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351.

What were the incidences that ledSiddhartha to leave the palace and set out in search of truth ?

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SOLUTION :(i) Siddhartha was deeply ANGUISHED when he saw an OLD man, a sick man and a corpse , when he ROAMED outside the palace .
(ii) He realized that the decay and destruction of the human body was inevitable. Siddhartha adopted the same path he left the palace and set out in SEARCH of his own truth.
Discussion
352.

"The discussion within the Constituent Assembly were also influenced by the opinion expressed by the public" Examine the statement.

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Solution :The Constituent Assembly encouraged PUBLIC debate and it was always influenced by the opinion expressed by public. All the reports of Constituent Assembly published in leading newspapers to help people.s participation in framing CONSTITUTION.
(i) All India Varnashrama Swarajya suggested that our constitution should enshrine the PRINCIPAL values of ancient Hindu TEXTS.
(ii) The demand of religious minorities should be specially safeguarded.
(iii) Some people argued that abattoirs should be closed.
(iv) Cow-slaughter should be prohibited.
(v) Caste-based discrimination must be abolished.
(vi) The people of lower caste demanded reservation of seats in legislature as WELL as in government departments.
Discussion
353.

Name the famous work written by Bernier. What did he write about sati system?

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Solution :(i) The famous work written by BERNIER is Travels in the Mughal EMPIRE..
(ii) Sati system was prevalent in the Indian society. t was a very pitiable situation for a woman in which the widow was asked to sit on the funeral pyre of her husband. Ifthe widow refused to do so, she was COMPELLED to do FORCIBLY.
Discussion
354.

Outline the distinctive features of the Virupaksha temple and the Vitthala temple in the Royal Centre of Vijayanagara Empire.

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Solution :(i) The Mahanavami Dibba was the king palace in Vijayanagara though there is no definite evidence. From the available sources, it is assumed that it had very beautiful wooden structure with base of the platform covered with relief carvings.
(ii) The Mahanavami Dibba had a very impressive platform known as " the audience hall". It was surrounded by high double walls with a street running between them.
(iii) Many rituals were associated with the Mahanavami dibba. Here the Hindu festival Mahanavami or Navaratri were celebrated with a great pomp and show in the months of September-October . This festival continued for `9` days. The rulers of Vijayanagara empire displayed their power, prestige and suzerainty.
B. On this occasion, several ceremonies were performed which included :
(i) Worship of the different gods and goddesses
(ii) Worship of the state horse.
(iii) The sacrifice of buffaloes and other animals.
(iv) The main attraction of this occasion were :
(a) Dances
(b) Wrestling matches
(c ) Processions of horses, elephants, chariots and soldiers.

All these ceremonies were presented before the king and his guests. On the last day of the festival, the king INSPECTED his army as well as the nayakas of the army. He also accepted gift from the nayakas.
(i) The Virupaksha temple was built in `9th-10th` CENTURY, but enlarged with the establishment of Vijayanagara empire. The Vijaranagara ruler Krishnadeva Raya constructed a hall in the front of the temple to mark his accession.
(ii) The hall is decorated with beautiful engraving on the pillar. He also get constructed a gopuram in the temple which is `52` m high.
B. The hall in the temple was used for a variety of purposes.
(i) In this hall the images of gods were placed to witness special programme of music, dance and drama.
(ii) It was also used to celebrate the marriage of deities. Swing for deities was also INSTALLED in the hall. The Vitthala temple is in Hampi. It was constructed by Krishnadeva Raya in `1513`. Although the construction work was started by Krishnadeva Raya, it also continued after his death. This beautiful temple is DEDICATED to Vitthala or the Vishnu.
(i) This temple is constructed in a compound measuring `152` `94` metre and has three beautiful Gopurams.
(ii) There are `48` magnificent pillars in Kalyana Mandapa which have been carved out of rocks.
(iii) The artistic work on the pillar is very beautiful.
(iv) A chariot built in the front of the temple add to beauty of the temple.
Discussion
355.

Who was Cunningham ? Mention any one account used by him to locate the early settlements of Harappa civilization.

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Solution : Alexander Cunningham the first Director- General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASD), often called the FATHER of Indian archaeology. He used the ACCOUNTS LEFT by Chinese Buddhist pilgrime who had visited the SUBCONTINENT between the FOURTH and seventh centuries.
Discussion
356.

What was Damin-i-Koh PWhy did Santhals resist against Britishers during eighteenth century? Give three reasons

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Solution :Damn-i-Koh was the name given to the forested hilly areas in RAJMAHAL hills in Jharkhand in 1832 The SANTHALS, who were settled in Damin-E-Koh, were roused to revolt by two Santhal leaders aganst the Bansh colonists and the zamindars. The objective was to collect taxes. Santhals soon found that the land they btought under cult from their hands. The state was levying heavy taxes on the land. The money lenders (ddus) were chargng them HIGH RATES of interest and talking over the land when debts REMAINED unpaid. The zamindars were asserting control over the Damin area It was also an attempt to establish Santhal identity which in later years paved way for their own province.
Discussion
357.

On a map of India, mark and name the following: (a) Cholas, Chera, Pandyas Kingdoms and Satavahanas empire. (b) Any five major states of 6th century CE.

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SOLUTION :
Discussion
358.

