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InterviewSolution
This section includes InterviewSolutions, each offering curated multiple-choice questions to sharpen your knowledge and support exam preparation. Choose a topic below to get started.
| 201. |
While writing about the description of India, which languages did Al-Biruni faced? OR Write any two problems faced by Al-Biruni while writing Kitab-ul-Hind. |
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Answer» Solution :Al-Biruni faced the following TWO problems while writing his famous work Kitab-ul-Hind. (i) He was not well familiar about the INDIAN traditions. (ii) Indian did not like to SHARE their expense with the outsiders. (iii) It was not an easy task to TRANSLATE Sanskrit into Arabic. (Any two). |
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| 202. |
Read the passage carefully and answer the question given as follows : Draupadi's Marriage Drupada, the king of Panchala, organised a competition where the challenges was to string a bow and hit a target: the winner would be chosen to marry his daughter, Draupadi. Arjuna was victorious and was garlanded by Draupadi. The Pandavas returned with her to their mother, Kunti, who, even before she saw them, asked them to share whatever they had got. She realized her mistake when she saw Draupadi, but her command could not be violated. After much deliberation, Yudhisthira decided that Draupadi would be their common wife. When Drupada was told about this, he protested. However, the seer Vyasa arrived and told him that the Pandavas were in reality incarnations of Indra, whose wife had been reborn as Draupadi and they were thus destined for each other. Vyasa added that in another instance a young woman had prayed to Lord Shiva for a husband, and in her enthusiasm, had prayed five times instead of once. This woman was now reborn as Draupadi and Shiva had fulfilled her prayers. Convinced by these stories, Drupada consented to the marriage. Give two views of historians about polyandry. |
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Answer» Solution :(a) A historians ARGUED that polyandry were PREVALENT in some section of societies. (b) Some other historians argue that such kinds of tradition was PRESENT in the Himalayan REGION. |
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| 203. |
What was the contribution of the rulers of Bhopal for the Stupa at Sanchi ? How was the Stupa saved from destruction? |
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Answer» Solution :The role of the Begums of Bhopal in preserving the Stupa at Sanchi is as follows : (i) Its survival and preservation is also in a large measure DUE to the wise decisions of the begums of Bhopal. Among others the role of Shahjehan begum and her successor Sultana Jehan Begum is COMMENDABLE. (ii) The begums provide money for the restoration and preservation of the ancient site , Sultana Jehan funded the building of the museum and GUEST house where John Marshall lived, wrote about the Stupa. She also funded the publication of the volumes. (iii) John Marshall.s dedication of the volumes to her , proof of her important role in the preserving the Sanchi Stupa. (iv) The importance of the efforts of the begums of Bhopal can he judged by the fact that Sanchi SURVIVED but Amravati did not. (V) Sanchi was discovered in 1818, three gateways were standing , the fourth was lying on the spot and the mound was in good condition . Now the stupa is an important source for archeologists and to reconstruct and understand about the Buddhism . |
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| 204. |
Describe briefly the changes that come about in the Indian towns during the 18th century. |
| Answer» Solution : (i) Commercial towns such as SURAT, Masulipatnam and Dhaka which were grown in the 17th century began to DECLINE as the shift of trading centre to another PLACES. (ii) British began to acquire power by defeating Sirajaudaula in the Battle of Plassey in 1757 (iii) Madras, Bombay and Calcutta emerged as new economic capitals. These cities also gained importances as centres of COLONIAL administration and political powers. (iv) New building towns and INSTITUTION emerged. (v) New occupation emerged in the cities and people began to move toward these colonial cities | |
| 205. |
What was the immediate result of the gradual erosion of Mughal power in the eighteenth century? |
| Answer» Solution :(i) The gradual EROSION of Mughal power led to the DEMISE of TOWNS associated with their rule. (ii) The Mughal capitals, DELHI and Agra, lost their political authority. | |
| 206. |
Describe that the Mahabharata is a dynamic text. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Mahabharata is a dynamic epic and it contains vivid description of battles, forests, palaces and settlement. It was originally WRITTEN in Sanskrit. TODAY it is available in world.s leading LANGUAGES. (ii) It depicts an on-going dialogue between the people and communities between hand and on another hand with the authors. Many stories originated in the different region have been incorporated in it. (iii) It has become a BIG epical text. The main story of the novel has been narrated in different ways. Its many episodes depicted the painting and sculptures prevailing in the SOCIETY at that time. (iv) These paintings and sculptures provide a wide varieties of themes and performing act like dancing |
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| 207. |
Read the given sources and answer the question that follow: Ambedkar on separate electorates In response to Mahatma Gandhi's opposition to the demand for separate electorates for the Depressed Classes, Ambedkar wrote: Here is a class which is undoubtedly not in a position to sustain itself in the struggle for existence. The religion, to which they are tied, instead of providing them an honourable place, brands them as lepers, not fit for ordinary intercourse. Economically, it is a class entirely dependent upon the highcaste Hindus for earning its daily bread with no independent way of living open to it. Nor are all ways closed by reason of the social prejudices of the Hindus but there is a definite attempt all through our Hindu Society to bolt every possible door so as not to allow the Depressed Classes any opportunity to rise in the scale of life.In these circumstances, it would be granted by all fair-minded persons that as the only path for a community so handicapped to succeed in the struggle for life against organised tyranny, some share of political power in order that it may protect itself is a paramount necessity ... Who opposed Gandhiji's view for not having separate electorate for untouchables? |
| Answer» SOLUTION : DR. B.R. AMBEDKAR OPPOSED Gandhiji.s VIEW | |
| 208. |
Read the given sources and answer the question that follow: Ambedkar on separate electorates In response to Mahatma Gandhi's opposition to the demand for separate electorates for the Depressed Classes, Ambedkar wrote: Here is a class which is undoubtedly not in a position to sustain itself in the struggle for existence. The religion, to which they are tied, instead of providing them an honourable place, brands them as lepers, not fit for ordinary intercourse. Economically, it is a class entirely dependent upon the highcaste Hindus for earning its daily bread with no independent way of living open to it. Nor are all ways closed by reason of the social prejudices of the Hindus but there is a definite attempt all through our Hindu Society to bolt every possible door so as not to allow the Depressed Classes any opportunity to rise in the scale of life.In these circumstances, it would be granted by all fair-minded persons that as the only path for a community so handicapped to succeed in the struggle for life against organised tyranny, some share of political power in order that it may protect itself is a paramount necessity ... What were the arguments put forward by Gandhiji against separate electorate? |
| Answer» Solution : He argued that SEPARATE electorate WOULD permanently segregate the DEPRESSED classes from the mainstream of Indian society. It would also threaten the nation.s unity. | |
| 209. |
Read the given sources and answer the question that follow: Ambedkar on separate electorates In response to Mahatma Gandhi's opposition to the demand for separate electorates for the Depressed Classes, Ambedkar wrote: Here is a class which is undoubtedly not in a position to sustain itself in the struggle for existence. The religion, to which they are tied, instead of providing them an honourable place, brands them as lepers, not fit for ordinary intercourse. Economically, it is a class entirely dependent upon the highcaste Hindus for earning its daily bread with no independent way of living open to it. Nor are all ways closed by reason of the social prejudices of the Hindus but there is a definite attempt all through our Hindu Society to bolt every possible door so as not to allow the Depressed Classes any opportunity to rise in the scale of life.In these circumstances, it would be granted by all fair-minded persons that as the only path for a community so handicapped to succeed in the struggle for life against organised tyranny, some share of political power in order that it may protect itself is a paramount necessity ... Mention some other ways to provide an honourable position to depressed classes . |
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Answer» Solution : (i) ACCESS to education and EQUAL opportu nities. (II) Access to PUBLIC placeswithout discrimination. |
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| 210. |
Read the given sources and answer the question that follow: Ambedkar on separate electorates In response to Mahatma Gandhi's opposition to the demand for separate electorates for the Depressed Classes, Ambedkar wrote: Here is a class which is undoubtedly not in a position to sustain itself in the struggle for existence. The religion, to which they are tied, instead of providing them an honourable place, brands them as lepers, not fit for ordinary intercourse. Economically, it is a class entirely dependent upon the highcaste Hindus for earning its daily bread with no independent way of living open to it. Nor are all ways closed by reason of the social prejudices of the Hindus but there is a definite attempt all through our Hindu Society to bolt every possible door so as not to allow the Depressed Classes any opportunity to rise in the scale of life.In these circumstances, it would be granted by all fair-minded persons that as the only path for a community so handicapped to succeed in the struggle for life against organised tyranny, some share of political power in order that it may protect itself is a paramount necessity ... How has Ambedkar narrated the social and economic condition of the Dalits? |
| Answer» SOLUTION : He wrote that these people were not in a position to sustain themselves. They have no respect in the SOCIETY and were hated like lepers. They were totally depended on the upper CASTE for their bread. They have no freedom to express their way of LIVING. | |
| 211. |
Analyse the role of memories and oral narratives in constructing the history of the partition of India. |
