InterviewSolution
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InterviewSolution
This section includes InterviewSolutions, each offering curated multiple-choice questions to sharpen your knowledge and support exam preparation. Choose a topic below to get started.
| 301. |
Why did paupers from rural areas flock to cities? Mention two reasons. |
| Answer» Solution :(i) In HOPE of employment. (ii) In search of new opportunities. (III) Some were ATTRACTED by the allure of a different WAY of life. | |
| 302. |
Interview any one of your older relatives (mother/father/grandparents/uncles/aunts) who has travelled outside your town or village. Find out (i) where they went, (ii) how they travelled (iii) how long did it take (iv) why they travel (v) and did they face any difficulties. List as many similarities and differences that they may have noticed between their place of residence and the place they visited, focusing on language, clothes, food, customs, buildings, roads, the lives of men and women. Write a report on your findings. |
| Answer» SOLUTION :TRY it yourself. | |
| 303. |
What were the arguments in favour of greater power to the provinces ? |
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Answer» Solution :(i) The constituent assembly showed a distinct bias towards the right of the Union of INDIA over those of its constituent states. The arguments in favour of greater power to the states/provinces were eloquently defended by K. Santhanam of Madras and A. Ramaswamy Mudaliar from MYSORE. (ii) The main TENETS of the arguments were a powerful Centre would be over-burdened and inefficient. A member, warned .Centre is likely to break.. Whereas Santhanam predicted a .dark future and argued all provinces would rise in revolt.. (iii) Ramaswami Mudaliar argued proposing a strong centre would not make one a better patriot. According to Santhanam - "It is a misconception that by adding all KINDS of power, the centre can be made strong. Rather, an overburdened centre would not be able to carry out its functions effectively." (iv) Centre, relieved of some functions, would be more efficient, effective and strong also. (v) On the other side, the financial dependence of states on the centre would cripple, frustrate, make them dependent, provoking them to rise in revolt against the centre. |
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| 304. |
How did Ashoka try to hold his empire together? |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Ashoka tried to hold his empire together by propagatingdhamma, the principles of which as we have seen wre simple and virtuallyuniversally applicable. (ii) According to him, , dhamma would ENSURE the well being of people in the world and the text. (iii) Special, officers known as the Dhamma Mahamtta, were appointed to spread the message of dhamma. (IV) Ashoka.s edicts THROW very useful light on his Dhamma. ONE of his edicts says, obedience must be rendered to FATHER and mother likewise others. He recommended self examination and introspection. |
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| 305. |
What was the contribution of Babur in the establishment of the Mughal Empire? |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Babur was the founder of the Mughal Empire in India. His full name was Zahiruddin Babur. He was born on 14 February, 1483 at Andijan, the capital of Farghana, in the central Asia. (ii) His father UMAR Shaikh Mirza was a ruler of a small state. After the death of his father, Babur became the ruler of Farghana at the Uzbeks of Central Asia. He expelled warrior community from Samarkand and Farghana. Babur conquered Kabul in 1504. He spent some time in Kabul to consolidate his POSITION. (iii) After this, he paid attention towards India. At that time, the political condition of India was pitiable. He wanted to expand his empire by winning many parts of India and he wanted to get the huge wealth of India and this strengthened his position. (iv) Babur defeated Daulat Khan Lodi in the END of 1525 and occupied Punjab. It greatly boosted the morale of Babur. So he made up his mind to attack Ibrahim Lodi, the Sultan of Delhi. Babur defeated him on 21 April, 1526 in the first Battle of Panipat. (v) In this battle, Ibrahim Lodi was killed. It resulted in the ESTABLISHMENT of the Mughal Empire. So a new era began in the history of India. He defeated Rana Sangha of Mewar in the Battle of Khanwah. He gave a crushing defeat to the Rajputs. Many factors were responsible for the conquest of Indian by Babur. |
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| 306. |
Discuss the development of the 1937-47 period that led to the creation of Pakistan. |
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Answer» Solution :Developments of the 1937-47 period that led to the creation of Pakistan. `*`From the late 1930S, the League began viewing the Muslims as a separate "nation" from the Hindus. `*` This notion developed the tension between some HINDU and Muslim groups. `*`The provincial elections of 1937 seemed to have convinced the League that Muslims were a minority and they would have to play second fiddle in any democratic structure. `*` • Later, the Congress.s failure to mobilise the Muslim masses in 1938, allowed the League to widen its social support. . Meanwhile, in 1940 the Muslim League had moved a resolution demanding "Independent state for Muslims". `*` In 1945 after the Second World War, the British opened NEGOTIATIONS between the Congress, the Muslim League and themselves for the independence of India. But the talks failed because of the Muslim League.s separatist attitude. `*`ANOTHER effort came to unite Hindu and Muslim in the way of Cabinet Mission plan in 1946 which suggested that India should remain united. But it too failed to bring both Hindus and Muslims on a common front. `*`And finally on 16TH August, 1946 Muslim League announced "Direct Action Day" followed by communal riots. |
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| 307. |
What do you mean by Jatakas ? Narrate one example to show the relationship of kings and his subjects? |
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Answer» Solution :Jatakas are stories probably originated as popular oral tales that we later committed to writing. The Jatakas were written in Pali AROUND the middle of the FIRST millenium CE. The relationship of kings and his subjectsare as follows: (i) The story known as the Gandatindu Jataka which DESCRIBES the plight of subjects of a wicked king, these include elderly woman and men. cultivators, Herders,village boys and even animals. (iv) The kings frequenty tried to fill their coffers by demanding high taxes, which the peasants found oppressive which led there escaping to the forests as reflected in the Jataka story. |
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| 308. |