Name the tegion where the Lottery Committee initiated town planning during the 18th century Mention any one feature of it

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Solution :Lottery COMMITTEE:
(i) Lottery committee initiated in Kolkata (Calcutta).
(ii) Features
(a) It collected funds for town improvement which were raised through public lotteries.
(b) The Lottery Committee commissioned a new map of the city so as to get a comprehensive PICTURE of Kolkata (Calcutra).
(C) The Committee's major activities were road building in the Indian part of the city and clearing the river bank of "ENCROACHMENTS"
(d) Removing huts for cleaner city and displacing thelabouring poor who were pushed to the OUTSKIRTS of Kolkata (Calcutta).
Discussion
359.

How did architectural features of Mohenjodaro indicate planning? Support with suitable examples

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Solution : (i) The most unique feature of the Harappan civilization was the development of Urban centers. Harappan settlement is divided into two sections. Archacologists designate these as the citadel and the lower town respectively.
(ii) The settlement was first planned and then implemented as per the plan other signs of PLANNING COMPRISE bricks, which, whether sun-dried or baked, were of a standardised ratio Such bricks were used at all Harappan settlements.
(iii) One of the most distinctive features of Harappan cities was the CAREFULLY planned drainage system. Roads and STREETS were lid out along an used to be savior of British in earlier peasant and thal revolts.
(iv) There was a lot of Hindu-Muslim unity and British could not divide them despite many efforts.ap proximate 'grid' PATTERN, intersecting at right angles.
(v) The Great Bath was a large rectangular tank in a courtyard surrounded by a planned corridor or all four sides. There wete rooms on three sides. The uniqueness of the structure has led scholars to suggest that it was meant for some kind of special ritual bath.
Discussion
360.

How was the social life in the new cities of the nineteenth century India? Elaborate.

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SOLUTION :(i) For the Indian population, the new cities were bewildering PLACES where life seemed always in a flux. There was a dramatic contrast between extreme wealth and poverty. (ii) New transport facilities such as horse DRAWN carriages and subsequently, trams and buses meant that people could live at a distance from the city centre. Over time there was a gradual separation of the place of work from the place of residence. Travelling from home to office or the factory was a completely new kind of experience. (iii) Also, though the sense of coherence and familiarity of the old towns was no longer there, the creation of public places - for example, public parks, theatres and from the twentieth century, cinema halls provided exciting new forms of entertainment and social interaction. (iv) Within the cities new social groups were formed and the old identities of people were no longer important. All classes of people were migrating to the big cities. There was an increasing demand for clerks, teachers, lawyers, doctors, engineers and accountants. As a result the middle classes increased. (v) They had access to new educational institutions such as schools, colleges and libraries. As educated people, they could put forward their opinions on society and government in newspapers, journals and public meetings. (vi) A new public sphere of debate and discussion emerged. Social customs, norms and practices came to be questioned. Social changes did not happen with ease. Cities, forinstance, offered new opportunities for women. Middle-class women sought to express themselves through the medium of journals, autobiographies and books. (vii) But many people resented these attempts to change traditional patriarchal norms. Conservatives feared that the education of women would turn the world upside down, and threaten the basis of the entire social order. Even reformers who supported women.s education saw women primarily as mothers and wives, and wanted them to remain within the enclosed SPACES of the household. (viii) Over time, women became more visible in public, as they ENTERED new professions in the city as domestic and factory workers, teachers, and theatre and film actresses. But for a long time women who moved out of the household into public spaces remained the objects of social censure.
Discussion
361.

Mention the rituals associated with Mahanavami dibba, situated in the Royal centre of Vijayanagara.

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Solution :(i) WORSHIP of various gods and goddesses.
(ii) Worship of state HORSE and SACRIFICE of BUFFALOES and other animals.
Discussion
362.

What led to the development of docks and ghats?

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SOLUTION :In India, economic ACTIVITY near the RIVER or the sea led to the development of docks and ghats.
Discussion
363.

Where is the Virupaksha temple ? By what other name is it known ?

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Solution :The Virupaksha TEMPLE is in Hampi . The another NAME of this temple is PAMPADEVI temple.
Discussion
364.

What were the recommendations given by the constituent assembly to resolve the problems of untouchables?

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Solution :(i) Untouchability should be ABOLISHED in any FORM.
(ii) The HINDU TEMPLES should be opened for all without any restriction.
Discussion
365.

Who was John Marshall? How did he mark a change in the Indian Archaeology?

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Solution :(i) John MARSHALL was the Director General of ASI.
(ii) He was interested in new findings and LOOKED for patterns of EVERY day life.
(iii) He tended to EXCAVATE along regular horizontal units measured uniformaly THROUGHOUT the mound, ignoring the stratigraphy of the site.
Discussion
366.

How did the panchayat ensure that caste-system should beviolated ?

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SOLUTION :(i) During the Mughal PERIOD the village panchayat was an assembly of ELDERS but in mixed-caste villages. Itwas USUALLY a heterogenousbody butthe DECISIONS of the panchayatswerebinding on all the members.
(ii)The main function ofthe panchayatwas touphold and ensure thatall the people lived within caste boundaries.
(iii) In many parts of eastern India. all the marriageswere held in the presence of the mandal.
(iv)In other words, the panchayat played a significantrole in the prevention of caste- based offences. It could even expel anyonefrom the community . Itcould also imposefines.
Discussion
367.

Describe the rituals associated with the Mahanavami Dibba.

