Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

The IMPULSE turbine is MOUNTED HORIZONTALLY whereas the REACTION turbine is mounted vertically.

The impulse turbine is mounted horizontally whereas the reaction turbine is mounted vertically.

BHAKRA Nangal, Chambal PROJECT, Kayla ETC.

Bhakra Nangal, Chambal project, Kayla etc.

It PROVIDES power generation, irrigation, fishery and flood CONTROL at the same time.

It provides power generation, irrigation, fishery and flood control at the same time.

1. Low HEAD up to 60 METERS.
2. MEDIUM head from 60 meters to 300 meters. 
3. High head above 300 meters.

IMPULSE TURBINE is selected for very high heads and a small quantity of water as it utilizes the kinetic energy of water. Reaction turbine is selected for LOW and medium HEAD and the large quantity of water as it utilizes the pressure of the water.

Impulse turbine is selected for very high heads and a small quantity of water as it utilizes the kinetic energy of water. Reaction turbine is selected for low and medium head and the large quantity of water as it utilizes the pressure of the water.

There are two TYPES of TURBINES, namely:

1. IMPULSE turbine,
2. REACTION turbine.

There are two types of turbines, namely:

WATER TURBINE is a prime mover used for the alternator at the hydro electric power plant which changes the direction of the flowing water and converts the same to USEFUL mechanical energy and also gives mechanical energy to the alternator.

Water turbine is a prime mover used for the alternator at the hydro electric power plant which changes the direction of the flowing water and converts the same to useful mechanical energy and also gives mechanical energy to the alternator.

Merits: 

• The layout, construction, and operation of the plant are simple.
• Maintenance cost is low.
• It can be started and put into service instantly.
• It can take varying load easily.
• It has no standby losses.
• No fuel charges are required.
• LESS number of operational staff is required.
• The efficiency is quite high about 75% to 85%.

DEMERITS: 

• Large AREA is required.
• It takes a long time for ERECTION.
• The construction cost is very high.
• Long dry season may affect the operation.

Merits: 

Demerits: 

The following factors are to be considered for selecting the site of a hydro-electric power PLANT:-

• Since potential energy of water fall or kinetic energy of flowing stream is UTILIZED in the hydro-electric power plant, therefore water must be available in sufficient QUANTITY at a good head or huge quantity of water is flowing across a given point.
• The site must be convenient for the creation of the dam and must have topographical SUITABILITY for the erection of reservoir.
• The rivers feeding the reservoir must have a large catchment area. so that water level in the reservoir may not fall below the minimum required in the dry season.
• The land must be ROCKY in order to withstand the heavy weight of large building of the dam.
• The site should be accessible and habitable.
• There should be the possibility of stream diversion during the construction period.
• The project should not cause the serious ecological problem.

The following factors are to be considered for selecting the site of a hydro-electric power plant:-

WATER is STORED in the RESERVOIR of the CATCHMENT AREA.

Water is stored in the reservoir of the catchment area.

The function of dam is to create required water HEAD and STORE water in CATCHMENT AREA.

The function of dam is to create required water head and store water in catchment area.

The DIFFERENT sections of a hydroelectric power station are DAMS, SPILLWAYS, GATES, PENSTOCK & hydroelectric generators.

The different sections of a hydroelectric power station are dams, spillways, gates, penstock & hydroelectric generators.

Water.

Water.

The power STATION, in which the kinetic ENERGY of water is CONVERTED into electrical energy, is called hydro-electric power station.

The power station, in which the kinetic energy of water is converted into electrical energy, is called hydro-electric power station.

Mass curve INDICATES the total volume of run-off in m3 up to certain time. The abscissa may be day, MONTH or YEAR. This curve is obtained from the records of average monthly flow. The slope of curve at any point GIVES the rate of flow at that time. These curves are USED to determine the capacity of the storage reservoirs for hydro projects.

Mass curve indicates the total volume of run-off in m3 up to certain time. The abscissa may be day, month or year. This curve is obtained from the records of average monthly flow. The slope of curve at any point gives the rate of flow at that time. These curves are used to determine the capacity of the storage reservoirs for hydro projects.

When the water level in the RESERVOIR basin rises, the stability of the dam structure is ENDANGERED. To relieve the reservoir of this excess water, a structure is provided in the body of the dam. This structure is called spillway. This is constructed to ACT as safety value. This provides structural stability of the dam under conditions of the floods without raising the reservoir level above HIGH Flood Level.

When the water level in the reservoir basin rises, the stability of the dam structure is endangered. To relieve the reservoir of this excess water, a structure is provided in the body of the dam. This structure is called spillway. This is constructed to act as safety value. This provides structural stability of the dam under conditions of the floods without raising the reservoir level above High Flood Level.

Hydrograph is a graphical representation between the discharge or flow with time. It is plotted with flow as ordinates (Y-axis) and time intervals as abscissas ( X-axis). The ordinates may be plotted in terms of the gauge HEIGHT, the number of cubic meters PER second per square kilometer, the power in kW that can be developed. The abscissas may be taken in terms of hours, DAYS, weeks or months. It also indicates the power available from the stream at different times of the day or year (particular period). Hydrograph is SIMILAR to load curve and used to STUDY the electric power.

A Hydrograph provides the following information:

• The discharge at any time during the period under consideration.
• The maximum and minimum runoff during the period.
• The average run-off during the period.
• Total volume of the discharge up to any time, given by the area under the curve up to that time.

Hydrograph is a graphical representation between the discharge or flow with time. It is plotted with flow as ordinates (Y-axis) and time intervals as abscissas ( X-axis). The ordinates may be plotted in terms of the gauge height, the number of cubic meters per second per square kilometer, the power in kW that can be developed. The abscissas may be taken in terms of hours, days, weeks or months. It also indicates the power available from the stream at different times of the day or year (particular period). Hydrograph is similar to load curve and used to study the electric power.

A Hydrograph provides the following information:

• Dam performs the FOLLOWING two BASIC FUNCTIONS.
• It develops a reservoir of the desired capacity to store water.
• It builds up the head for POWER generation.

Some of the ESSENTIAL elements of hydroelectric power plant are:

1. Catchment area 
2. Reservoir 
3. Dam 
4. SPILLWAYS 
5. Conducts 
6. Surge tanks 
7. Draft Tubes 
8. Power House 
9. SWITCHYARD for TRANSMISSION of power

Some of the essential elements of hydroelectric power plant are: