Answer» Solution :(i) Akbar declared PERSIAN as his state language because he WANTED to maintain close cultural contact between Iran and Central Asian. (ii) Moreover, during his TIME Persian was the SYMBOL of power and prestige. | |
| 95. |
"The Amar-Nayaka system was the major Vijayanagar political Empire." Elaborate. |
| Answer» Solution : Amar-Nayakas : Amara Nayaka system innovation the was a MAJOR political innovation of the Vijaynagar Empire. The Amar-Nayakas were military commanders who were given territories to govern by the raya. They collected TAXES and other dues from peasants, crafts persons and TRADERS in the area and retained part of the revenue for personaluse and for maintaining a stipulated contingents of horses and elephants. The contingents provided the Vijaynagar Kings with an cffective fighting force with which they BROUGHT the entire southern peninsula under their control. Some of the revenue was also used for the maintenance of TEMPLES and irrigation works. | |
| 96. |
Discuss the villages in India that were known as little republies by the British. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) British officials in he 19thcentury observed that village was a little republic made up of fraternal partners sharing resources and lobourin a collective . (ii)Therewas individual ownership of assets and deep inequalities based on CASTE and gender disteinctions. Group of powerful individuals DECIDED the affairs of the village, exploited the weaker sections and had the authority to dispense justice. (iii)Large number of populations called landless labourers, who formed the lowest hierarchy in termof caste, social and economic status. (iv)A Cash nexus had already developed through TRADE between villages and towns. In Mughal heartland revenue was ASSESSED and collected in cash . (v)Artisans producing for the export market,received their advance in cash as did producers of commercial crop like cotton, silk or indigo |
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| 97. |
Who started practice of Jharoka darshan? What was his objective behind it? |
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Answer» Solution :(i) The practice of Jharokha darshan was started by Mughal Emperor, Akbar. (ii) His objective BEHIND it was to BROADEN the acceptance of the imperial authority as part of popular faith. (iii) While the SAWAR represents the number of horseman which he REQUIRED to maintain. |
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| 98. |
How do the excerpts from the account of Megasthenes and Arthashastra useful in reconstructing a history of Mauryan administration? |
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Answer» Solution :The excerpts from the account of Megasthenes and Arthashtra are useful administration . (i) According to the account of Megasthenes there were officials who were appointed to superise various occupation GROUPS. Of these officers some superinted the rivers, measured the land and inspected the sluices canals into their branches. (ii) Some had charge of the huntsmen and were entrusted with power rewarding or punishing them according to their deserts. They collected TAXES and superintend the occupations CONNECTED with land as those of the woodcutters, the carpenters, the blacksmiths and the miners. (iii) This account has thus helped in reconstructing the history of Mauryan Administration from the minutes details of Arthashastra and alsowe come to know about the administration and military organisation. (iv) According to which the Mauryan RULERS had a standing army of 6,00,000 foot soldiers, 30,000 cavalry and 9,000 elephans. |
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| 99. |
How did the nineteenth century European scholars make sense of the depictions of gods and goddesses ? |
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Answer» Solution :(i) The nineteenth century European scholars tried to make sense of what appeared to be strange images by comparing them with sculpture with which they were familiar that from ancient Greece. (ii) Scholars often FOUND early Indian sculpture inferior to the works of Greek artists . They were very excited when they discovered images of the BUDDHA and Bodhisattas that were evidently based on Greek models . (iii) These were, more often than not, found in the northwest, in cities such as Taxila and Peshawar , where Indo-Greek RULERS had established kingdoms in the SECOND century BCE. (iv) As these image were closest to the Greek statues these scholars were familiar with, they were considered to be the best examples of early Indian art. In EFFECT , these scholars adopted a strategy we all frequency use-devising yardstick derived from the familiar to make sense of the unfamiliar. |
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| 100. |
Explain the techniques of craft production, especially head making at the Harappan sites of Lothal and Chanhudaro. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) The variety of materials used to MAKE beads is remarkable: stones like carnclian, jasper, CRYSTAL, quartz and steatite, (ii) METALS like copper, bronze and gold, and shell, faience and terracotta or BURNT clay. (iii) Steatite, a very soft stone, was easily worked. (IV) Some beads were molded out of a paste made with steatite powder. |
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