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Solution :A (i) The Mahanavami Dibba was a massive place formed in the capital city of Vijayanagara empire, Hampi. It had a base of about `11000 sq.` feet, having a height of FORTY feet.
(ii) The base of the platform was covered with RELIEF carvings, which added to the beauty of Mahanavami Dibba. Here, the Hindu festival Mahanavami or Navaratri were celebrated eith great enthusiasm in the months of September-October.
(iii) This festival was celebrated for nine days. It was the time when the Rayas (RULERS) of Vijayanagara expressed their POWER and prestige.
B. On this occasion, following rituals and ceremonies were HELD:
(i) The sacrifice of buffaloes and other animals were made. Prayers were offered to the state gods and goddess. State horse was worshipped.
(ii) Not only this, dances, wrestling and other entertaining items such as procession of caparisoned horses, elephants, and soldiers on their horses were also performed.
(iii) On this occasion, the Nayakas and subordinate kings offered precious gifts to the Raja. On the last day, the Raja inspected his army and accepted gifts and tributes.
Discussion
368.

Describe the drainage system of the Harappan cities.

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Solution : The most distincuve teature of Harappan cities was the Carefully planned drainage system. In the lower town, the roads and streets were LATD CUT an approximate grid" pattetn, INTERSECTING at night angles. If the domestic waste water has to flowe into street drains, every house needed to have atlest one well along a street.
Every house was connected to the street drans. The main Channels were made of bicks set un mortar and were covered with loose bricks or lime stones that could be removed for cleaning. House drains were first cmptied into a sump or cess pit into which solid matter settled while waste water flowed out into the street. Very long drainage channels were provided at intervals with sumps for cleaning Drainage systems were HOT unique to the LARGER cities but were found in smaller settlements as well.
Discussion
369.

Summarise the central teachings of Jainism.

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Solution :Teachings of Jainism are as follows :
(i) The principle of ahimsa to living beings especially to humans, animals , plants and insects was cardinal principle of the Jainism and the entire world is animated even stones , rocks and water have life.
(ii) It is believed in the concept of Karma did not condemn the caste system and believing a person is born into a particular caste based on his deeds in the previous life.
(iii) According to the teachings of Mahavira , freedom from cycle of birth and death is the MAIN goal of life . It can be achieved through ahimsa and severe austerities based on self - denial, PENANCE and meditation . Monastic experience is a necessary condition of salvation.
(iv) A true Jain was required to take five vows to abstain from killing , stealing and lying , to observe celibacy and to abstain from possessing PROPERTY .
(v) Jainism recognised the existence of the Gods but placed them from lower than the Jina. Jainism rejected the AUTHORITY of the Vedas and did not believe in the supremacy of the Brahmins.
Discussion
370.

Read the extracts given below and answer the questions that follow: Ordinary life in extraordinary times What happened in cities during the, months of Revolt ?How did people live, through those months of tumult ? How was normal life affected ? Reports from different cities tell us about the breakdown in rontine activities. Read these reports from the Delhi Urdu Akhbar, 14 June, 1857: The same thing is truc far vegetables and saag (spinach). People have been found to complain that even kaddu (pumpkin)and baingan (brijal) cannot be four d in the bazars. Potatoes and arvi (yam) when available are of stale and rotten variety, stored from befere by fassighted kuajeas fuegetable-grewere)- From the gardens inside the city does re ach a few places but the poor and the middle class can only liek their lips-and wetch them (as they are ear marked for the select) ...There is something that else needs attention which is causing a lot of damage that the water-carriers have stopped filling water. Poor Shurfas (gentility) are seen carrying water in On their shoulders and only then the necessary to the people which is pails housel old tasks such as cooking, etc. can take placcThe haalkhors (righteous) have become haramkhors (corrupt), many mohallas have not been able to earn for several days and if this situation continues then decay, death and disease will combine together to spoil the city's air and an over the city and even to areas epidemic will spread all adjacent and around. How did people live through those months of tumult?

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Solution : People had to FACE lot of difficulties during this time. Most of the revolt was being carried out by sepoys and princely states but PEASANTS in some places ALSO took part in the revolt. This resulted in bue and cry for grains and vegetables.
The condition of poor and middle class was all the more worse because they could not get vegetablesfrom the gardens inside the city and they were siphoned off by elites only.
The city was not cleaned for monrhs and the REPORTER fears that there MIGHT be outbreak of Mahamaari due to deaths, rotten vegetables and polluted air.
Discussion
371.

Read the extracts given below and answer the questions that follow: Ordinary life in extraordinary times What happened in cities during the, months of Revolt ?How did people live, through those months of tumult ? How was normal life affected ? Reports from different cities tell us about the breakdown in rontine activities. Read these reports from the Delhi Urdu Akhbar, 14 June, 1857: The same thing is truc far vegetables and saag (spinach). People have been found to complain that even kaddu (pumpkin)and baingan (brijal) cannot be four d in the bazars. Potatoes and arvi (yam) when available are of stale and rotten variety, stored from befere by fassighted kuajeas fuegetable-grewere)- From the gardens inside the city does re ach a few places but the poor and the middle class can only liek their lips-and wetch them (as they are ear marked for the select) ...There is something that else needs attention which is causing a lot of damage that the water-carriers have stopped filling water. Poor Shurfas (gentility) are seen carrying water in On their shoulders and only then the necessary to the people which is pails housel old tasks such as cooking, etc. can take placcThe haalkhors (righteous) have become haramkhors (corrupt), many mohallas have not been able to earn for several days and if this situation continues then decay, death and disease will combine together to spoil the city's air and an over the city and even to areas epidemic will spread all adjacent and around. Explain what happened in Delhi city during the months of the 1857 Revolt?

