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101.

"The relationship between India and Pakistan has been shaped by the lagacy of Partition" Give arguments in favour or against the statement.

Answer»

Solution :(i) It GENERATED memories hatreds, STEREOTYPES and identities which still continue to affect the relationship.
(ii) The recounting of stories of partition violence by communal groups contribute to deepening the DIVIDE between communities.
(iii)They CREATE feelings of suspicion and distrust and consolidate the POWER of stereotypes.
(iv) Hartals and perceptions manifest themselves in inter-community conflicts and communal clashes. The memories kept alive the past violence.
(v) Four wars betweens India and Pakistan are a legacy of partition. The relationship between India and Pakistan are intensely shaped by the legacy of partition.
Discussion
102.

Give any two reasons that underlined the need for strong Centre.

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SOLUTION :The TWO important reasons for the strong centre are as FOLLOWS:
(i) Strong Centre would prevent SEPARATIST tendencies.
(ii) Strong Centre will HELP better mobilization of resources for nation building
Discussion
103.

Explain hagiography of the Buddha which the art historians had to familiarize to understand Buddhist sculpture?

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Solution :(i) As per the hagiographies, the Buddha attained enlightenment with meditating under a tree. Many early sculptures did not show the show the Buddha in human from , they showed his Buddha in human from , they showed his presence through symbol.
(ii) The empty seat was meant to INDICATE themeditation of the Buddha , and the Stupa wasmeant to represent the Mahaparinibbana. Another symbol was the wheel . This stood for the first sermon of the Buddha, delivered at Sarnath.

(iii) These Sculptures COULD not be understand literally , for example the tree does not stand simply fora tree, but symbolises an event in LIFE of the Buddha.
(IV) In order to understand such symbols historians have to familiarise themselves with the traditions of those who produced these works of art.
Discussion
104.

What steps did Ganadhiji takes to restore communal harmony? Discuss.

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Solution :(i) Gandhiji TOOK initiative as one-man army to restore communal harmony.The 77-years-old Gandhiji decided to stake his all in a bid to vindicate his life-long principle of non-violence and his conviction that people.s hearts could be changed.
(ii) He moved from the village of Noakhali in East Bengal to the village of BIHAR and then to the riot-torn slums of Calcutta and Delhi in an heroic effort to stop Hindus and Muslims KILL each other, careful EVERYWHERE to reassure minority community.
(iii) In Oct. 1946 Muslims in East Bengal targeted Hindus. Gandhijivisited the area. toured the villages on foot, and persuaded the local Muslims to guarantee teh safety of Hindus.
(iv)In places like Delhi, he tried to build a spirit of mutual trust and confidence between the two communities.
(v)On 28 November, 1947, on the occasion of Guru Nanak.s birthday, Gandhi ji noticed that there was no Muslims on the Chandni Chandni Chowk road.
(vi) Gandhiji condemned the mentality of those who wished to drive out every Muslim from the city, seeing them as Pakistani.
(vii)Gandhiji started a fast to bring about a change of heart. Amazingly, many Hindu and Sikh migrants FASTED with him.
Discussion
105.

How did the Harappan obtain red colour carnelian?

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Solution :(i) Archaeologists revealsed that the red colour of carnelian was obtained by firing the yellowish RAW material and beads at various STAGES of production.
(II) Nodules were chipped into rough shape and then finely flaked into the final shape.
Discussion
106.

Who was Cunningham? Mention any one source he collected to understand the Harappa culture.

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Solution :Cunningham was the first DIRECTOR General of Archaeological Survey of INDIA (AST). Cunningham used the accounts LEFT by Chinese BUDDHIST PILGRIMS who had visited the subcontinent between the fourth and seventh centuries to understand the Harappan culture.
Discussion
107.

"The India in which Gandhiji came back to in 1915 was rather different than the one he had left in 1893." Substantiate the statement.

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Solution :In January 1915, Gandhiji returned to his homeland after two decades of residence abroad. Those years were spent for the most part in South Africa, where he went as a lawyer, and in time became a leader of the INDIAN community in that territory. The INDIA that Mahatma Gandhi came back to in 1915 was rather different from the one that he had left in 1893. Although still a colony of the British, it was far more active in a political sense. The Indian National Congress then had branches in most major cities and towns. Through the Swadeshi movement of 1905-07, it had broadened its appeal among the middle CLASSES. That movement had thrown up some towering leaders Bal GANGADHAR Tilak of Maharashtra, Bipin Chandra Pal of Bengal, and Lala Rajpat Rai of Punjab. The trio was famous as Lal, Bal and Pal. Where these leaders advocated MILITANT opposition to colonial rule, there was a group of Moderates who preferred a more gradual and persuasive approach. Among these moderates was Gandhiji's acknowledged political mentor, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, as well as Mohammad Ali Jinnah, who like Gandhiji, was a lawyer of the Gujarati extraction trained in London.
Discussion
108.