Who among tyhe folllowing did not bring trading ships to the port of surat in pre- British times ? |
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Answer» protugeuse and english |
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| 309. |
What is Rihla? OR What do you mean by Rihla? |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Rihla is a BOOK on TRAVELS which was written by Ibn-Battuta in ARABIC. (ii) It provides rich and INTERESTING descriptions about social and cultural LIFE in the subcontinent in the 14th century. |
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| 310. |
Who was the first woman to be ordained as a bhikkhum ? |
| Answer» Solution :The Buddha.s foster mother , Mahaprjapati Gotami was the FIRST WOMAN to be ORDAINED as a bhikkhuni . | |
| 311. |
Compare the map in this chapter with map 1 in chapter 2. List the Mahajanapadas and cities located near the kuru-Panchala lands. |
Answer» Solution : Mahajanapadas: Kuru, Surasena, Matsya, AVANTI, Malla, Koshala, Sakya, VATSA, Gandhara, Chedi, Varga. Cities: Hastinapur, Indraprastha, Pataliputra, BODH Gaya, Mathura, Ujjayini, Sarnath, SHRAVASTI, Lumbini, Kapilavastu, Pava, Khushinagar, VIRAT. |
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| 312. |
Historians have used different kinds of sources in reconstructing the political career of Gandhiji and the history of social and nationalist movements. Substantiate the statement with examples |
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Answer» Solution :Public voice and private scripts : Important SOURCES of the writings and speeches of Mahatma GANDHI and his contemporaries, including both his associates and his political adversaries. Speeches, for instance, allow us to hear the public voice of an individual, while private letters give us a glimpse of his or her private thoughts. Mahatma Gandhi regularly published in his journal, 'Harijan', letters that others wrote to him. Nehru EDITED a collection of letters written to him during the national movement and published 'A Bunch of Old Letters'. (ii) Framing a picture : Autobiographics similarly give us an account of the past that is often rich in human detail. But these are retrospective accounts written very often from memory. They tell us what the author could recollect and thought as important to write and be viewed by others. (III) Through police eyes : Another vital source is government records. The letters and reports written byolicemen and other officials were secret at the time, but now can be accessed in archives. For instance, the fortnightly reports that were prepared by the Homeepartment from the early twentieth century. These reports were based on police information from the localities, but often expressed what the higher officials saw, or wanted to BELIEVE. The march was seen as a an antic, a desperate effort to mobilise people who were unwilling to rise against the British and pleased with the British Raj. (iv) From newspapers: One more important source is contemporary newspapers, published in English as well as in the different Indian languages, which tracked Mahatma Gandhi's movements and reported on his activities, and also represented what the people thought of hin. However, newspaper accounts can too be prejudiced politically. The accounts that were published in a London newspaper would be different from the report in an Indian nationalist paper. |
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| 313. |
State any two features of Indian constitution. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) It establishes a sovereign, SOCIALIST, democratic and republic of INDIA. (ii) It establishes a secular state of India. (iii) It establishes a PARLIAMENTARY FORM of government. |
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| 314. |
Among the best preserved monuments of the 600 BCE to 600 CE is the Stupa at Sanchi. Justify the statement with suitable arguments in the context of its sculptural features and conservation policy taken up in the nineteenth century. |
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Answer» Solution :Stupas were sacred places where the relics of the Buddha such as his bodily REMAINS or objects used by him were buried. According to a Buddhist text known as the Ashokavadana. Ashoka distributed portions of the Buddha's relics to every important town and ordered the construction of stupas over them. By the second century BCE a number of Stupas, like Sanchi and others had been built. Art historians have carefully studied the sculprure at Sanchi and identified it as a scene from the Vessantara Jataka. The empty seat was meant to indicate the meditation of the Buddha, and the stupa was meant to represent the Mahaparinirbana. Another FREQUENTLY used symbol was the wheel. This stood for the first sermon of the Buddha, delivered at Sarnath. The tree symbolises an event in the life of the Buddha. According to popular belief, Shalabhanjika was a woman whose touch caused trees to fower and bear fruit. It is LIKELY that this was regarded as an auspicious symbol and integrated into the DECORATION of the stupa. Animals were after used as symbols of human attributes. Elephants (signify strength and wisdom), horses, monkeys and battle scenes are also engraved at the stupa. While some historians identify the figure the mother of the Buddha, othars identify her with a popular goddess, Gajalakshmi-literally, the goddess of good fortune-who is associated with elephants. Serpent found on several pillars seems to be derived from other popular traditions. Eonservationr poticy taken up-in the-nineteenth century: The rulers of Bhopal in the 19th century, Shahjehan Begum and her successor Sultan Jehan Begum, provided money for the prescrvation of the ancient site. John Marshall dedicated his important volumes on Sanchi to Sultan Jehan. She funded the museum and publication of the volumes on Sanchi written by John Marshall. French sought ruler Shah Jehan Begum's petmission to take away the eastern gateway of Sanchi Stupa but both French and the English were satisfied with carefully prepared plaster cast copies and the original remained at the site. |
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| 315. |
How were hill stations a distinctive features of colonial urban development? |
| Answer» Solution :(i) These CITIES served as the headquarters of the BRITISH army and the MAJOR centre of administration (ii) The TROOPS stayed here, whenever a campaign was LAUNCHED against the enemy. | |
| 316. |
State any two characteristic features of the towns built by the Mughals in India during sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. |