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Solution : Delhi was the main center of REVOLT of 1857. Bahadur SHAH Jafas was deelared as EMPEROR of India and there was a lot of POLITICAL action in delhi during the revolt. Thus the routine life of PEOPLE was disturbed during this war time.
Discussion
372.

Read the extracts given below and answer the questions that follow: Ordinary life in extraordinary times What happened in cities during the, months of Revolt ?How did people live, through those months of tumult ? How was normal life affected ? Reports from different cities tell us about the breakdown in rontine activities. Read these reports from the Delhi Urdu Akhbar, 14 June, 1857: The same thing is truc far vegetables and saag (spinach). People have been found to complain that even kaddu (pumpkin)and baingan (brijal) cannot be four d in the bazars. Potatoes and arvi (yam) when available are of stale and rotten variety, stored from befere by fassighted kuajeas fuegetable-grewere)- From the gardens inside the city does re ach a few places but the poor and the middle class can only liek their lips-and wetch them (as they are ear marked for the select) ...There is something that else needs attention which is causing a lot of damage that the water-carriers have stopped filling water. Poor Shurfas (gentility) are seen carrying water in On their shoulders and only then the necessary to the people which is pails housel old tasks such as cooking, etc. can take placcThe haalkhors (righteous) have become haramkhors (corrupt), many mohallas have not been able to earn for several days and if this situation continues then decay, death and disease will combine together to spoil the city's air and an over the city and even to areas epidemic will spread all adjacent and around. How did the routine activities disturb the people?

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SOLUTION :There was a total halt in the daily ACTIVITIES of delhi people. The vegetables and grains which used to come from outside delhi and gardens outside was disrupted therefore prices soared up and the local people could not find the vegetables of daily USE such brinjal, sang etc.
Some people left their daily activities such as water fillers stopped filling the water and gentility had to do the work. Many households did not get WAGES because the ECONOMIC activities were at halt.
Discussion
373.

What caused the shifting capitals during the hot season by colonial rulers?

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Solution :(i) Since hill stations approximated the cold climates of Europe, they became an attractive destination for the new rulers. It became a practice for viceroys to move to hill stations during the SUMMER MONTHS. (II) In 1864 the Viceroy John Lawrence OFFICIALLY moved his council to Shimla, setting seal to the practice of shifting capitals during the hot season.
Discussion
374.

Describe the 'Ideal of Patriliny' and 'Gendered access to Property prevailing during sixth century B.C.E. to sixth century C.E.

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Solution :(i) The Ideal of Patriliny The Mahabharata stands exemplary when it comes to the idea of Patriliny. The feud between the Kauravas and the Pandavas, ultimately ended in a battle, in which the Pandavas emerged victorious. After that, patriltneal succession was proclaimed. While patriliny had existed prior to the composition of the epic, the central story of the Mahabharata reinforced the idea that it was valuable. Under patriliny, son could claim the resources (including the throne in the case of kings) of their father's when the latter died.
Most ruling dynasties (C. sixth century BCE onwards) claimed to FOLLOW this system, although there were variations in practice: Sometimes there were no sons in somc SITUATIONS and brothers succeeded one another, sometimes other kinsmen claimed the thronc, and, in very exceptional circumstances, women such as Prabhavati Gupta exercised power. It is evident in ritual texts such as the Rigveda.
(ii) Gendered access to Property: The paternal estate was to be divided equally amongst sons after the dearh of the parents, with a special share for the eldest. Women could not claim a share of these resources. However, women were allowed to retain the gifts they received or the occaston of their marriage as 'stridhana' (LITERALLY, a woman's wealth). This could be inherited by their children, without the husband having any claim on it. Prabhavati Gupta was an exception when a woman claimed the resources of her father. At the same time, the Manusmriti warned women against hoarding family property, or even their own valuables, without the husband's permission. However,cumulative evidence both epigraphic and textual - suggests that while upper-class women may have had access to resources, the land, cattle and money were generally controlled by men. Women ACQUIRED wealth during the ritual of marriage, bridal processions as a token of affection from her brother, mother or father or as a gift from her husband. In other words, social differences between men and women were sharpened because of the differences in acccss to resources.
Discussion
375.

Ashoka's connection withBuddhismis evidentfrom whichone of thefollowingedicts ?

Answer»

Major RockEdict13
RockEdict 6
MinorRockEdict 1
Pillar Edict 4

Solution :The Edict of Ashoka are a collection of more than thirty inscription on the pillar as well as boulders and cave walls, MADE by Emperor Ashoka of the Maruryan EMPIRE during his reign, from 268 BCE. Ashoka used the expression DhaCma Lipi to DESCRIBE his own Edicts. in the Major Rock Edict I, KING prohibited ANIMAL slaughter especillay during the festive gathering.
Discussion
376.

Point out one difference and one similarity between Be shari'a traditions.

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Solution :The Shar'a is the law governing the Muslim community. The Sufi, traditions which were antisharia are CALLED Be shari while the tradition of Sufi VICHAR Pro-Sharia are called Be-sharia. Similarity between these two is that both ARC related with Sufi traditions.
Discussion
377.

Who was Jean-Baptiste Vernier?

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SOLUTION :(i) He was a French jeweller and VISITED India SIX times.
(II) He was impressed with the trading activities in India. He compared India with Iran and Ottoman Empire.
Discussion
378.

"Gandhiji was as much a social reformer as he was a politician. He believed that in order to be worthy of freedom, Indians had to get rid of social evils such as child marriage and untouchability. Indians of one faith had also to cultivate a genuine tolerance for Indians of another religion - hence his emphasis on Hindu-Muslim harmony." In the light of the above statement, highlight the values upheld by Mahatma Gandhi.