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Answer» Solution : Memoties and EXPERIENCES : Millions of people VIEWED partition in terms of the suffering and challenges of the times. For them it was no mere constitudonal divisions or just the politics of the Muslim League Congress and othets For them, it meant the unexpected alterations in lifc as it unfolded between 1946 and 1950 and beyond requiring psychological, emotional and social adjustments. Memories and experiences shape the reality of an event. Oral Narration Oral history allows historians to broaden, the BOUNDARIES of their discipline by rescuing from obligion, the LIVED experiences or the poor and the powerless. The oral history of partition has succeeded in exploring the experiences of those men and women WHOSE existence has hitherto been ignored, taken for granted or mentioned only in passing in mainstream history. |
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| 212. |
On a present-day political map of India, indicate the different languages spoken in each state and mark out the one that is designated as the language for official communication. Compare the present map with a map of the early 1950s. What differences do you notice? Do the differences say something about the relationship between language and the organisation of the states? |
| Answer» SOLUTION :Do it yourself. | |
| 213. |
State the role of Jati Panchayats in the Mughal agrarian society. |
| Answer» SOLUTION :Panchayats had a very important role during the MUGHAL agrarian society. In addition to the village PANCHAYAT, each caste or JATI in the village had its own Jati Panchayat. These panchayats wielded considerable power in rural society. They mediated in contested claims on lands, decided whether marriages were performed according to the norms laid down by a particular caste group, determined who had rituals PRECEDENCE in village functions, and so on. The state respected the decisions of Jati Panchayats in most of the cases. | |
| 214. |
What do you know about Jahanara? What was her contribution in architectural projects? |
| Answer» Solution : (i) She was the daughter of Mughal EMPEROR, Shah Jahan and sister of Roshanara. (ii) She designed an IMPOSING double storeyed caravan—serai having a garden and a COURTYARD in the new CAPITAL of Shah Jahan. | |
| 215. |
How did Indian hill stations become racial? |
| Answer» Solution :The British considered hill station important for them because of the following distinctive features, (i) They provided them static location for the stay of their troops. (ii) They provided base for launching a campaign against the enemy rulers. (iii) There was not much climatic variation. The cool and PLEASANT temperature of hill area were suitable for them. (iv) They wanted developed hill-station to serve as cantonment area for army (v) They provided many opportunities for recreational activities. (vi) The HILLSTATION provided suitable condition for the development or growth of plantation crops such as tea and coffee. Thus, these were ALSO economically important for them. (vii) Most often the British viceroys visited these hill stations during the summer seasons. Thus, they also served as ADMINISTRATIVE centres. (VIII) The hill-stations were also developed as sanitorium, because here the soldier could be sent for rest. | |
| 216. |
How were the village headman selected ? |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Headman was known as .muqaddam or mandall. . He was selectedby CONSENSUS of the village ELDERS and CHOICE had to be approved by the zamindar. (ii)The headmanheld the office as they ENJOYED the confidence of the village elders, FAILING they could be dismissed. |
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| 217. |
Mention the book written by Al-Biruni. Mention its language and content. |
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Answer» SOLUTION :(i) Kitab-ul-Hind. Language-(ii) Simple LUCID ARABIC Content-(iii) Observations on Indian CIVILISATION. |
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| 218. |
Write a note on the agricultural technology of Harappans. |
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Answer» SOLUTION :Agriculture was the CHIEF occupation of the Harappans. The prevalence of agriculture is indicated by finds of grains. It is too difficult to reconstruct actual agricultural practices. Some other facts are as follow: (i) Archaeologists have FOUND evidence of a ploughed field at Kalibangan. Representations on seals and terracotta sculpture indicate that the bull was known. (ii) Oxen were used for ploughing. Terracotta models of the plough have been found at sites in Cholistan and at Banawali. (iii) The field had two sets of furrows at right angles to each other, suggesting that two different crops were grown together. (IV) Most Harappan sites are located in semiarid lands, where IRRIGATION was probably required for agriculture. Canals have been found at the Harappan site of Shortughai in Afghanistan. (v) Water was drawn from wells and used for irrigation. Water reservoirs were found in Dholavira which was probably used for agriculture. |
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| 219. |
Among the followingwho was the earliest visitor to india? |
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Answer» Alberui |
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| 220. |
Point out one similarity and one dissimilarity between Lingayats and Nayanars. |
| Answer» Solution :Both condemned Brahmanical norm like rituals and OPPOSED caste system, but Nayanars worshipped SHIVA in both LINGA and idol form while LINGAYATS worshipped only linga forms. | |