| Answer» Solution :During the sixteenth and SEVENTEENTH centuries, the towns built by the Mughals were famous for their concentration of populations, their monumental buildings and their imperial GRANDEUR and WEALTH. They were centres for the production of exclusive handicrafts for the king and the nobles. These towns had MOSQUES, tombs, gardens, bazars etc. They were centres for the production of exclusive handicrafts for the king and the nobles These towns had mosques, tombs, gardens, bazars etc. AGRA, Delhi and Lahore were important centres of imperial administration and control. | |
| 317. |
Why did the British take upon themselves the task of town planning? Give any two reasons. |
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Answer» Solution : A. The credit of town planning in Bengal goes to British who framed rules and regulations for urban land. The use of urban land was inspired by a vision of excellent town planning. B. A number of factors (reasons) were RESPONSIBLE for it. The most important among them were the following: (a) Defence Purpose: (i) The British TOOK up the task of town planning for the defence purpose against the local rulers. In 1756 the nawab of Bengal Sirajudaula attacked Calcultta and sacked the small men to keep their goods. (ii) The TRADERS of the company challenged the authority of nawab and refused to pay custom duty. Angered by this the Nawab decided to assert his authority. (b) Construction of FORT William: (i) The British asserted the monopoly over Bengal by defeating Sirajudaula in the battle of Plassey which was fought in 1757. (ii) So the company decided to build a new fort which is INVINCIBLE and impregnable. |
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| 318. |
What do you mean by the term culture? In case of Harappan culture what are these distinctive objects and from which areas were these objects found? |
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Answer» Solution :(i) The term .CULTURE is used for a GROUP of objects, distinctive in style, usually FOUND together WITHIN a SPECIFIC geographical area and period of time.. (ii) Distinctive objects found in Harappan culture are seals, beads, weights, stone blades and baked bricks . They were found in Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Gujarat, etc. |
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| 319. |
What led to the passing of the Pakistan Resolution in March 1940? |
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Answer» Solution :(i) The Pakistan RESOLUTION was adopted by the Muslim League under Jinnah.s presidentship on 23RD March, 1940 as a solution to the communal problem. (II) The resolution AIM at the independent nation Pakistan, comprising the Muslim majority areas. |
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| 320. |
The years immediately preceding themaking of the constitution had been xceptionally tumultuous. Prove the statement with examples. |
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Answer» Solution : (i) Before the independence of India, the political and social CONDITIONS in the country were tumultuous. No doubt the people had great hope for free, peaceful and prosperous India. (ii) They felt depressed and disappointed due to many incidents such as communal riots that followed our independence and in which more than two lakh people were killed. (iii) Indian independence accompaniedpartition of the country. The country was divided into two parts namely India and Pakistan. (iv) The people still remembered the quit India movement of 1942. It was perhaps the most widespread popular movement against the ALIEN rule. (v) The people knew well of Indian National Army that was led by Subhash Chandra Bose with foreign aid. (vi) During the late 1940, there were massprotests of workers and peasants in different parts of the country. (vii) Social harmony was not strong as the Congress and the Muslim League repeatedly failed to ARRIVE at any reconciliation. (viii) The great Calcutta killing of AUGUST 1946, began a year of almost continuous rioting in northern and eastern India. |
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| 321. |
Mention any two changes that were observed after 1900 BCE in Harappan civilization. What could have brought these changes ? Explain. |
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Answer» Solution : (i) EUROPEANS RECREATED setrlements reminiscent of their homes. (ii) Buildings were built in European STYLE. (iii) Churches and educational institutions were set up by the British. (iv) Th were the summer capital for British Government like Simla, Nainital, Ooty etc. REASONS for changes are: Climatic CHANGE Deforestation. |
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| 322. |
Explain the exclusive features of the craft production in Chanhudaro. |
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Answer» Solution :Features of the craft production in Chanhudaro: (i) It was exclusively DEVOTED to craft production, including bead-making, shell-cutting, metal-working, aeal-making and weight-making. (ii) The variety of materials used to make becads was-stones like carnelian, jasper, crystal, quartz and steatite, metals like copper, bronze and gold, faience and terracotta or burnt clay. (iii) Some beads were made of two or more stones, cemented together or with gold caps. (iv) The shapes were numerous-disc shaped, cylindrical, spherical, barrel-shaped and segmented. (v) Some were decorated by incising or PAINTING and some had designs etched onto them. (vi) Techniques for making beads differcd according to the MATERIAL. Steatite a very soft stone was easily worked. Carnelian was obtained by firing raw material and beads at various stages of production. (vii) Nodules were chipped into rough shapes, and then finely flaked into the final form. (viii) Grinding, polishing and drilling completed the process. (ix) It is likely that finished products such as beads from Chanhudaro were TAKEN to large urban CENTRES such as Mohenjodaro and Harappa. |
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| 323. |
The Early rulers considered themselves as Gods? Explain it with examples. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Our means of claimming high status was to identify with a variety of details . This strategy is best exemplified by the Kushanas(C first century BCE first century CE), who ruled over a vast kingdom extending from Central Asia to north west INDIA. (ii) The history of Kushanas has been reconstructed from INSCRIPTIONS and textual traditions. The notions of kingship they wished to project are perhaps best evidenced in their coins and sculpture. (iii) Colossal statues of Kushana rulers have been found installed in shrine in Afghanistan as well. Some historians fell that kushanas considered themselves as godlike. (iv) Many Kushana rulers also adopted they title of devaputra or "Son of god" . By the forth century there is evidence of LARGER states, including the Gupta Empire. Many of these depended on Samantas, men whomaintained themselves through local resources including control over land. (v) Powerful samantas could become king conversely. WEAK rulers might fund themselves being reduced to the positions of subordination. (vi) Histories of the Gupta rulers have been reconstruted from literature, coins and inscriptions, including prashastis composed in praise of kings in particular and patrons in General by poets. (vii) Historians attempted to draw factual information from such compositions, those who composed and read them often trasured them as works of poetry rather than whocomposed and read them. (viii) The prayag prayag prashasti (also known as the Allahabad pillar inscription) composed in SANSKRIT by Harisena, the courtpoet ofSamundragupta, arguably the most powerful of the Gupta rulers (C fourth century CE), is a case in point. |