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Solution :Values upheld by Mahatma Gandhi.
(i) Peaceful co-existence among different FAITHS.
(ii) Respect for each faith or religion.
(iii) To overcome SOCIAL evils such as child MARRIAGE, untouchability etc.
(iv) HINDU- Muslim Harmony.
(v) Non violence (Ahimsa).
(vi) Truth -Struggle for truth (Satya Graha.)
(vii) Freedom .
(viii) Tolerance for each other.s ideas and faiths .
(ix) Unity and integrity.
(Any other relevant points)
(Any four points to be EXAMINED)
Discussion
379.

State the significance of Gandhiji's speech at Banaras Hindu University.

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Solution :The FIRST major public appearance of Gandhiji was at the opening of the BHU in FEBRUARY 1916. He was invited on account of his achievements in South Africa. While speaking on the occasion he criticised the elite for no mention of the poor LABOURERS. While expressing his views he said that opening of the university was a most gorgeous show, but the ever increasing ECONOMIC hiatus between the rich and the poor was really a matter of worry for him. He further said that instead of ADOPTING the tone of self-congratulation, we should think about the plight of peasents and farmers, who were not present there. This speech by Gandhiji was the first public announcement to make Indian nationalism more properly representative of the Indian people as a whole.
Discussion
380.

Mention the two sites of the Harappan settlements and give one main feature of each.

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Solution :(i) MOHENJODARO situated in Larkana district of SIND (Pakistan) at the bank of the RIVER Sind. Information about town PLANNING, coins, etc. are mostly obtained from this site.
(ii) The second one is Lothal. It was a port and had large GODOWN.
Discussion
381.

Describe the variety of tasks involved in creation of manuscripts during the reign of Mughals.

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Solution :The variety of tasks involved in creation of manuscripts during the reign of the Mughals are as follows: (a) The creation of a MANUSCRIPT involved a number of people PERFORMING a variety of tasks.
(b) The finished manuscript was SEEN as a precious work of intellectual wealth and beauty, it exemplifies the power of its patron, the Mughal emperor, to bring such beauty into being.
(c) At the same TIME some of the people involved in the production of the manuscript also got recognition in the form of titles and awards.
(d) All books in Mughal India were manuscripts, that is they were handwritten. Although kitabkhana can be translated as library. It was scriptorium that is a place where the emperor.s collection of manuscripts was kept and also NEW manuscripts. Here new manuscripts were also produced.
Discussion
382.

Name the book written by Ibn Battuta. What was his observation about female slaves in the sub-continent ?

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Solution :The BOOK written by Ibn Battuta is RIHLA. Observation about female slaves in Indian sub-continent:
(i) They were engaged in doing domestic WORK.
(ii) Female slaves along with males were also kept by the Sultan along with KEEPING a watch on the ACTIVITIES of his nobles.
Discussion
383.

Explain the outcomes of the provincial elections of 1937. Examine the role of Congress ministries in wibening the rift between the Congress and the Muslims League.

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Solution :(i) Under the Act of 1935 elections to the PROVINCIAL legislatures were HELD for the first time in 1937. Only 10-12% of the populations enjoyed the right to vote. The Congress did well.
(ii) The Congress got an absolute majority in five out of eleven provinces and formed government in seven out of eleven provinces.
(iii) Both the Congress and Muslims League did badly in constituencies reserved for the muslims. The Muslims League fared poorly in NWFP, Bengal Punjab and Sind polling only 4.4% of the total muslim vote cast in this elections.
(iv) The muslim League failed to win a single seat in NWFP. captured only two out of 84 reserved contituencies in Punjab and three out of 33 in Sind.
Role of Congress Ministries:
(i) In United Provinces, theLeague wanted to form a joint government with Congress but it rejected their demand as Congress had got an absolute majority there.
(ii) The Congress ministries increased the hiatus between the Congress and Muslim League. It had already refused their proposal for joint government in United Province. League supported the zamindari system Congress wanted to abolish.
(iii) Congress leaders had STARTED EMPHASISING secularism more. but all the ministers were not unanimous about it.
(iv) In 1937, Maulana Azad RAISED the issue that the Congress members were not free to join the Muslims League.
(v) The political polarisation between the Congress and the Muslims League was complete. League established itself as a dominant party among Muslims and claimed to be the sole spokeman of India.s muslims.
Discussion
384.

What do you mean by the term 'Gotra'?

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Solution :It means that tradition in which Gotra was NAMED after a Vedic seer. The MEMBERS of the Gotra were CONSIDERED as the descendants of that seer. It came into PRACTICE in 1000 BCE.
Discussion
385.

What were the contributions and limitations of the Lukhnow Pact?

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Solution :(a)Contributions:
(i)The Lucknow PACT of 1916 marked an important step in Hindu-Muslim unity by bringing an understanding between the Congress and the Muslim League.
(ii) Both PASSED the same resolutions of their respective sessions and put a joint SCHEME of political reforms based on separate electorates and demanded that British Government make a DECLARATION to confer self government to India.
(b) Limitations:
(i)The Congress accepted separate electorates and accepted indirectly that Hindus and Muslim had different interests. IT aimed to operate without SECULARISATION of their political outlook.
(ii) No involvement of masses, it was based on the nation of bringing together the educated Hindus and Muslim as different political entities.
Discussion
386.