| 221. |
Why was Vitthala temple of the Vijayanagar unique? |
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Answer» SOLUTION : Features of Vitthala temple of the Vijaynagar: (i) The principal deity was Vitthala, a form óf Vishnu generally worshipped in Maharashtra. (ii) The introduction of the worship of the deites in Karnataka DREW on different traditions to create an imperial culture. (iii) The temple too has serveral halls and a unique SHRINE designed as a chariot. (iv) A characteristic feature of the temple complexes the chariot STREETS that extended from the temple gopuram in a straight line. (v)These streets were paved with stone slabs and lined with pillared pavilions in which merchants setup their shops. (vi) Nayakas have supported these TEMPLES. |
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| 222. |
Describe the significance of census operation undertaken by the British in India. |
| Answer» SOLUTION :It helped the colonial government to undertake development works in NEW CITIES and to study the development of URBANISATION in INDIA. | |
| 223. |
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: Kings and traders Kishnadeva Raya (tuled 1509-29), the most famous ruler of Vijaynagar, composed a'work on statecraft in Telugu known as the AmukuwWyada. About traders he wrote. Acting should improve the harbours of his country and so encourage its commerce that horses, elephants, precious gems, sandalwood, pearls and other articles are freely imported ... He should arrange that the foreign sailors who land in his country on account of storms, illncss and exhaustion are looked after in a suitable manner. Make the merchants of distant foreign countries who import elephants and good horses be attached to yourself by providing thern with daily audierce, presents and allowing decent profits. Then those ar icles will never go to your enemies. Who was the most famous ruler of Vijaynagar Kum pue |
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Answer» Solution : Krishnadeva Raya was the most famous ruler of Vijayanagara because there was magnificent growth and prosperity in the EMPIRE during his RULE. He built lots of tanks by making embankments on the river WATER of Tungabhadra and various other steams running through hills. He strengthencd the fort and developed the urban centers as attractive place for traders He had a well prepared army and his CONCEPT of Amara Nayaka helped in expansion and consolidation of the empire. His empire was a strong one which started to fall to enemies after his DEATH but there was peace during his empire. Therefore, Krishnadeva raya was most famous and able ruler of Vijaynagar |
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| 224. |
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: Kings and traders Kishnadeva Raya (tuled 1509-29), the most famous ruler of Vijaynagar, composed a'work on statecraft in Telugu known as the AmukuwWyada. About traders he wrote. Acting should improve the harbours of his country and so encourage its commerce that horses, elephants, precious gems, sandalwood, pearls and other articles are freely imported ... He should arrange that the foreign sailors who land in his country on account of storms, illncss and exhaustion are looked after in a suitable manner. Make the merchants of distant foreign countries who import elephants and good horses be attached to yourself by providing thern with daily audierce, presents and allowing decent profits. Then those ar icles will never go to your enemies. Why do you think the King was interested in encouraging trade? Example. |
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Answer» Solution :King was interested in encouraging trade because Vijaynagar USED to have traders coming from foreign LAND and SELLING items such as elephants, horses etc, which are of vital importance for army and the items such as precious gems and SANDALWOOD etc which are vital for the prosperity of the empire. Thus, he wanted to make cordial RELATIONS with the traders by giving them gifts and allowing to have a decent profit margin. Thus, if the king is able to make such relation with the traders then they will not go to enemy kings |
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| 225. |
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: Kings and traders Kishnadeva Raya (tuled 1509-29), the most famous ruler of Vijaynagar, composed a'work on statecraft in Telugu known as the AmukuwWyada. About traders he wrote. Acting should improve the harbours of his country and so encourage its commerce that horses, elephants, precious gems, sandalwood, pearls and other articles are freely imported ... He should arrange that the foreign sailors who land in his country on account of storms, illncss and exhaustion are looked after in a suitable manner. Make the merchants of distant foreign countries who import elephants and good horses be attached to yourself by providing thern with daily audierce, presents and allowing decent profits. Then those ar icles will never go to your enemies. Mention the name and theme of the work compiled by him. |
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Answer» Solution : His work is called AMUKTAMALYADA written in Telugu. The theme is that the KING should relacions with the traders who IMPORT the items of importance such as elephants, horses, sandalwood ETC., in such a WAY the traders should feel attached manage the and attracted to the Vijaynagar and not move to other enemy empires. |
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| 226. |