Explain how different methods of irrigation were developed for agriculture in the Harappan sites.

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SOLUTION : Canals and wells were CONSTRUCTED for irrigation. Traces of canals eg., Shortugai in AFGHANISTAN and water RESERVOIRS eg, Dholavira.
Discussion
109.

Describe in brief the two fears of conservatives in introducing social changes in the new cities built by British.

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Solution :(i) They had a FEAR in the mind that the British could destroy their social ORDERS and customs. (ii) They feared that they would TRY to spread Christianity and CONVERT many of them into Christians.
Discussion
110.

What do you know about Direct Action Day?

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Solution :(i) The talks of the CONGRESS and the Muslim League ended without any conclusion with the Cabinet Mission.
(ii) MOHAMMED Ali Jinnah gave call for "DIRECT Action Day"to emphasise his demand for the creation of an independent nation. He fixed 16th August, 1946 as the Direct Action Day. But on the designated day, bloody riots broke out in Calcutta. This VIOLENCE later on engulfed Bengal, Bihar, United PROVINCES and Punjab.
Discussion
111.

What are Megaliths?

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Solution :(i) Megaliths were ELABORATE stone structures in Central and SOUTH India in first MILLENNIUM BCE.
(ii) These were KEPT on the burials. Dead wereburied with a wide range of iron tools and WEAPONS.
Discussion
112.

"Within the Constituent Assembly of India the language issue was intensely debated." Examine the views put forward by the members of the Assembly on this issue.

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Solution :The language issue was intensely DEBATED in the Constituent Assembly.
Language issue has always been very hot in India. In India besides the languages included in the eighth schedule, there are several languages. And the speakers of all those languages are very proud of their languages.
Before independence, there was consensus among the national leaders that Hindi should be the national language of Independent India. Mahatma Gandhi was for Hindi in Devanagari script. After Independence, the Constituent Assembly was equally divided between English and Hindi. At the time of independence, only one percent of Indians knew English but still it had been the language of the administration because it was the language of the rulers. It was PRESIDENT Dr. Rajendra Prasad's vote which decided that Hindi would be the national language of India.
In the debate, Mr. Dhulckar argued in FAVOUR of Hindi. Mr. Frank Antony spoke in favour of English. He said that English was his mother tongue and it COULD not be called a foreign language. MANY members took part in the debate. Hindi was no doubt a language of a big majority. Members argued that it was the lingua franca when people from different parts of India communicated with each other. There were references to Undur whieh was-to be the national language of Pakistan. The members said in Uttar Pradesh, the court proceedings were in Urdu. Some member like Pandit Mitra talked in favour of Sanskrit also At one point Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru was irritated. He was English educated. Most of his books were penned in English. He favoured Hindi. Frank Antony said that he had been familiar with Hindi and he had no problem with it. He talked proudly about English. He felt that to communicate with the world we need English. He strongly felt that English was one of the Indian languages.
South Indian members were in favour of English.
They opposed Hindi.
Krishnammachari gave a warning on behalf of the people of South against imposition of Hindi. It was decided that English would continue till Hindi takes its place.
The official communication from the government would be in both the languages.
Discussion
113.

For any one of the travellers mentioned in the chapter, find out more about his life and writings. Prepare a report on his travels, noting in particular how he described society, and comparing these descriptions with the excerpts included in the chapter.

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SOLUTION :TRY it yourself.
Discussion
114.

By which sources the Buddha's teachings were reconstructed by the historians ?

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Solution :Historians reconstructed BUDDHA.s TEACHINGS. All sources have been edited , translated and analysed .
(i) The TIPITAKE, Vinaya Pitaka, Sutta Pitake and Abhidhamma Pitaka.
(ii) Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa, Sri Lankans chronicles.
(iii) Accounts of Fa Xian and Xuan Zang Chinese pilgrims.
(iv) The hagiorgraphies that were WRITTEN at least a century after the death of Buddha an attempt is made to RETAIN the memories of the great teacher.
Discussion
115.