On the given political outline map locate and label the places where Ashokan inscriptions, rock edicts are situated. (a) Sanchi, (b) Topara, (c) Meerut pillar (d) Kaushambia

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SOLUTION :
Discussion
387.

Read the following excerpt carefully and answer the questions that follow: A Tiger-Like Husband This is a summary of a story from the Adi Parvan of the Mahabharata The Pandavas had fled into the forest. They were tired and fell asleep, only Bhima, the second Pandava, renowned for his prowess, was keeping watch. A man-eating Rakshasa caught the scent of the Pandavas and sent his sister Hidimba to capture them. She fell in love with Bhima, transformed herself into a lovely maiden and proposed to him. He refused. Meanwhile, the Rakshasa arrived and challenged Bhima to a wrestling match. Bhima accepted the challenge and killed him. The others woke up hearing the noise. Hidimba introduced herself, and declared her love for Bhima. She told Kunti, I have forsaken my friends, my dharma and my kin, and good lady, chosen your tiger-like son for my man... whether you think me a fool, or your devoted servant, let mejoin you, great lady, with your son as my husband." Ulimately, Yudhisthira agreed to the marriage on would puods day together the condition that but that Bhima would return every night. The couple roamed Caurse Hidimba gave birth to a Rakshasa boy named Guatotkachha. Then the mother and son left the Pandavas. Ghatetkachha pron Pandavas whenever they needed him. Some historians suggest the that the term rakshasa is used to describe people whose practices differed from those laid down in Brahmanical texs How did the story from Adi Parvan play an important role in shaping the values and ethos of the society

Answer»

Solution :This Adi Parvan story REINFORCED the moral alues and social valucs prescribed by Brahmanas , Story shows integration of the COMMUNITIES beyond the varnas into the Varna ORDER
Discussion
388.

Read the following excerpt carefully and answer the questions that follow: A Tiger-Like Husband This is a summary of a story from the Adi Parvan of the Mahabharata The Pandavas had fled into the forest. They were tired and fell asleep, only Bhima, the second Pandava, renowned for his prowess, was keeping watch. A man-eating Rakshasa caught the scent of the Pandavas and sent his sister Hidimba to capture them. She fell in love with Bhima, transformed herself into a lovely maiden and proposed to him. He refused. Meanwhile, the Rakshasa arrived and challenged Bhima to a wrestling match. Bhima accepted the challenge and killed him. The others woke up hearing the noise. Hidimba introduced herself, and declared her love for Bhima. She told Kunti, I have forsaken my friends, my dharma and my kin, and good lady, chosen your tiger-like son for my man... whether you think me a fool, or your devoted servant, let mejoin you, great lady, with your son as my husband." Ulimately, Yudhisthira agreed to the marriage on would puods day together the condition that but that Bhima would return every night. The couple roamed Caurse Hidimba gave birth to a Rakshasa boy named Guatotkachha. Then the mother and son left the Pandavas. Ghatetkachha pron Pandavas whenever they needed him. Some historians suggest the that the term rakshasa is used to describe people whose practices differed from those laid down in Brahmanical texs How did Hidimba and Yudhishthira interpret dharma in their context?

Answer»

Solution : Hidimba fell in love with Bhima and transformed herself into a lavely maiden and proposed to him. She left her dharma, kin for Bheem. It was a definition of love for Hidimba and her dharma. Whereas Yudhishthira AGREED for their marriage on a CONDITION because he was keen follower of dharma but to UPHOLD the DIGNITY of Hidimba, marriage and love, he promised for their marriage on a condition.
Discussion
389.

Read the following excerpt carefully and answer the questions that follow: A Tiger-Like Husband This is a summary of a story from the Adi Parvan of the Mahabharata The Pandavas had fled into the forest. They were tired and fell asleep, only Bhima, the second Pandava, renowned for his prowess, was keeping watch. A man-eating Rakshasa caught the scent of the Pandavas and sent his sister Hidimba to capture them. She fell in love with Bhima, transformed herself into a lovely maiden and proposed to him. He refused. Meanwhile, the Rakshasa arrived and challenged Bhima to a wrestling match. Bhima accepted the challenge and killed him. The others woke up hearing the noise. Hidimba introduced herself, and declared her love for Bhima. She told Kunti, I have forsaken my friends, my dharma and my kin, and good lady, chosen your tiger-like son for my man... whether you think me a fool, or your devoted servant, let mejoin you, great lady, with your son as my husband." Ulimately, Yudhisthira agreed to the marriage on would puods day together the condition that but that Bhima would return every night. The couple roamed Caurse Hidimba gave birth to a Rakshasa boy named Guatotkachha. Then the mother and son left the Pandavas. Ghatetkachha pron Pandavas whenever they needed him. Some historians suggest the that the term rakshasa is used to describe people whose practices differed from those laid down in Brahmanical texs How was this story a unique example of exogamy ?

Answer»

Solution : Exogamy refers to MARRIAGE OUTSIDE the unit. HIDIMBA was out of GOTRA of the Bheem. So, their marriage is an EXAMPLE of excgamy
Discussion
390.

" Domingo Paes has called the Mahanavami Dibba of Vijayanagara empire as the "House of Victory". Justify.