Jotedars inevitably weakened zamindars in Bengal, by the end of the 18h century." Give arguments to support the statement. |
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Answer» Solution :In an early nineteenth CENTURY, Jotedars were a class of rich peasants. They aacquried VAST areas of land and controlled local trade as well as money lending Thus exercising immense power over the poorer cultivators of the region. A large part of their land was cultivated through share croppers who brought their own field and handed over half the produce to Jotedars after the harvest More effective than that of Zamindars: Within the villages, the power of Jotedars was more effective than that of zamindars. The zamindars who often lived in urban areas whereas the Jotedars were LOCATED in the villages and exercised direct control over a considerable section of poor villagers. They forcefully resisted efforts by zamindars to increase the jama of the village, prevented zamindars officials from executing their duties, mobilised ryots, who on them, and deliberatcly delaycd were dependent payments of revenue to zamindar. When the estates of the zamindars were auctional for the failure to make revenue payment, Jotedars were often the PURCHASES. So the RISE of Jotedars inevitably weakened zamindari authority. |
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| 227. |
Who was Antonio Monserrate? |
| Answer» Solution :Antonio Monserrate was a Spanish traveller, who came to India in 1578. He stayed in the court of MUGHAL emperor, Akbar and was much impressed by his personality. In his book of TRAVEL he throws light on the FLOURISHING trade in labour.In spite of this he also WROTE about the social, RELIGIOUS and cultural traditions of the people. | |
| 228. |
Discuss the Sanchi Stupa. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) The Sanchi Stupa was built Asoka, the great Mauryan king. (ii) It is a semi- circular dome like structure. The gateways at the four cardinal points are its main characteristic . (iv) Beautiful carved capitals are fixed above the pillar and below the horizontal base. (v) The gateways of stupa contain lively and beautifully carved depicting the MAJOR events which belonged to the life of Buddha and Jataka STORIES. (vi) They DEPICT the land - scapes of trees, floral designs, animals and birds . (vii) Here, Buddha is not depicted in human form but through various symbols - Buddha tree that shows renunciation. (viii) Sanchi stupa was plain except for the stone railings which resembled a bamboo or WOODEN FENCE. The gateways which were richly carved. |
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| 229. |
why did some people think of partition has very sudden development ? |
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Answer» Solution :After the defeat in 1937 election. the Muslim League in order to widen its social base RAPIDLY adopted separatist politics in 1940 is officially demanded separate Muslim majority areas of the subcontinentin the Lahore Resolution of 1940. Jinnah saw the Pakistan demand has a BARGAINING COUNTER useful for blocking possible British concessionsto the Congress and gaining and administrative favours for muslim (iii) PostSecond World War PERIODS sawthe British wantingdifferences among the Congress and Muslim League over sharing of power as the different grew there was a strong demand for pakistan byMuslim League. (iv) The transfer of power and division of country highlycomplicated process took place through the month June of to August 1947. No. authority was there which could exercise control and the speed with which the devision was affected was tragicfor the COMMON people. (v)communal riotsbroke out. The British wanted to quit was as soon aspossible. people were panic-stricken fearing their lives and property. they viewedpartition as a suddendevelopment leading to massive violence and transfer of population. |
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| 230. |
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: The bird leaves its nest This is an excerpt from the Rihla: My departure from Tangier, my birthplace, took place on Thursday.. I set up alone, having neither fellow-traveller... nor caravan whose party I might join, but swayed by an overmastering impulse within me and a desire long-cherished in my bosom to visit these illustrious sanctuaries.So I braced my resolution to quit all my dear ones, female and male, and forsook my home as birds forsake their nests.. My age at that time was twenty-two years. Ibn Battuta returned home in 1354, about 30 years after he had set out. Why did Battuta compare himself with a bird? |
| Answer» SOLUTION :He said that birds leave their nests to see new places. SIMILARLY he left his FRIENDS and RELATIVES to visit new places and to knowmore about them. .That.s why he compared himself with a BIRD. | |
| 231. |
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: The bird leaves its nest This is an excerpt from the Rihla: My departure from Tangier, my birthplace, took place on Thursday.. I set up alone, having neither fellow-traveller... nor caravan whose party I might join, but swayed by an overmastering impulse within me and a desire long-cherished in my bosom to visit these illustrious sanctuaries.So I braced my resolution to quit all my dear ones, female and male, and forsook my home as birds forsake their nests.. My age at that time was twenty-two years. Ibn Battuta returned home in 1354, about 30 years after he had set out. Why did Battuta find difficult to travel in India? Give two reasons. |