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| 324. |
Who were Dhamma Mahamattas? What was their role? |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Ashoka created a class of special officers CALLED dhamma Mahamattas. (II) The duty of these officers was to enforce the message of Dhamma. They were required to look after the welfare of different sects and enforce rules regarding SANCTITY of ANIMAL life . |
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| 325. |
Prove with the help of examples that the Harappans had established their contacts with Western Asia for purchase/exchange of artifacts. |
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Answer» Solution :The Harappans had established their contacts with Western Asia for the purchase and exchange of artifacts. Here are some EXAMPLES: (i)Recent archaeological finds indicate that copper was probably brought from Oman, situated on the southeastern tip of the Arabian peninsula. (ii) Chemical analyses have SHOWN that both the Omani copper and Harappan artefacts have traces of nickel, SUGGESTING a common origin. (iii) A distinctive type of vessel, a large Harappan jar coated with a thick layer of black clay has been found at sites in Oman. Such thick coatings prevent the percolation of liquids. It is possible that the Harappans exchanged the contents of these vessels for Omani copper. (iv)MESOPOTAMIAN texts mention contact with REGIONS named Dilmun (probably the island of Bahrain), Magan and Meluhha, possibly the Harappan region. They mention the products from Meluhha: carnelian, lapis lazuli, copper, gold, and varieties of wood. |
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| 326. |
"Abul Fazl has described the ideal of Sulh-i-Kul of Akbar as the corner-stone of his enlightened rule." Justify. |
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Answer» Solution :Sulh-i-Kul as describe by Abul Fazl was absolute peace as the corner stone of enlightened rule. Mughal chronicles present the empire as comprising many different ethnic and religious communities-Hindus, Jainas, ZOROASTRIANS and Mislims. As the source of all peace and stability the emperor stored above all religions and ethnic groups, mediated among them, and ensured that justice and peace prevailed. In Sulh-i-Kul all religions and schools of THOUGHT had freedom of expression but on condition that they did not undermine the authority of state or fight among themselves. The idea of Sullhi-Kul was implemented through state policies in which NOBILITIES comprising of Iranis, Turanis, Afgans, Rajputs, Deccanis all of whom were given positions and awards purely on the basis of thcir service and loyalty to the king. Akbar abolished the tax of pilgrimage in 1563 and Jizya in 1564 as the two were BASED on religious DISCRIMINATION for which instructions were sent to officers of the empire to follow of Sulk-i-Kul in administation. All Mugal emoerous gave grants to support the building and maintenance of place of worship. |
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| 327. |
With which one of the following is the 'Tennis Court oath' associated ? |
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Answer» ENGLISH REVOLUTION |
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| 328. |
write a short note on rise of Magdha ? |
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Answer» Solution :Between the sixth and the fourth centuries BCE, Magadha (Bihar) became the most powerful mahajanapada. Modern historians explain this development in the variety of ways. (i) Magadha was a REGION where agriculture was especially productive. Besides, iron mines were accessible and provided resources for tools and weapons. (ii) Elephants, an important component of the army, were found in forests in the region. TheGanga and its tributaries provided a means of cheap and convenient communications. (iii) Early Buddhist and Jaina writers attributed itspower to the polices of individuals like Bimbisara, Ajatasatru and Mahapadma Nanda who were ruthlessly ambitious kingand thier ministers, who helped them to implements their POLICIES. (iv) Rajagaha was the capital of Magadha, a fortified settlement located AMONG hills later in the `4^(TH)` sentury BCE, the capital was shifted to Pataliputra (i.e. Patna) commanding routes of communication along the Ganga . |
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| 329. |
Describe some of the distinctive features of Mohenjodaro. |
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Answer» Solution :(a) Planned City: It was a planned URBAN centre. It had two parts. One part of the city was small. It was built on a higher place. The second part was comparatively LARGE. It was built on a lower place. The first part was designed as citadel which owed its HEIGHT to the fact that it was built on mud brick platform. It had walls on all sides and these walls were separated from the lower town. (b) The Lower Town: It was also walled. Most of the buildings were built on platforms. In fact, these platforms were considered as foundation stones. It required huge quantity of labour force to build these platforms. It is obvious that settlement was first planned and then implementedas per the building plan. Quality of sun-dried bricks or baked bricks also prove the concept of planning. All the bricks were of standard ratio. The length and width was four times and twice the height of the bricks respectively. (c ) Drainage System: The drainage system was well-planned. All the roads and streets were laid out on a grid pattern. They intersect one another at right angles. It seems that streets FEATURING drains were laid out first and houses were built thereafter alongwith them. To make the flow of domestic water, every house had at least one wall along the street. (d) Citadel: Warehouse and Great Bath are found in the citadel. The Great Bath, a large rectangular tank in a courtyard surrounded by a corridor on all four sides. It was made watertight setting bricks on edge and using a mortar of gypsum. It was not for some kind of special ritual bath. (i) The Warehouse (Granarises): In the Citadel of Harappa, MANY granarieswere found. The grain was stored in these granaries. (ii) The Great Bath: The msot striking building discovered at Mohenjodaro is the Great Bath situated in the Citadel mound. Its water was discharged into a huge drain connected to main drain on the street. The wall of its pool were made water tight using bricks, gypsum and mortar. |