Answer»

Solution :A (i) The Mahanavami Dibba was a massive place formed in the capital city of Vijayanagara empire, Hampi. It had a base of about `11000 sq.` feet, having a height of forty feet.
(ii) The base of the platform was COVERED with relief carvings, which added to the beauty of Mahanavami Dibba. Here, the Hindu festival Mahanavami or Navaratri were celebrated eith great enthusiasm in the months of September-October.
(iii) This festival was celebrated for nine days. It was the time when the Rayas (rulers) of Vijayanagara expressed their power and PRESTIGE.
B. On this occasion, following rituals and ceremonies were HELD:
(i) The sacrifice of buffaloes and other animals were made. Prayers were offered to the state gods and goddess. State horse was WORSHIPPED.
(ii) Not only this, dances, wrestling and other entertaining items such as procession of caparisoned horses, elephants, and soldiers on their horses were also performed.
(iii) On this occasion, the Nayakas and subordinate kings offered PRECIOUS gifts to the Raja. On the last day, the Raja inspected his army and accepted gifts and tributes.
Discussion
391.

Why was the charkha chosen as a symbol of nationalism?

Answer»

Solution :GANDHIJI used to work on charkha. He made it a symbol of our freedom movement. Following are the reasons for making it the symbol of our freedom struggle.
(i) Charkha symbolised manual labour. It does not glorify machines and technology.
(ii) Gandhiji wanted to attach respect to manual labour. On charkha PEOPLE worked with their own hand.
(iii) Charkha was a low investment PRODUCT hence anyone can afford it. It was a boost to the small scale industries and led to revival of handicrafts.
(iv) Charkha as it dignified manual labour. It also promoted the culture of doing one.s own work. It would also strike at the root of caste system.
(v) Charkha was used as tool to keep-out British imported clothes,
(iv) Khadi spinning was an important aspect of CONSTRUCTIVE work of GANDHI and became the main channel for recruitment especially of women. Thus, Charkha became a symbol of Indian nationalism.
Discussion
392.

Discuss the political, economic and social life of the people as represented in the Mahabharata.

Answer»

Solution :Mahabharata is the greatest epic of ancient Indian History. Although it.s the story of the two warring cousins, the Kauravas and the Pandavas, but it throws a light on the contemporary political, social and economic life also.
(A) Political Life:
(i) Many large empire came into prominence or emerged during this era. Some of the vast and POWERFUL empire during this time were the Panchala, Kosala, Kuru and Pandus.
(ii) The king occupied the highest position in the society. All the powers of the empire were vested in his hand. There was no restriction on his power. He had council of minister to assist him. To act or not to act on his advice depended on his will.
(iii) The king lived in very beautiful palace. He adopted many title. The king performed Ashvamedha yajna to become Chakravarti king. All the powers of the empire RESTS in his hands, but there were shortcoming in his character. Drinking liquor and gambling were parts of their character.
(B) Economic Life:
(i) Land was very fertile, hence agriculture was the main occupation of the people. It is believed that even the king used to plough the land.
(ii) Beside agriculture, animal rearing was the main occupation of the people.
(iii) Trade also flourish during this age. It was controlled by trading guilds, who were GIVEN many FACILITIES by the state. (iv) People also practise other occupation like carpenter, jeweller, potter, ironsmith, crafts, etc.
(C) Social Life:
(i) At this time society was divided into four varnas. These varnas were the Brahmans, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra. Among them Brahmans occupied the highest rank in the society.
(ii) Women occupied the respectable position in the society. They have the right to choose their husbands. The royal Princesses CHOSE their husbands through Swayamber.
(iii) Mahabharata was the age of bravery. Dying in the battle field was considered as a symbol of prestige. Protection of the weaker section was also considered important.
Discussion
393.

What were the concerns that influenced town planning in the nineteenth century?

Answer»

Solution :(i) Two concerns which influenced the town planning in the nineteenth century were DEFENCE and health.
(ii) In many towns British built forts to protect their factories. Around the fort a vast open space was left open. This vast space was known as the maidan.
(iii) It was done so that there would be no obstructions to a straight line of fire from the Fort against an advancing ENEMY.
(iv) Attempts were also made to improve the sanitation and cleanliness by creating open spaces in the city.
(v) For this purpose, in Calcutta many bazaars, ghats and burial grounds were cleared.
(vi) The racial divide was reinforced by the new divide of healthy and unhealthy. Densely populated areas bustis were seen as insanitary.
(vii) The labouring poor, hawkers, workers, unemployed were PUSHED to the outskirts of the town. Underground piped water supplies, sewerage and drainage systems were implemented.
(viii) Buildings in cities APART from serving functional NEEDS were meant to establish imperial power and glory which reflected the superior culture
Discussion
394.

What impression of the lives of the ordinary people of Vijayanagara can you call from the various descriptions by historians ?

Answer»

Solution :(i) Ordinary people were those people who did not take PART in power structure. They spoke different languages and follow different religious traditions. They consisted of SMALL traders and local merchants.
(ii) They use to live in cities, TRADE centres, port towns and villages. Local communities of merchants known as kudirai chettis or horse merchants participated in exchanges.
(III) People such as peasants, workers, salves, etc. were also included in ordinary people. The workers were known as " Vipra viodin ". This group of ironsmiths, goldsmiths, carpenters, sculpture-makers, etc. Who often quarrelled mutually for their right. It seems that during that period, need was felt to frame laws for the society to establish social justice.
(iv) Kaikkol known as the weavers were in large numbers. They lived near temples. They played significant role in running the administration of the tample.
(v) In Vijayanagara state there were Gadarias known as Kambalattar. They followed the customs of polyandry. The special characteristic was that the wife was elder to the husband. Their women had physical relations with the husband.s kinsmen like father, brothers.
(vi) There was an orthodox bigot section in Vijayanagara called as reddis who owned the land. They had ENOUGH influence in the Telugu region of Vijayanagara. In the society there were a few low - class people, who were non-influential.
(vii) They were Domber, Marva, Jogi, Paraiyan, Boi Kallaar, etc. Some low caste people converted to Christianity under the influences of Portuguese.
(viii) Despite the prosperity, the society was marked by disparities in wealth and position evident from practice of slavery, caste system, devadasi, etc.
Discussion
395.