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Answer» Solution :(a) ROUTES were insecure. (b) There was always a FEAR of ROBBERS and DACOITS on the way |
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| 232. |
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: The bird leaves its nest This is an excerpt from the Rihla: My departure from Tangier, my birthplace, took place on Thursday.. I set up alone, having neither fellow-traveller... nor caravan whose party I might join, but swayed by an overmastering impulse within me and a desire long-cherished in my bosom to visit these illustrious sanctuaries.So I braced my resolution to quit all my dear ones, female and male, and forsook my home as birds forsake their nests.. My age at that time was twenty-two years. Ibn Battuta returned home in 1354, about 30 years after he had set out. Why did Battuta renounce his house? |
| Answer» Solution :Because, he had a KEEN desire to VISIT IMPORTANT sacred places. | |
| 233. |
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: The bird leaves its nest This is an excerpt from the Rihla: My departure from Tangier, my birthplace, took place on Thursday.. I set up alone, having neither fellow-traveller... nor caravan whose party I might join, but swayed by an overmastering impulse within me and a desire long-cherished in my bosom to visit these illustrious sanctuaries.So I braced my resolution to quit all my dear ones, female and male, and forsook my home as birds forsake their nests.. My age at that time was twenty-two years. Ibn Battuta returned home in 1354, about 30 years after he had set out. What do you know about 'Rihla'? |
| Answer» Solution :Rihla. is a famous BOOK of the ACCOUNTS of the travel of Ibn BATTUTA. It is in Arabic and provides us a detailed DESCRIPTION about the sopcial and CULTURAL life of india in 14 th century. | |
| 234. |
Because of the diversity of the Indian subcontinent there have always been populations whose social practices were not influenced by the Brahminical ideas during 600 BCE-600 CE." Examine the statement. |
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Answer» Solution :Brahmanical ideas during 600 BCE-600 CE: (i) In Sanskrit texts populations whose social practces were not influenced by Brahmanical ideas are often described as odd, uncivilised, or even animal-like. (ii) In some instances, these included forest-dwellers for whom hunting and gathering REMAINED an important means of subsistence. (iii) Categories such as the Nishada, to which Ekalavya is supposed to have belonged, are examples of this. (iv) While the Brahmanas considered some people as being outside the system, they also developed a sharpet social DIVIDE by classifying certain social categories as "untouchables but historians have tried to find out whether chandalas accepted the life of degradation prescribed in the shastras. (v) Hidimba marrying Bhima against the social PRACTICES prescribed in the Dharamshastras. (vi) Others who were viewed with suspicion included popition such as Pastoralist. (vii) WHENEVER brahmanical authorities encountered new groups which did not easily fit into the fourfold varna system they classified them as Jatis. (viii) Others who were viewed with suspicion included populations such as nomadic pastoralists, who could not be easily accommodated within the framework of settled agriculcurists who SPOKE non-Sanskritic Languages were labelled as Melachhas. |
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| 235. |
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: The bird leaves its nest This is an excerpt from the Rihla: My departure from Tangier, my birthplace, took place on Thursday.. I set up alone, having neither fellow-traveller... nor caravan whose party I might join, but swayed by an overmastering impulse within me and a desire long-cherished in my bosom to visit these illustrious sanctuaries.So I braced my resolution to quit all my dear ones, female and male, and forsook my home as birds forsake their nests.. My age at that time was twenty-two years. Ibn Battuta returned home in 1354, about 30 years after he had set out. What did Battuta say about Indian towns? |
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Answer» Solution :According to him: (a) INDIAN TOWNS were prosperous. (b) They were densely populated. (C) These towns were the centres of both social and CULTURAL ACTIVITIES. |
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| 236. |
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: In praise of taswir Abu'l Fazl held the art of painting in high esteem: Drawing the likeness of anything is called taswir. His Majesty from his earliest youth, has shown a great predilection for this art, and gives it every encouragement, as he looks upon it as a means both of study and amusement. A very large number of painters have been set to work. Each week, several supervisors and clerks of the imperial workshop submit before the emperor the work done by each artist, and His Majesty gives a reward and increases the Majesty gives a reward and increasesthe monthly salaries of the artists according to the excellence displayed. Most excellent painters are now to be found, and masterpieces, worthy of a Bihzad, may be placed at the side of the wonderful works of the European painters who have attained worldwide fame. The minuteness in detail, the general finish and the boldness of execution now observed in pitchers are incomparable, even inanimate objects look as if they have life. More than a hundred painters have become famous masters of the art. This is especially true of the Hindu Artists. Their pitures surpass our conception of things. Few, indeed, in the whole world are found equal to them. (i) What is a taswir? |