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| 330. |
Describe the role played bywomen in agriculturalproduction . |
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Answer» Solution :(a) Woman played an important role in agricultural production. They worked shoulder toshoulder with men in the fields. The men TILLED and PLOUGHED the lands while the women showed. weededand threshed the harvest. Agricultural production atthe time was carried out with thelabourand resources of the entire village. (b)Thewomen performed important tasks such as spinning yarn, kneading clay for pottery and embroidery. Thus, the peasant women who were skilledartisans worked not only in the fields but even went to their employer.s houses and even tot he markets, if necessary. (c)Among the landed GENTRY class, women had the rightto inheritproperty. Womenincluding widowsparticipated in the rural landmarket, SELLING property which theyhad inherited, especially in the Punjab. (d)Both Hindu and Muslim women inherited zamindaris. Theywere free to sell or mortgagetheir zamindar right.Ineighteenth century , BENGAL had many women - zamindars. In fact, the Rajshah zamindari whichwas one of the most famous of the time was headed by a woman . |
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| 331. |
Write any two sources of Mauryan history? |
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Answer» SOLUTION :(i) ARTHASHASTRA of KAUTILYA. (II) Ashoka.s INSCRIPTIONS. |
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| 332. |
Describe the various states through which Mahabharata was completed between the fifth century BCE and CE. |
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Answer» Solution :States through which Mahabharata was completed: (i) The original story was compiled by charioteer-bards KNOWN as Sutas. They were accompanied by Kshatriya warrior to the battle field. They composed the victory scene and achievement of different warrior groups, which were circular in the mob orally. (ii) From the fifth CENTURY BCE, the Brahman began to write it in a more elaborated form. Then it attained the epic form. The original story of Mahabharata revolves around the Kuru and Panchala. Both have attained status of kingdom from the chiefdom. (iii) The new KINGS of the time wanted to record (write) the achievement, and to preserve them in a more systematic way. Old prevalent social values were changed with new norms. It was an upheaval task to rewrite this epical story. (iv) The next phase of compilation was started between 2nd century BCE and 2nd century CE. It was that time when the worship of Lord Vishnu became quite important. (v) The most important character of this epic .Krishna. came to be identified with Lord Vishnu. (vi) Between the 2nd and 4th centuries CE many didactic sections, .MANUSMRITI. were added to it. (vii) The original text of Mahabharata had 1000 verses. It went to 1,00,000 VERSE. The composition of this version was attributed to a famous Sage-Ved Vyasa. |
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| 333. |
Explain the difference between towns of North India and South India, in pre British times. |
| Answer» Solution :(i) The main focus of North Indian.s Towns, was ORIENTED TOWARDS the palace mughal POWER and the main mosque. InAgra, Lahore and Delhi. (ii) Whereas in SOUTHERN Indian Towns, main focus of Towns was the temple-town KANCHIPURAM, Madurai. | |
| 334. |
Fatalists and materialists Here is an excerpt from the sutta Pitaka , describing a conversation between king Ajatasattu, the ruler of Magadha , and the Buddha: On one occasion King Ajatasattu visited the Buddha and described what another teacher named Makkhali Gosala, had told him: "Thought the wise should hope, by this virtue... by this penance I will gain karma .....and the fool should by the same means hope to gradually rid himself of his karma,neither of them can do it , Pleasure and pain , measured out as it were , cannot be altered in the course of samsara (transmigration)It can neither be lessened or increased ...........just as a ball of string will when thrown unwind to its full length , so fool and wise alike will take their course and make an end of sorrow. '' And this is what a philosopher named Ajita Kesakambalin taught : ''There is no such thing , O king , as alms or sacrifice, or offerings .........there is no such thing as this world or the next ..... A human being is made up of the four elements . When he dies the earthy in him returns to the earth , the fluid to water , the heat to fire , the windy to air , and his senses pass into space...... The talk of gifts is a doctrine of fools , an empty lie........ fools and wise alike are cut off and perish . They do not survive after death. '' The first teacher belonged to the tradition of the Ajivikas. They have often been described as fatalists : those who believe that everything is predetermined . The second teacher belonged to the tradition of the Lokayatas, usually described as materialists . Texts from thesetraditions have not survived , so we knowabout them only from the works of other traditions. By what another name Ajivika tradition is known ? |
| Answer» SOLUTION :It is ALSO KNOWN as FATALISTS. | |
| 335. |
Fatalists and materialists Here is an excerpt from the sutta Pitaka , describing a conversation between king Ajatasattu, the ruler of Magadha , and the Buddha: On one occasion King Ajatasattu visited the Buddha and described what another teacher named Makkhali Gosala, had told him: "Thought the wise should hope, by this virtue... by this penance I will gain karma .....and the fool should by the same means hope to gradually rid himself of his karma,neither of them can do it , Pleasure and pain , measured out as it were , cannot be altered in the course of samsara (transmigration)It can neither be lessened or increased ...........just as a ball of string will when thrown unwind to its full length , so fool and wise alike will take their course and make an end of sorrow. '' And this is what a philosopher named Ajita Kesakambalin taught : ''There is no such thing , O king , as alms or sacrifice, or offerings .........there is no such thing as this world or the next ..... A human being is made up of the four elements . When he dies the earthy in him returns to the earth , the fluid to water , the heat to fire , the windy to air , and his senses pass into space...... The talk of gifts is a doctrine of fools , an empty lie........ fools and wise alike are cut off and perish . They do not survive after death. '' The first teacher belonged to the tradition of the Ajivikas. They have often been described as fatalists : those who believe that everything is predetermined . The second teacher belonged to the tradition of the Lokayatas, usually described as materialists . Texts from thesetraditions have not survived , so we know about them only from the works of other traditions. Distinguish in brief between fatalists and materialists . |