Analyse the impact of partition of India on Punjab and Bengal.

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SOLUTION :(i) Impact of partition of India on Punjab Impact of partition destablized the foundation of MANKIND. People was horrible. It had to face harrowing experiences. The results ofpartition were most destructive and bloody in the Punjab. Almost complete DISPLACEMENT of Hindus and Sikhs eastwards into India from west Punjab and of almest all Punjabi speaking Muslims to Pakistan created untold STORIES of horror.
(ii) Impact of partition of India on Bengal: In Bengal the overall situation was and horrible. Here, the process of migration was equally serious more protracted with people moving across a porous border. However, in Bengal the exchange of population was not near total. Consequently, several Bengali Hindus remained in Fast Pakistan while several Bengali Muslims continued to remain in West Bengal. In East Pakistan Jinnah's two-nation theory rejected by the Bengali Muslims.
Discussion
116.

What type of people were regarded as untouchables?

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Solution :People who performed TASKS which were regarded as POLLUTING were regarded as UNTOUCHABLES. They HANDLED corpses and dead animals.
Discussion
117.

"After introducing the Permanent Settlement in Bengal, the zamidars regularly failed to pay the land revenue demand." Examine the causes and consequences of it.

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Solution :The initial demands were very high ARGUING that the burden on zamindar would gradually decline as agticulnmral production expand and price rose.
(i) The initial demands were very high price rose
(II) A high demand was imposcd in 1790s when the agricultural prices were depressed. This made difficult to pay their ducs to zamindar.
(iii) The zamindars could not collect rent and pay the rent.
(iv) Revenue was in variable, regardless of the law, the payment had to be PAID before sunset. If not done, the zamindari was liable to be auctioned.
(v) The permanent settlement limited the power of Zurgindar to collect rent from the ryot.
(vi) The Company RECOGNIZED zamindars as important but wanted to control and regulate them.
(vii) Zamindars lost their power to organize local justice and local police.
(viii) Rent collection was a perennial problemn. Sometimes bad harvest and low prices made payments of dues difficult for ryots.
(ix) Sometimes ryots deliberately delayed payments but the zamindar could not assert his power over them.
(x) Rich ryot, village head MAN, Jotedars and Mandals were happy to see the zamindars in trouble.
Discussion
118.

Which one of the following chronological orders of the givendynasties of india is correct?

Answer»

MAURYA-Nanda-KANVA-sunga
Nanda-Maurya-sunga-Kanva
Nanda- Maurya-Kanva-Sunga
Maurya-Nanda-Sunga -kanva

Solution :Ruling period of given dynastic is as follws: Nanda (344 BC-323 BC), Maurya 323 BC-184 BC), Sunga 184BC) and Kanva (75 BC-30BC)
Discussion
119.

How had Bernier described a complex social reality of artisans under the Mughal? Give two reasons.

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Solution :Bernier depicted the MUGHAL state as tyrannical, occasionally his descriptions hint atamorecomplexsocial reality. The artisans did not have an incentive for improving the quality of their manufacturers as the state would appropriate profits. Consequently the manufacturers started decliningg EVERYWHERE. However, he admitted at the same TIME that INDIAN manufacturers werem in heavy demand all over the world. They were exported in EXCHANGE for gold and silver. He has also mentioned about the existence of wealthy merchant community.
Discussion
120.

Mention that Harappan culture was an urban culture.

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Solution :(i) Cities of that CULTURE were planned and thickly populated.
(ii) Roads were wide and straight crossed each other at right angle.
(iii) Every house had a well and bathroom. HOUSES were made of BURNT bricks, contained more than one storey.
(iv) Lothal was a famous dockyard and centre of TRADE.
Discussion
121.

Explain the language and content of Mahabharata.

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SOLUTION :The Language and Content of Mahabharata:
(i) The language of Mahabharata is Sanskrit, which is FAR simpler than the Vedas.
(ii) There are versions in other languages as well. i.e. Prakrit, Pali, Tamil etc.
(iii) The contents are classified into two broad heads- narrative section and didactic section.
(iv) (a) The narrative section includes social messages.
(b) Generally historians agree that Mahabharata was meant to be a DRAMATIC, moving STORY and that the didactic portion was probably added later.
(v) (a) The didactic section contains prescriptions about social norms and STORIES.
(b) Didactic refer to something that.s meant for purposes of instruction.
(vi) The history of an actual conflict amongst Kinfolk was preserved in the narrative.
(vii) Some historians argue that there is no other corroborative evidence of the battle.
Discussion
122.