| Answer» SOLUTION : (i) A TASWIR is the DRAWING of the LIKENESS of any THING. | |
| 237. |
Explain the techniques of craft production, especially bead making at the Harappan sites of Lothal and Chanhudaro. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) The TECHNIQUE for making beads was remarkable. It was differed according to the material. (ii) Steatite, a soft stone, was very easy to work, Some moulded beads were MADE with the HELP of paste of steatite power. (iii) The beads did not have geometrical form like the ones made out of harder stones. The red colour of carnelians was obtained by firing the yellowish raw material. (iv) Nodules were chipped into rough shape, later flaked into final form. Grinding, polishing and drilling were the last PART of the process. |
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| 238. |
"The constituent Assembly was the representative body of the people of India." Explain with examples. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Many political leaders of India like J.L. Nehru, Dr Rajendra Prasad, Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, etc. were its members who guided the discussion in CONSTITUENT Assembly. (II) There were more than 30 members who belonged to scheduled caste. (iii) MINORITIES like Anglo-Indian had also their REPRESENTATIVES in it. (iv) The Parsee community was also given an adequate representation. (v) Constitutional experts such as Alladi Krishna Swami Aiyar, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and K.M. Munshi were also its member. (v) Among the women.s representatives Mrs. Sarojini Naidu and Mrs. Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit were the MAIN figures. |
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| 239. |
Consider the following statements about Ashokan rock edicts: Major Rock Edict xiii records Ashko's visit remorse at the sufferings caused by his kalings campaign. Major Rock Edict x records Ashoka's visit to Lumbini. Major Rock Edict xii refers to Dhamma Mahamattas as a new category of officers instiuted by Ashoka. MajorRock Edict xii speaksabout showingtolerance towards all sects. which of the statements given above are correct? |
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Answer» 1and 4 only |
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| 240. |
Discuss in brief the Government's response to Civil Disobedience Movement. |
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Answer» Solution :Government response to Civil Disobedience Movement: (i) The Civil Disobedience Movement spread like a forest fire that led the Government to resort to brutal measures to supress the movement. (ii) Lathi charges and the indiscriminate firing on unarmed crowds of men and women became common. (iii) Nearly 90,000 INDIANS includingand other prominent leaders of Indian NATIONAL Congress were imprisoned and the Congress was declared illegal. (iv) Congress was declared illegal and various restrictions were imposed on the press. (v) The soldiers of the GARHWAL Rifles in Peshawar refused to fire on the unarmed PATHANS. Aerial BOMBARDMENT was used to crush the followers of Abdul Ghaffar Khan. |
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| 241. |
Which factors were responsible for the decline of Vijayanagara empire ? |
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Answer» Solution :A number of factors were responsible for the decline of the Vijayanagara EMPIRE. Some of them are elaborated under the following heads : (i) Weakness of the Central Government :The Central Government of the Vijayanagara empire was weak, while provincial government were given many powers. Provincial governments were made responsible for maintaining army, minting coins and issuing them . They proved harmful for the central government and paved the way for the decline of the empire. (ii) Weak and incapable successors : No doubt, Krishnadeva Raya was a very capable ruler of Vijayanagara empire. He DIED in `1529`. The successors who followed him proved very weak and incompetent. They failed the establish their control over the vast empire. (iii) Luxurious life of the people : There was no shortage of wealth in the Vijayanagara empire. The abundance of wealth made the life of the people very luxurious. Contemporary sources tells that prostitutes were in planty, especially in the rest houses. As a result of this, prone to debauchery, the downfall of such a society was not surprising. (iv) Rule of the different dynasties : Four different dynasties ruled over the Vijayanagara empire, one after the other. As a result of this, the kingdom became the centre of the conspiracies, because each dynasty wanted to put its own king to the throne. These conspiracies to occupy the throne shook the foundation of the empire. (v) Responsibility of the Army : The army of the Vijayanagara empire too played a significant role in bringing the fall of the empire. The rulers of the Vijayanagara empire relied on the Provincial governor for their army. Thus, the army was was more loyal to lord as compared to the king (ruler). The army also lacked mutual understanding and co-ordination which finally led to the downfall of the empire. (vi) Continuous struggle against Bahamani empire : The ruler of Vijayanagara remained in prolonged struggle with the ruler of Bahamani empire. It had a deep effect on the economy of the VIJAYANAGARAEMPIRE as well as on the army. (vii) Battle of Talikota : After the death of Krishnadeva Raya, Achyut Raya sat on the throne. He ruled till `1542`. He was followed by SADASHIV Raya `(1542-70)`. He became the puppet of his prime minister Rama Raya. Rama Raya began his aim to expand the empire and started invading the Muslim rulers of Southern India and committed atrocities on the Muslims. As a result of this the Muslim kingdoms of the South - Ahmadnagar, Bijapur, GOLCONDA and Bidar jointly attacked Vijayanagara empire. A terrible battle was fought in the battlefield of Talikota in `1563`, in which the army of Vijayanagara empire was defeated. The defeat of the Vijayanagara army proved disaster for the empire. |