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Answer» Solution :(a) Fatalists belonged to the Ajivika tradition while the materialists belonged to Lokayata tradition. (B) ACCORDING to fatalists , everything in life was pre - DESTINED and could not be changed . Materialists considered the TALK of gift and donation as a doctrine of TOOL . They did not delieve in alms, sacrifice or offerings. |
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| 336. |
Fatalists and materialists Here is an excerpt from the sutta Pitaka , describing a conversation between king Ajatasattu, the ruler of Magadha , and the Buddha: On one occasion King Ajatasattu visited the Buddha and described what another teacher named Makkhali Gosala, had told him: "Thought the wise should hope, by this virtue... by this penance I will gain karma .....and the fool should by the same means hope to gradually rid himself of his karma,neither of them can do it , Pleasure and pain , measured out as it were , cannot be altered in the course of samsara (transmigration)It can neither be lessened or increased ...........just as a ball of string will when thrown unwind to its full length , so fool and wise alike will take their course and make an end of sorrow. '' And this is what a philosopher named Ajita Kesakambalin taught : ''There is no such thing , O king , as alms or sacrifice, or offerings .........there is no such thing as this world or the next ..... A human being is made up of the four elements . When he dies the earthy in him returns to the earth , the fluid to water , the heat to fire , the windy to air , and his senses pass into space...... The talk of gifts is a doctrine of fools , an empty lie........ fools and wise alike are cut off and perish . They do not survive after death. '' The first teacher belonged to the tradition of the Ajivikas. They have often been described as fatalists : those who believe that everything is predetermined . The second teacher belonged to the tradition of the Lokayatas, usually described as materialists . Texts from thesetraditions have not survived , so we know about them only from the works of other traditions. Write any two principles of Fatalists. |
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Answer» SOLUTION :(a) They believed in the theory of Karma. (B) Each INDIVIDUAL suffers PLEASURE and pain according to his deeds . |
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| 337. |
Explain the numerous roles of village artisans in the 16th and 17th centureis. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) A large number of sculptors LIVED in the villagesin the 16th and 17th centuries, as we know from the Marathi documents and the BRITISH surveys. It is clear that in many villages, the sculptors AMOUNTED to 25% ofthe total population of the village. (II)Sometimes it was difficult to distinguish between the sculptors and the farmers. It was so because there were many groups which performedboth the functions besides potters,ironsmiths,weavers and barbers also rendered theirservice to the village. (iii)They goteither a piece of land or a part of crop for the servicerenderedby them . (iv)In the 18th century , the zamindars, theironsmiths,the weavers andthe GOLD- smiths of Bengal used to get daily allowance for food in respect of theirservices. It wascalled thejajmani system . |
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| 338. |
Fatalists and materialists Here is an excerpt from the sutta Pitaka , describing a conversation between king Ajatasattu, the ruler of Magadha , and the Buddha: On one occasion King Ajatasattu visited the Buddha and described what another teacher named Makkhali Gosala, had told him: "Thought the wise should hope, by this virtue... by this penance I will gain karma .....and the fool should by the same means hope to gradually rid himself of his karma,neither of them can do it , Pleasure and pain , measured out as it were , cannot be altered in the course of samsara (transmigration)It can neither be lessened or increased ...........just as a ball of string will when thrown unwind to its full length , so fool and wise alike will take their course and make an end of sorrow. '' And this is what a philosopher named Ajita Kesakambalin taught : ''There is no such thing , O king , as alms or sacrifice, or offerings .........there is no such thing as this world or the next ..... A human being is made up of the four elements . When he dies the earthy in him returns to the earth , the fluid to water , the heat to fire , the windy to air , and his senses pass into space...... The talk of gifts is a doctrine of fools , an empty lie........ fools and wise alike are cut off and perish . They do not survive after death. '' The first teacher belonged to the tradition of the Ajivikas. They have often been described as fatalists : those who believe that everything is predetermined . The second teacher belonged to the tradition of the Lokayatas, usually described as materialists . Texts from thesetraditions have not survived , so we knowabout them only from the works of other traditions. What were Makkhali Gosala's opinions about joy and sorrow ? |
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Answer» Solution :According to them both joy and sorrow are the part of life. They cannot be ALTERED in the COURSE of TRANSMIGRATION . They can NEVER be increased or DECREASED . |
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| 339. |