What do you know about the Jesuit preachers who came during the reign of Akbar? When did the Jesuits come to india? What was the basis of their interaction with Akbar?

Answer»

Solution : (i) By the end of the 15th century, Portu-guese merchants established a network of trading stations in India. The Portuguese king was interested in propagating christianity in India with the help of the society of Jesus. For this, many Christian missions were sent to India.
(ii) Mughal emperor Akbar wanted to get information about Christianity. So he sent his envoys to Goa to invite the Jesuit priests. This request of Akbar was happily accepted by the Christian rulers of Goa. Hence, they sent three missions to the court of Akbar in 1580, 1591 and 1595.
(iii) The FIRST Jesuit mission left Goa on 7 November, 1579. It reached the court of Akbar at Fatehpur Sikri on 28 February, 1580. It had three members. This mission was led by RUDOLF Acquaviva. Akbar welcomed this mission very warmly.
(iv) These priests participated in many religious seminars and discussion both in the Ibadatkhana and the private room of Akbar. They told Akbar the basic principles of Christianity. They presented a comparative VIEW of the LIFE, views and teachings of Jesus Christ and Prophet Mohammad.
(v) The second Jesuit mission left Goa in 1591 for the court of Akbar in Lahore. It inspired Akbar to embrace Christianity. However, it did not succeed its mission.
(vi) The third Jesuit mission appeared in the court of Akbar at Lahore in 1595. It was led by Jerome Xavier. It remained in the court of Akbar TILL his death in 1600.
Discussion
396.

State the sudden development in the state of Madras after 1761.

Answer»

SOLUTION : (i) With the DEFEAT of the French in 1761, Madras became more secure and began to grow into an important commercial town. (ii) It was here that the superiority of the BRITISH and the SUBORDINATE position of the Indian merchants were most apparent.
Discussion
397.

which one among the following is not the characteristic feature of the Harappan settlement?

Answer»

Doorways and windows generally FACED the SIDE lanes and rarely opened onto the main streets
House generally had separate bathing areas and toilets
Thecitadel was WALLED but the lower town was not walled
DRAINS one WATER chutes from the second stoery were often bulilt inside the wall

Solution :Harrapa is an archaeological site is punjab, pakistan. It is ruin of broz age satisfied city it had 23, 500 inhabitates was very large for is tims people from this vilization had common toilets and bathing areas.
Discussion
398.

Read the passage carefully and answer the question that as follow: Eight forms of marriage Here are the first, fourth, fifth and sixth forms of marriage from the Manusmriti: First: The gift of a daughter, after dressing her in costly clothes and honouring her with presents of jewels, to a man learned in the Veda whom the father himself invites. Fourth: The gift of a daughter by the father after he has addressed the couple with the text, “May both of you perform your duties together”, and has shown honour to the bridegroom. Fifth: When the bridegroom receives a maiden, after having given as much wealth as he can afford to the kinsmen and to the bride herself, according to his own will. Sixth: The voluntary union of a maiden and her lover ... which springs from desire ... When was Manusmriti compiled?

Answer»

Solution :MANUSMRITI is one of the most IMPORTANT TEXTS about law and was compiled between 200 BCE and 200 CE.
Discussion
399.

Read the passage carefully and answer the question that as follow: Eight forms of marriage Here are the first, fourth, fifth and sixth forms of marriage from the Manusmriti: First: The gift of a daughter, after dressing her in costly clothes and honouring her with presents of jewels, to a man learned in the Veda whom the father himself invites. Fourth: The gift of a daughter by the father after he has addressed the couple with the text, “May both of you perform your duties together”, and has shown honour to the bridegroom. Fifth: When the bridegroom receives a maiden, after having given as much wealth as he can afford to the kinsmen and to the bride herself, according to his own will. Sixth: The voluntary union of a maiden and her lover ... which springs from desire ... What did the passage narrate about?

Answer»

Solution :This PASSAGE narrated about the TYPE of marriages. These NORMS regarding marriage were MADE by BRAHMANS.
Discussion
400.

Read the passage carefully and answer the question that as follow: Eight forms of marriage Here are the first, fourth, fifth and sixth forms of marriage from the Manusmriti: First: The gift of a daughter, after dressing her in costly clothes and honouring her with presents of jewels, to a man learned in the Veda whom the father himself invites. Fourth: The gift of a daughter by the father after he has addressed the couple with the text, “May both of you perform your duties together”, and has shown honour to the bridegroom. Fifth: When the bridegroom receives a maiden, after having given as much wealth as he can afford to the kinsmen and to the bride herself, according to his own will. Sixth: The voluntary union of a maiden and her lover ... which springs from desire ... How did the Dharmasutra and Dharmashastra classify the marriage?

Answer»

SOLUTION :According to Dharmasutra and Dharmashastra, eight types of marriage were prevalent in the SOCIETY. The first four types of marriage were considered good while the LATER four were condemnable. The later four types of marriage were practised by those who did not have faith in the Brahmanical NORMS.
Discussion