Mention any two features of gotra as per the Brahmanical practice. What evidences do we get from the Satavahanas inscriptions regarding the inheriance of gotra ? Explain.

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Solution : (i) Every gotra was NAMED after a Vedicseer. All those who BELONGED to the same gotra were considered as his descendants.
(ii) WOMEN were expected to give up their father's gotra and adopt that of their husband on marriage and members of the same gotra could not marty.
(iii) Many inscriptions of the Satavahanas have been recovered, which allow historians to trace family bonds.
(iv) Some of the women who married SATAVAHANA rulers had names of their father's gotras Gotama and Vasistha. They retained these INSTEAD of adopting names detived from their husband's gotra.
Discussion
123.

Examine the strengths and limitations of oral history.How have oral-history techniques furthered our understanding of Partition?

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Solution :(i) Oral history techniques help historians to write experiences of people during the timeof partition. In FACT history of partition has been reconstructed with the help of oral narratives. It is not possible to EXTRACT such kind of information from government records.
(ii) Government would not provide such information which paint them in bad colour. It will also not tell about the daily development of the events during the partition.
(iii) Moreover,Government was involved in negotiatin.Documents of government deal with policy matters and throw LIGHT on efforts of major political parties .
(iv) But the oral history tells the day-to-day account. It is told by the people who have actually gone through the trauma and pains of the partition.
(v) But the oral data is not FREE from limitations. Oral data lacks concrete details. It does not have the chronological order.
(vi) Oral accounts are concerned with tangential issues and that small individual experiences are irrelevant to the unfolding of the larger canvas of history.
(VII) In oral history, people may not talk of their personal aspects. They can hide even their fault of fault of their commuity as a whole.
(viii)Many people may not remember all events . People tend to forget also. Accuracy of narration can also be questioned.
Discussion
124.

What are the comparisons that Ibn-Battuta makes to give his readers an idea about coconuts looked like?

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Solution :He resembled man.s HEAD, for in it are what look like TWO eyes and a mouth and inside of it when it is GREEN looks like the BRAIN, and its fibre looks like hair.
Discussion
125.

What has Ibn Battuta deseribed about Delhi? OR In which way Ibn Battuta described Delhi? OR How did Ibn Battuta describe Delhi?

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Solution :(i) The city of Delhi covers a wide area and has huge population.
(ii) The rampart round the parallel. The breadth of its WALL is eleven cubits and inside it the houses for the night sentries and gate-keepers.
(iii) Inside the ramparts there are store-houses for storing edibles, MAGAZINES, ammunition, ballistic and siege machines. city is WITHOUT
(iv) In the interior of the rampart, horsemen as well as infantrymen moved from one end of the city to the another.
(v) The rampart is pierced through by WINDOWS which open on the side of the city. It is through these window light enters in the city.
(vi) The lower part of rampart is made-up of stone while upper part is made-up of bricks. There are 20 gates to enter the city of Delhi and the chief among gates is BULAND Darwaja.
(vii) The city of Delhi has a fine cemetery in which graves have been domes over them and those who were without dome, have an arch.
Discussion
126.

How important were gender differences in early societies ? Give reason for your answer.

Answer»

Solution :(i) In early societies, the families were generally patriliny. Patriliny means tracing descent from father to son and to grandson and so on. Matriliny family was generally not in use. Exception was also available . As exception , Satavahanas of ANDHRA can be mentioned.
(ii) Historical sources mention the name of some rulers from inscriptions associated with the name of the mothers of the king. As Gotami Putra means "Son of Gotami.. Gotami and Vasistha are the feminines of Gotama and Vasistha.
(iii) Sons were considered important for the continuity of the family. Attitude TOWARDS daughters were different. They had no claims towards the resources of the household. But marrying them into the families outside the kin was considered desirable.
(iv) This system of marriage was called exogamy. According to this system, the lives of the young girls and women belonged to those families which claimed that high status were often carefully regulated to ensure that they were married at the right time and to the right person. Kanyadana was an important religious duty of the father.
(v) After marriage women were supposed to give up their father.s gotra and adopt their husband.s gotra. Manusmriti explains that the paternal state was to be divided equally AMONGST sons after the death of parents. With a special share for the eldest woman were not given any share in the state.
(vi) The women were allowed to keep the gifts with themselves which they received at the time of their marriage. It was called Stridhana. This could be inherited by their children and the husband had no claim over it. Manusinriti told women not to hoard family property, or even their over valuables, without the permission of their husband. Many texts SUGGEST that while upper class women may have access to resources but land, cattle, money were generally controlled by the men. Vakataka queen Prabhavati Gupta was a RICH woman.
Discussion
127.

