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Vagina → uterus → fallopian tube.

Fertilisation takes place in ampullary isthmic junction of fallopian tube.

Hormonal control:

• Anterior Pituitary
• FSH
• LH
• Ovary
• Estrogen
• Progesterone

Primary spermatocytes: Found in the inner lining of seminiferous tubules, they undergo meiosis to form spermatids. The spermatids then are converted in spermatozoa or sperms.

Menstrual Cycle

During the reproductive period of female primates, the ovaries produce ova at regular intervals of about 28/29 days and changes take place in the uterus in preparation for a possible pregnancy. This series of cyclic changes known as menstrual cycle. The most peculiar feature of this cycle is the monthly vaginal bleeding called menses.

(a) X - Testicular lobules, location: Testis, outside the abdominal cavity scrotum.

(b) Y - Seminal vesicle, seminal plasma.

(c) Z - Epididymis, function: Storage of sperms.

Detailed Answer :

(a) X- is testicular lobules found in testis. The testes are located outside the abdominal cavity within a pouch-like structure called 'scrotum'. 

(b) The accessary gland Y is seminal vesicle. It produces an alkaline secretion called seminal fluid which forms 60-70% of semen by volume. 

(c) Z is epididymis. It stores sperm and also it secrets fluid containing the nutrients required for the maturation of spermatozoa.

The process of formation of female gametes is called oogenesis.

Process:

During embryonic stage millions of gametes mother cells are formed (oogonia). This is covered by primary follicles. At the attainment of puberty, about 60,000 + 80,000 primary follicles are left in each overy.

Now it gets surrounded by secondary follicles. Then formation of tertiary follicle takes place. Tertiary follicle matures into Graafian follicle – Tertiary Follicle ruptures to release secondary ooclyle by the process called ovulation.

Leydig cells are present in seminiferous tubules. They synthesize and secretes androgens.

(a) In males the sterilization method is called vasectomy but in females it is called Tubectomy 

(b) uterus, lUDs suppresses sperm motility and fertilizing capacity of sperm or they make uterus unsuitable for implantation.

(c) During intense lactation, menstrual cycle does not occur. Therefore the chance of conception is almost nil. But the method is effective only upto six months following delivery.

(a) Corpus luteum :

Secretion of mainly progesterone and small quantity of estrogen. Some androgens are also formed by theca cells.

(b) Endometrium :

Nourishment and implantation of blastoeyst and later foetus if fertilization has occurred. Otherwise cyclic changes of growth and degeneration.

(c) Acrosome :

Contains sperm lysin for separating cells of corona radiata and piercing through zona pellucida.

(d) Sperm Tail:

Vibratile part that helps in swimming of sperm in the genital tract of female for reaching the ovum. 

(e) Fimbriae :

The finger like projection occurs at the edges of in fundibulum which helps in the collection of ovum after ovulation.

(a) X = Primary oocytes

(b) Y = Fimbriae, collection of ovum

(c) Z = ampullary - isthmic junctior/fallopian tube, the ovum encounter the sperms/fertilization takes place.

The milk produced during initial few days of lactation is called colostrum. It consists of several antibodies like IgA etc. which are essential for the development of resistance in new born babies.

(a) Replication 

(b) Transcription 

(c) Translation 

(d) Reverse transcription

(a) A – Spermatozoa, B-Primary spermatocyte 

(b) Sertoli cells provide nutrition to the germ cells.

(c) Primary spermatocyte, chromosome number reduced to half

Two types of cells in the inner lining of seminiferous tubule are

Spermatogonia :

Spermatogonia produces male gamete called spermatozoa.

Sertoli cells :

Sertoli cells provide nutrition to the developing spermatozoans.

The cells present among the interstitial spaces of seminiferous tubules are called as Leydig cells.

These cells secrete androgens and testosterone hormone.

• Ley dig cells are located in the interstitial space (space between the seminiferous tubule) in the testis. 
• They secrete testicular hormones called androgens, mainly testosterone, this hormone regulates spermatogenesis.

Detailed Answer :

Fimbriae are present in the free edges of the infundibulum of the fallopian tube. Then help in the easy capture of ova during ovulation.

A – Acrosome

B – Nucleus containing chromosomal material

Helps the movement of non motile ovum.

1. – Acrosome 

2. – Nucleus 

3. – Neck 

4. – Mitochondria 

5. – Tail

1. A – Spermatogonia ;

B – Interstitial cells 

2.  23 chromosomes

1. Ruptured follicle transforms into corpus luteum and Progesteron hormone is released. 

2. Endometrialial lining of the uterus degenerates and new uterine cycle begins.

1. A-Inner cell mass B – Trophoblast

2. Inner cell mass gives rise to embryo, Trophoblast – Foetal membranes, and placenta.

1. The hormones produced are C – Estrogen E – Progesterone

2. E is maintained (Corpus luteum) Corpus luteum is necessary to produce progesterone which maintains pregnancy.

3. Mature graafian follicle.

(a) ampullary-isthmicjunction 

(b) Endometrium of the uterus

A – inner cell mass

B – trophoblast

1. Oogenesis

2. Identify cell ‘b’ & cell ‘c’ and explain their fate: 

• Polar body degenerates
• Secondary oocyte develops into ovum

3. Cell ‘a’ has 46 chromosomes, and cell ‘c’ has 23 chromosomes

• Vasa efferentia are the ducts that leave the testis to open into epididymis. These are located inside the testis and are extra abdominal and do not receive the ducts of any glands.
• Vas deferens is the duct continues from epididymis. This ascends into the abdominal cavity. It receives the ducts of seminal vesicle.

1. In a pregnant lady, there is no scope of entry of new sperms to uterus for fertilization. It is blocked by plug at the cervix.

2. Foetus is protected by the foetal membranes such as amnion, chorion, allantois and yolk sac.

Placenta secretes the following hormones: 

• Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).
• Human placental lactogen (HPL)
• Progesterons and estrogens.

Sertoli cells are present in seminiferous tubules. They provide nutrition to the germ cells or sperms.

Placenta produces a number of hormones, which are inevitable for pregnancy and parturition. 

They are:

1. Human chorionic gonadotropins (HCG)

2. Human placental lactogen (HPL)

3. Estrogen

4. Progesterone

5. Relaxin etc.

1. A – Spermatogenesis

B – Oogenesis

2. In spermatogenesis, meiotic division is equal leading to the formation of many functional sperms. Oogenesis division is unequal leading to the formation of a single ovum and other polar bodies degenerate.

Through umbilical cord

(b) infundibulum

1. Ampullary isthmus region of fallopian tube

2. Endometrium

(b) nutrition of germ cells

1. – 200 sperms & 50 ova 

2. identify a, b, c, and d:

b – a. Fallopian tube

b. Vagina

c. Ovary

d. Uterus

A – Primary follicle

B – Corpus leuteum

If egg is fertilized, corpus luteum secretes more progesterone, preparing endometrium for pregnancy.

(A) Chrionic villi/placenta

(B) Yolk sac

(C) Umbilical cord 

(D) Amniotic fluid

c. Secondary spermatocytes have 23 chromosomes and undergo second meiotic division

1. True

2. False.

Leydig cells are found in testis.

3. True 

4. False.

The first menstruation is called menarch.

Provide nutrition to the developing embryo.

4. Testosterone

In the seminiferous tubules of testis.

Seminiferous tubules are highly coiled tubules seen in the lobules of testis. They occupy 80% – of testicular substance. They are the site for sperm production.

(c) Sertoli cells

Correct Answer is: (a) Relaxin