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| 242. |
State two reasons of migration of working class to big cities. |
| Answer» Solution :(i) These CITIES had NEW INSTITUTIONS and many facilities. (II) There were opportunities for new jobs and occupation. | |
| 243. |
Explain the importance of new questions and debates that began from the 6th century BCE regarding Vedic traditions and practice of sacrifices. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Several new ideas formed in the Upanishads which indicate that people had begun to question accepted beliefs. (ii) People were much more curious about the real meaning of life , the possibility of life after death and rebirth. (iii) Thinkers were worried with understanding and describing travelled upto great distances and tried to convince the lay persons about their philosophy. (v) Debate and DISCUSSIONS took place in the .Kutagarashala. where mendicants took shelter. As the philosopher convinced his rivals , the followers of the rivals became his disciples. (vi) The followers of Buddhism and Jainism questioned the authority of VEDAS and emphasised the belief that man himself could find freedom from his existence and own destiny. (vii) BUDDHA and Mahavira.s beliefs were different from the Brahmanical belief that the man.s LUCK was fixed by his birth in the particular caste. (viii) Buddha became the found of great religion Buddhism. |
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| 244. |
What are constitutional amendments? |
| Answer» Solution :The makers of the Indian CONSTITUTION made PROVISIONS to incorporate CHANGES from time to time. These changes were called constitutional AMENDMENTS. | |
| 245. |
To what extent were social relations transformed in the new cities? |
| Answer» Solution :(i) There was a big contrast between EXTREME wealth and poverty in the new cities. New means of transport facilities such as horse-drawn carriages, trams, buses, etc. made travelling from home to work an interesting experience. (ii) Creation of public places like theatres public parks and cinema halls provided new forms of entertainment and social INTERACTION. (iii) New social groups were formed people of all classes started to migrate to the cities. With an increased demand for lawyers and ENGINEERS the "middle class" increased. (iv) Debate and discussion became popular and ESTABLISHED social norms and practices were questioned. (v) Cities also offered new opportunities for women. They chose new professions in the city as factory workers, teachers, film actresses, etc. for a long time so women REMAINED objects of social censure.(vi) The common struggles for food, shelter, jobs helped in the growth of neighbourhood identities and solidarity like chawls. (vii)By the religious festivals, tamasha and swangs, they created a lively urban culture in their own way. (viii)Many middle class women took to reading and sought to express themselves by novels, dramas, journals etc. | |
| 246. |
Who was appointed as the president and the chairman of the Drafting Committee of the constituent assembly? |
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Answer» SOLUTION :(i) Dr. RAJENDRA Prasad was chosen as the President. (II) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was chosen as the CHAIRMAN of drafting committee of the CONSTITUTION. |
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| 247. |
In which way Fernao Nuniz described the markets of Vijayanagara ? |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Fernao Nuniz described that the MARKETS of Vijayanagara overflowed with plenty of DIFFERENT fruits-grapes, oranges, limes, pomegranates, jack fruit and mangoes. (ii) All fruits were not expensive. (iii) Meat also sold in plenty in the market places. Nuniz mentioned - mutton, pork, venison, partridges, hares, doves and QUAIL. (iv) All KINDS of birds like sparrows, RATS, cats and lizard were also sold in the market of the Vijayanagara kingdom. |
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| 248. |
Statement I : The firstcoinsto bearthe names and images of rulers wereissuedby the Kushanas . Statement II : The firstgoldcoinsaere issuedby the Kushanas. |
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Answer» |
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| 249. |
Where was the Royal centre situated ? Name its two famous buildings. |
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Answer» SOLUTION :Royal CENTRE was situated in the SOUTH western part of settlement of the city. Its two most important BUILDINGS are : (ii) The Mahanavami Dibba (iii) Lotus Mahal |
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| 250. |
Why was the happiness of independence diminished? |
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Answer» SOLUTION :(i) The genocidal violence and brutality of PARTITION. (ii)INDIA CHANGED ,as new country Pakistan was born and Independence led to Partition. |
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