Why were the forest-dwellers termed as Jungli ? Give any two reasons.

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Solution :They were TERMED as JUNGLI:
(a)As they entirely DEPENDED on the FOREST product for theirlivelihood as it was their only sourceof livelihood.
(b)As these peoplemoved from one place to anotherfor their livelihood .
Discussion
128.

Explain why Ain-i Akbari remains important even today.

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Solution :(i) Itis so, because it provides glimpses into structure and organisation of Mughal empire. It givesus ingormation aobutits productsand people
(II)Theauthorof the BOOK Abul Fazlachieved a major breakthrough in traditional medieval chrouniclers who also threwa valuableinformation aboutthe political events of the time .
(iii)Information aboutcountry, its people and its products was mentioned only INCIDENTALLY as an embellishmentto the essentially political thrustofthe NARRATIVE
(iv)Itcompletely departed FROMT he tradition as it recorded information aboutthe empire and the people of India and thus constituted a venchamark for studying India at the turn of the 17th century .
(v)It contains information aboutthepeople . their professions and trades and on imperial establishmentof the empire .
(vi)Itenables the historians to reconstructthe social fabric of Indiaat that time .
Discussion
129.

A Prayer to Agni Here are two verses from the Rigueda invoking Agni, the god of fire: Bring, O strong one, this sacrifice of outs lo the gods. O wise one, as a liberal giver. Bestow on us, O priest, abundant food. Agni, obtain, by sacrificing, mighty wealth for us. Procure, O Agni, for ever to him who prays to you (the gift of) noutishment, the wonderful cow. May a son be ours offspring that continues out line. Versus such as these were composed in a special kind of Sanskrit, known as Vedic Sanskrit. They were taught orally to men belonging to priestly families. Why was Vedic Sanskrit significant?

Answer»

SOLUTION :Verses were mostly composed in a special kind of Sanskrit, KNOWN as Vedic Sanskrit. They were TAUGHT orally to men BELONGING to PRIESTLY families.
Discussion
130.

A Prayer to Agni Here are two verses from the Rigueda invoking Agni, the god of fire: Bring, O strong one, this sacrifice of outs lo the gods. O wise one, as a liberal giver. Bestow on us, O priest, abundant food. Agni, obtain, by sacrificing, mighty wealth for us. Procure, O Agni, for ever to him who prays to you (the gift of) noutishment, the wonderful cow. May a son be ours offspring that continues out line. Versus such as these were composed in a special kind of Sanskrit, known as Vedic Sanskrit. They were taught orally to men belonging to priestly families. Explain any two Vedic traditions of religious beliefs and practices.

Answer»

Solution :The principal deities of the VEDIC PANTHEON, Agni, Indra and SOMA, become marginal FIGURES, rarely visible in textual or visual representations.
2.Those who valucd the Vedic tradition often condemned practices that went BEYOND the closely regulated contact with the divine through the performance of sacrifices or precisely chanted mantras.
Discussion
131.

A Prayer to Agni Here are two verses from the Rigueda invoking Agni, the god of fire: Bring, O strong one, this sacrifice of outs lo the gods. O wise one, as a liberal giver. Bestow on us, O priest, abundant food. Agni, obtain, by sacrificing, mighty wealth for us. Procure, O Agni, for ever to him who prays to you (the gift of) noutishment, the wonderful cow. May a son be ours offspring that continues out line. Versus such as these were composed in a special kind of Sanskrit, known as Vedic Sanskrit. They were taught orally to men belonging to priestly families. Why were sacrifices performed during Vedic Petiod?

Answer»

SOLUTION :Many of these HYMNS from the Rigveda, were chanted when sacrifices were performed, where PEOPLE prayed for cattle, sons, good health, LONG life, etc.
Discussion
132.

Mushika Vamsha' written by Atula in the eleventh century give an account of the dynasty which ruled a part of a modern indian sate. Which sate is this?

Answer»

ANDHRA pradesh
Kerala
Maharahtra
Orissa

Solution : NA
Discussion
133.

Analyze Akbar's religious policy.