Fatalists and materialists Here is an excerpt from the sutta Pitaka , describing a conversation between king Ajatasattu, the ruler of Magadha , and the Buddha: On one occasion King Ajatasattu visited the Buddha and described what another teacher named Makkhali Gosala, had told him: "Thought the wise should hope, by this virtue... by this penance I will gain karma .....and the fool should by the same means hope to gradually rid himself of his karma,neither of them can do it , Pleasure and pain , measured out as it were , cannot be altered in the course of samsara (transmigration)It can neither be lessened or increased ...........just as a ball of string will when thrown unwind to its full length , so fool and wise alike will take their course and make an end of sorrow. '' And this is what a philosopher named Ajita Kesakambalin taught : ''There is no such thing , O king , as alms or sacrifice, or offerings .........there is no such thing as this world or the next ..... A human being is made up of the four elements . When he dies the earthy in him returns to the earth , the fluid to water , the heat to fire , the windy to air , and his senses pass into space...... The talk of gifts is a doctrine of fools , an empty lie........ fools and wise alike are cut off and perish . They do not survive after death. '' The first teacher belonged to the tradition of the Ajivikas. They have often been described as fatalists : those who believe that everything is predetermined . The second teacher belonged to the tradition of the Lokayatas, usually described as materialists . Texts from thesetraditions have not survived , so we knowabout them only from the works of other traditions. How many elements is a human being made - up of ? What happens after his death ? |
| Answer» Solution :A human being is made - up of four elements. When he PASSES AWAY , i.e. dies the EARTHY in him return to earth , the fluid to water , the heat to fire, the windy to air and his SENSES pass into space. | |
| 340. |
Fatalists and materialists Here is an excerpt from the sutta Pitaka , describing a conversation between king Ajatasattu, the ruler of Magadha , and the Buddha: On one occasion King Ajatasattu visited the Buddha and described what another teacher named Makkhali Gosala, had told him: "Thought the wise should hope, by this virtue... by this penance I will gain karma .....and the fool should by the same means hope to gradually rid himself of his karma,neither of them can do it , Pleasure and pain , measured out as it were , cannot be altered in the course of samara (transmigration)It can neither be lessened or increased ...........just as a ball of string will when thrown unwind to its full length , so fool and wise alike will take their course and make an end of sorrow. '' And this is what a philosopher named Ajita Kesakambalin taught : ''There is no such thing , O king , as alms or sacrifice, or offerings .........there is no such thing as this world or the next ..... A human being is made up of the four elements . When he dies the earthy in him returns to the earth , the fluid to water , the heat to fire , the windy to air , and his senses pass into space...... The talk of gifts is a doctrine of fools , an empty lie........ fools and wise alike are cut off and perish . They do not survive after death. '' The first teacher belonged to the tradition of the Ajivikas. They have often been described as fatalists : those who believe that everything is predetermined . The second teacher belonged to the tradition of the Lokayatas, usually described as materialists . Texts from these traditions have not survived , so we know about them only from the works of other traditions. From where has this excerpt been taken ? |
| Answer» SOLUTION :This EXCERPT has been TAKEN from SUTTA Pitaka. | |
| 341. |
Fatalists and materialists Here is an excerpt from the sutta Pitaka , describing a conversation between king Ajatasattu, the ruler of Magadha , and the Buddha: On one occasion King Ajatasattu visited the Buddha and described what another teacher named Makkhali Gosala, had told him: "Thought the wise should hope, by this virtue... by this penance I will gain karma .....and the fool should by the same means hope to gradually rid himself of his karma,neither of them can do it , Pleasure and pain , measured out as it were , cannot be altered in the course of samsara (transmigration)It can neither be lessened or increased ...........just as a ball of string will when thrown unwind to its full length , so fool and wise alike will take their course and make an end of sorrow. '' And this is what a philosopher named Ajita Kesakambalin taught : ''There is no such thing , O king , as alms or sacrifice, or offerings .........there is no such thing as this world or the next ..... A human being is made up of the four elements . When he dies the earthy in him returns to the earth , the fluid to water , the heat to fire , the windy to air , and his senses pass into space...... The talk of gifts is a doctrine of fools , an empty lie........ fools and wise alike are cut off and perish . They do not survive after death. '' The first teacher belonged to the tradition of the Ajivikas. They have often been described as fatalists : those who believe that everything is predetermined . The second teacher belonged to the tradition of the Lokayatas, usually described as materialists . Texts from thesetraditions have not survived , so we knowabout them only from the works of other traditions. What does it describe ? |
| Answer» SOLUTION :The EXCERPT described the DIALOGUE between Ajatasattu and LORD Buddha. | |
| 342. |
The following is an excerpt from the Mahabharata, in which Yudhisthira, the eldest son of Pandava, speaks to Sanjay, a messenger. Sanjaya, convey my respectful greetings to all the Brahmanas and the chief priest of the house of Dhritarashtra. I bow respectfully to teacher Drona ... I hold the feet of our preceptor Kripa ... (and) the chief of the Kurus, the great Bhishma. I bow respectfully to the old king (Dhritarashtra). I greet and ask after the health of his son Duryodhana and his younger brother ... Also greet all the young Kuru warriors who are our brothers, sons and grandsons ... Greet above all him, who is to us like father and mother, the wise Vidura (born of a slave woman) ... I bow to the elderly ladies who are known as our mothers. To those who are our wives you say this, "I hope they are well- protected"... Our daughters-in-law born of good families and mothers of children greet on my behalf. Embrace for me those who are our daughters ... The beautiful, fragrant, well-dressed courtesans of ours you should also greet. Greet the slave women and their children, greet the aged, the maimed (and) the helpless ... Try and identify the criteria used to make this list in terms of age, gender, kinship ties. Are there any other criteria? For each category, explain why they are placed in a particular position in the list. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Not only the age, GENDER and kinship ties but there were other factors too which were considered to prepare the list. (ii) Gender DIFFERENCES played an important role in early societies explaining social relations, kinship, access to property and position within HOUSEHOLD. (iii) The Brahmana, the Purohits and Gurus were bestowed the highest honours. They were respected widely. (iv) Fraternal kins were also given respect and considered like parents. People who were equal age of younger were considered at third rank. (v) Mother was ranked highest among females due to age and because of queen mother. The daughter-in-laws were placed higher than daughters as they belonged to the KURU family and rules of marriage. The children were placed higher to the aged and maimed. |