Answer»

Solution :(i) Akbar believed in the equality of all religions and DEVELOPED a secular outlook. This was infact a necessity in an empire which consisted of many different ethnic and religious communities.
(ii) He started discussions on religion with the ULAMA, Brahman, Jesuit priests and ZOROASTRIANS. These discussions took place in the Ibadat Khana.
(iii) His interaction with people of different FAITHS made him realise that religious scholars who emphasised on ritual and dogma were often bigots.
(iv) In Sulh-i-kul all religions and school of thought had freedom of expression but on condition that they did not undermine the authority of the state or fight among themselves.
(v) Abul Faz1 and Akbar in framed a vision of governance around the idea of sulh-i-kul. These principles were later on followed by Jahangir and Shahjahan as well.
(vi) All the Mughal emperors gave grants to support the building and maintenance of places of worship. When temples were destroyed during war, grants were later given for their repair as can be seen from the reigns of Shah JAHAN and Aurangzeb.
Discussion
134.

How were towns different from rural areas in nineteenth century India?

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Solution :(i) Towns were often declined in opposition to rural areas. They came to represent specific forms of ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES and CULTURES. (ii) In the countryside people subsisted by cultivating land, foraging in the forest, or rearing animals. Towns by contrast were peopled with artisans, traders, administrators and rulers. (iii) Towns dominated over the rural population, thriving on the SURPLUS and taxes derived from agriculture. (iv) Towns and cities were often FORTIFIED by walls which symbolised their separation from the countryside
Discussion
135.

Explain the distinctive festures of theresidential buildings of the Mohenjodaro.

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Solution : The lower town at Mohenjodaro gives instances of residential buildings. Several of these buildings were situated on a courtyard with rooms on all sides.
(II) It scems that the courtyard was the centre of varlous activities e.g., weaving and cooking. However, there were no windows in the walls along the ground level. MOREOVER, the main ENTRANCE does not provide a direct view of the courtyard.
(iii) Every residential building comprised of its own bathroom paved with bricks. Drains were connected through the WALL to the street drains
(iv) Some buildings had remains of staircases to reach a second storey or the roof of the house. In several houses, wells have been found, usually in a room that could be approached from the outside. Probably, it could be USED by passers-by the Mughal.
Discussion
136.

Find out about the route of the Dandi March. On a map of Gujarat plot the line of the march and mark the major towns and villages that it passed along the route.

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SOLUTION :Dandi March was started from Sabarmati ASHRAM. This Ashram is in Ahmedabad (Gujarat). The route FOLLOWED from Ahmedabad to VADODARA and from there to Surat. Squares 1, 2 and 3 are used to mark the Dandi expedition route.


Discussion
137.

List some of the problems faced by epigraphists.

Answer»

Solution :The problems which were faced by epigrapghists are as follows.
(A) Technical :
(i) sometimes the letters are very FAINTLY ENGRAVED, and thus there is uncertainty of reconstructions, inscriptions may be damaged or lwtter missing.
(ii) It is not always may easy to be sure about the exact meaning of the words used in inscriptions some of which may be specific to a particular place or time . Historians constantly debating and discussing alternative ways of reading the inscriptions.
(B) Problem of Deciphering: Several thousand inscriptions have been discovered, not all have been deciphered, published and translated . Besides many more inscriptions must haveexisted which have not survived theravages of time.
(C) Fundamental Problem:
(i) It is not everything, that we may cosider politically or economically significant wasnecessarily recorded in inscriptions. For example, routine agricultuaral practices and the joys and SORROWS of daily existence find no mention in inscription that focus, more often then not on grand, unique events.
(ii) The content of inscriptions almost invariable protects the perspective of the persons who commissioned them
In brief, the epigraphy alone does not provide a full understanding of political and economic history for which historians often questioned both old and NEW evidences.
Discussion
138.

Mention any two features of the temple complexes in Vijayanagara.

Answer»

Solution :(i) The SCENES from the MAHABHARATA were DEPICTED on the walls of roof of the temple.
(ii) The gopuram of this temple is `52` feet high and had mandaps, has a pavilion beside long and pillared a corridors.
Discussion
139.

The king pulakesin II belonged to which Dynasty?

Answer»

Cholas
cheras
chalukyas
Chedis

Solution :Pulkesin II was the greatest Chalukya KING. He DEFEATED HARSH on BANK of Narmada.
Discussion
140.

The nationalist movement in the twentieth century drew its inspiration from the events of 1857. A whole world of nationalist imagination was woven around the Revolt. It was celebrated as the First War of Indipendance in which all sections of the people of India came together to fight imperial rule." "The Revolt of 1857 marked first nationalistchallenge to the English in India." Explain giving examples practised by the rebels to set the beginning for it.

Answer»

Solution :The Revolt of 1857 was truly secular in its ACTION and perception. The REBELS APPEALED time and again to all sections of POPULATION irrespective of their caste, religion and creed. Hindus and Muslims made a bridge of mutually accepted sentiments and the same was supported by the pillars of the Hindu-Muslim unity The rebellion was considered as a war in which both Hindus and Muslims had equally to lose or gain. The British tried to create cracks in the Hindu- Muslim unity, but such cracks were hardly NOTICEABLE.
Discussion
141.

Explain any two functionsof the jati panchayats in the16th and 17th century.

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Solution :(i) Jati panchayat decided civil casesbetween MEMBERS of differentcastes. They decided land DISPUTERS and whether marriagewere being PERFORMED as per caste names .
(ii)They decidedwho had RITUAL precedence in village FUNCTIONS. Except criminal justice the state respected the decisions ofthe Jati panchayats.
Discussion
142.

Explain the major social changes taken place in social life during the Mahabharata period.

Answer»

Solution :Many social changes were witnessed during the Mahabharata period in kinship, caste and class.
The important changes were as follows :
(i) Varna system was fullyestablished and the sacrifical traditions were perpetuated leading to be dominance of the Brahmanas.
(ii) Responsibilities were laid on close cooperation between Brahmanas and Kshatriyas to maintain order and subordination of other castes. Whereas it needs to be noted conflicts and tensions among them on the questionof supremacy was an underlying aspect.
(iii) The Vaishyas engaged in productive activities paid tribute to the Kshatriyas "daan" to Brahmanas generously .
RESOURCES, land and power evident in the feud between the kauravas adn Pandavas.
(v) IDEA of patriliny was reinforced. This was not unique to the ruling classes as these ATTRIBUTES were shared by wealthy men and those who claimed high status.
(vi) While sons were important for continuity of patrilineage . Preference of exogamy as regards marriage of daughter . Rules of gotra were particularly important in marriages. While mothers were symbolically given importance , their influenced declined.
(vii) Status of women declined as property , castes proliterated into number of jatis as a result of assimilation of foreigners into Indian society .
(viii) There also developed a sharper social divide as certain social CATEGORIES were classified as untouchables .
Practice of gendered and varna access to property-women could not claim a SHARE in paternal resources.
Discussion
143.

Explain the views given in favour of separate electorates in the constituent assembly.

Answer»

Solution :(i) On 27 August, 1947. B. Pocker Bahadur from Madras moved a POWERFUL plea for continuing separate ELECTORATES. He explained that minorities existed in all lands. They could not be washed away.
(ii) The need was to create a political framework in which minorities could livein harmony with OTHERS, and the differences between communities could be minimised.
(iii) The minorities will be represented with in the political system, their voices heard and their views taken in to account.
(iv) Only separate electorates would ENSURE that muslims had meaningful voice in the governance of the country.
(v) The needs of muslims could not be properly understood by non-muslims, nor could a true representative of muslims be chosen by PEOPLE who did not belong to that community.
Discussion
144.

which one among the following sects was associted with Gosala Maskariputra?

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Vajrayana
Ajivikas
Sthaviravadines
Mehasanghikas

Solution :Makkhali GOSALA (pali,SANSKRIT Gosala Maskariputra, c.484 BCE ) as the founder of the Ajivika sect, other sourcessate that Gosala was only a LEADER of a large Ajivika CONGREGATION of ascetices, but not the founder of the MOVEMENT himself.
Discussion
145.

The world beyond the palace Just as the Buddha's teaching were compiled by this followers , the teachings of Mahavira were also recorded by his disciples . These were often in the form of stories , which could appeal to ordinary people . Here is one example, from a Prakrit text known as the Uttaradhyayana Sutta , describing how a queen named Kamalavati tried to persuade her husband to renounce the world: If the whole world and all this treasures were yours, you would not be satisfied , nor would all this be able to save you , When you die , O king and leave all things behind , dhamma alone , and nothing else, will save you . As a bird dislikes the cage, so do I dislike (the world) . I shall live as a nun without offspring , without desire , without the love of gain and without hatred . Those who have enjoyed pleasures and renounced them, move about like the wind, and go wherever they please, unchecked like birds in their flight...... Leave your large kingdom .............abandon what pleases the senses, be without attachment and property , then practise severe penance, being firm of energy .... Name the text from which this excerpt has been taken . What is the language of the text ?

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Solution : The NAME of the text is Uttaradhyayana SUTTA. The language of the text is PRAKRIT.
Discussion
146.

The world beyond the palace Just as the Buddha's teaching were compiled by this followers , the teachings of Mahavira were also recorded by his disciples . These were often in the form of stories , which could appeal to ordinary people . Here is one example, from a Prakrit text known as the Uttaradhyayana Sutta , describing how a queen named Kamalavati tried to persuade her husband to renounce the world: If the whole world and all this treasures were yours, you would not be satisfied , nor would all this be able to save you , When you die , O king and leave all things behind , dhamma alone , and nothing else, will save you . As a bird dislikes the cage, so do I dislike (the world) . I shall live as a nun without offspring , without desire , without the love of gain and without hatred . Those who have enjoyed pleasures and renounced them, move about like the wind, and go wherever they please, unchecked like birds in their flight...... Leave your large kingdom .............abandon what pleases the senses, be without attachment and property , then practise severe penance, being firm of energy .... What did Queen Kamalavati ask the king to renounce ?

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SOLUTION :Queen Kamalavati ask the KING to renounce the world , the kingdom , ABANDON what PLEASES the senses , be without attachment and renounced PLEASURES.
Discussion
147.

The world beyond the palace Just as the Buddha's teaching were compiled by this followers , the teachings of Mahavira were also recorded by his disciples . These were often in the form of stories , which could appeal to ordinary people . Here is one example, from a Prakrit text known as the Uttaradhyayana Sutta , describing how a queen named Kamalavati tried to persuade her husband to renounce the world: If the whole world and all this treasures were yours, you would not be satisfied , nor would all this be able to save you , When you die , O king and leave all things behind , dhamma alone , and nothing else, will save you . As a bird dislikes the cage, so do I dislike (the world) . I shall live as a nun without offspring , without desire , without the love of gain and without hatred . Those who have enjoyed pleasures and renounced them, move about like the wind, and go wherever they please, unchecked like birds in their flight...... Leave your large kingdom .............abandon what pleases the senses, be without attachment and property , then practise severe penance, being firm of energy .... Describe the main principles of Jainism .

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SOLUTION :MAIN principles of JAINISM :
(a) Entire world is animated . Even stones, rocks ,and water have life .
(b) Non - injury to living beings, especially humans, ANIMALS, plants and insects.
(c) Cycle of BIRTH and rebirth is shaped through the Karma.
Discussion
148.

What was the attitude of the Moderates towards the British?

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Solution :(i) The moderates had deep faith in the BRITISH sense of justice, honesty and INTEGRITY. They firmly believed in loyalty to the British Crown and their way of protest was by speech and petitions.
(ii) The British government would COME to KNOW about the PROBLEMS facing the Indians. They think that British will take the necessary measures to improve their condition.
Discussion
149.

Discuss how and why stupas were built. Describe the structure of stupa with example.

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Solution :(i) Stupas were the mounds put on the bodily remains of the body of Lord Buddha or of any object that was used by him. At the place of Stupas such objects were buried.
(ii) These were places of great respect under RELICS of Buddha. As per the description of Asokavadana, a famous Buddhist BOOK, Emperor Ashoka gava Buddha.s relic to all major cities .
(iii) The most important Stupas are at Sanchi Bharhut and Sarnath. The structure of a Stupa was like a dome and hemisphere . On the top of it , there would be a balcony CALLED harmika. This balcony called harmika . This balcony represented the abode of God .
(iv) The harmika was covered with an umbrella. There used to be railings around the balcony.
(v) The construction of the stupas was made possible by the contribution of many . On the forefront were the monarchs .
(vi) The Satvahana KINGS offered huga amount for the construction , of the stupas.
(vii) Apart from the monarchs,merchants, artisans and common men and women also contributed to the construction of the stupas.
(viii) Others were made by guilds such as ivory WORKERS who financed part of one of the gateways at Sanchi.
Discussion
150.

Why did when Cabinet Mission was sent to India?

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Solution :Cabinet Mission was SENT by the British government in the year 1946. Its objective was to:
(i) SORT out the minority Problem.
(II) Ensure that British leave India by the year 1948.
Discussion