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| 343. |
Analyse the impact of cotton boom in India during the American Civil War. |
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Answer» Solution :Impact of cotton boom in India during the American civil war: (i) When thc American Civil War broke out in 1861, a wave of PANIC spread in Britain. (ii) As cotton prices soared export merchants in (Bombay) Mumbai were keen to mect the British demand. (iii) They GAVE ADVANCES to urban sahukars who in turn extended credit to rural moneylenders who promised to secure the produce. (iv) The ryots in the Deccan villages suddenly found limitless credit. (v) While the American crisis continued, cotton production in the Bombay Deccan expanded. By 1862 over 90 percentof cotron imports into Britain were coming from India. (vi) As the Civil war ended, cotton production in America revived and INDIAN cotton exports declined. |
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| 344. |
Write any two features of Krishnadeva Raya's rule. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Everyone was free to adopt the religion of his choice in his rule (empire). (ii) He maintained a STRICT control over government officials. Culprits were severely PUNISHED. He MADE every EFFORT for the WELFARE of his people. |
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| 345. |
How did the Congress come to change its view on Partition? |
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Answer» Solution :(i) A united India ,was the main AIM of the Congress throught the nationalist struggle Congress acceptance of partition has to be viewed in the light of the political situation that faced them. (ii)Muslim League got a poor social support in 1937 elections where it polled only 4.4% of the total Muslim vote. To create a MASS base, the Muslim League increasingly began to adopt communal politics and projected itself as a sole representative of Muslim interests. TheMuslim League moved the Pakistan RESOLUTION demanding a separate state for Muslims in 1940. (iii) The Congress could not succeed to bring Muslims masses into the nationalist mainstream and since 1937 to stem the advancing tide of Muslim communalism. Congress also failed to educate the Muslim masses politically. (iv) The Congress high command agreed to divide Punjab into two parts ,ONE part would consist ,of the Hindus -Sikh majority and other part would consist of the Muslim-majority areas. The Sikhs feared that their refusal to the partition of Punjab may lead them to be over powered by the Muslims. (VI) The same situation was in Bengal. The Bhadralok Bengali Hindus wanted to retain political power with them. As Hindus were in minority ,they favoured the partition. they believed that partition would help to retain political dominance. |
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| 346. |
Analyse the impact of American Civil War on the Tives of the Ryots in Deccan country-stde. |
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Answer» Solution :The American CIVIL War affected the lives of ryots in following ways: ltbrlt (i) BRITAIN was heavily dependent on America for its supply of raw cotton. To reduce this dependency they were always on the lookout for alternative sources on the lookout for alternative sources of supply. For this purpose they ESTABLISHED the Cotton Supply Association in 1857 and the Manchester Cofton Company in 1859. The objective of both was to encourage cotton production the world especially India. When the American Civil War broke out, supply of cotton to Britain drastically dropped. Frantic messages were sent to India and elsewhere increase cotton exports to Britain. Consequently, merchants gave advances to urban sahukars who in curn extended credit to rural moneylenders to acquire more cotton. (IV)While the American crisis continued, cotton production in the Bombay Deccan expanded Betwecn 1860 and 1864 cotton acreage doubled. By 1862 over 90 per cent of cotton imports into Britain were coming from India. But these boom years did not bring prosperity to all cotton producers. Some rich peasants did gain, but for the large majority, cotton expansion meant heavier debt. (v) The moneylenders made the lives of ryots miserable. The ryots came to see the moneylenders as devious and deceitful. The moneylenders were violating the customary norms of the countryside. The credit flow to the ryots was Many ryots lost their lands, homes and resources to the moneylender. |
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| 347. |
What do you mean by Tipitaka ? Write their names. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) The teachings of BUDDHA were compiled by his disciples at a council of senior monks at Vaishali . These COMPILATIONS were known as TIPITAKA . It literally means three BASKETS to hold different type of texts. (ii) (a) Vinaya Pitaka , (b) Sutta Pitaka , Abhidhamma . |
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| 348. |
"Historians have used a veriety of sources to reconstruct the history of the Mauryan Empire." Explain. |
| Answer» SOLUTION : Historians have used VARIETY of SOurces to reconstruct the history of the Mauryan Empire. The ie include archaeological finds, especially sculure. Also valuable are contemporary works, such as the account of MEGASTHENES (a Greek ambassador to the court of Chandragupta Maurya), which survives in fragments. Another source that is OFTEN used in the Arthashastra, parts of which were probably composed by Kautilya Chanakya, traditionally believed to be the minister of Chandragupta. Besides, the Mauryas are mentioned in la er Buddhist, JAINA and Puranic literature, as well as in Sanskrit literary works. While these are useful, the inscriptions of Asoka (c. 272/268-231 BCE) on rocks and pillars are often regarded as amongst the most valuable sources. | |
| 349. |
Describe any two features of the Fort St. George of White Town, where most of the Europeans lived. |
| Answer» Solution :(i) In these TOWNS WHITE people lived. (ii) These towns had wide roads, barracks, churches and parade ground. (III) The cantonment areas were also DEVELOPED at safe places | |
| 350. |
Why was administration of the Vijayanagara empire famous ? |
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Answer» Solution :The administration of Vijayanagara empire was FAMOUS because (i) It was based on the will of the people. (ii) ADMINISTRATIVE officers were very capable and HONEST. (III) POLICY of religious tolerance was adopted by the Rayas (Rulers) of the Vijayanagara empire. |
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