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D) Aligarh – Kerala

The Constituent Assembly had called for social, economic and political justice and equality of status and opportunity, it put social and economic change at the top of the agenda of modern India.

1. Ravishankar Maharaj, 1^st May

2. Mehndi Nawaz Jung

3. Dr Jivraj Mehta

4. Quit India

5. Quit India

6. Goa

7. Kashmir

8. Kargil

9. atomic

The new state of Gujarat was formed on 1^st May, 1960.

1. 1953

2. Illiteracy.

3. Agriculture was given importance is the First Five Year Plan.

4. Indian National Congress.

Linguistic States: The states which were formed on the basis of the language that their people speak.

Caste discrimination still prevails in many parts. Communal riots are common, many people live below poverty line. Corruption and inflation are increasing. Other problems like unemployment, economic inequality, population explosion, regionalism, illiteracy, etc. also exist in India. These problems have not made India a completely successful democracy.

D) Ram Nath Kovind

Correct option is D) a, b, c ,

C) Indira Gandhi

A) i – c, ii – d, iii – a, iv – b

D) Jawaharlal Nehru,’ Lai Bahadur . Sastry, Indira Gandhi

Correct option is A) 58 days

C) Bangladesh was once part of China

B) abolition of Zamindari system

The rural development programmes are: 

The strategy favoured by Nehru and finally adopted included three components.

1.  Land reforms, 
2.  Agricultural co-operatives and 
3.  Local self-government. 

Three types of land reforms were contemplated, 

a) abolition of Zamindari system, 

b) tenancy reform and 

c) land ceilings.

B) ‘Good economics’ as well as ‘Good politics’

C) Madan Mohan

Correct option is C) c,a,b,d

1. To exclude the courts from election disputes. 

2. To strengthen the central government vis -a-vis the State Governments.

3. To provide maximum protection from judicial challenges towards social and economic transformation legislation. 

4. To make the judiciary subservient to the parliament.

1. Official language Act in 1963 and anti-Hindi agitation. 

2. War with Pakistan in 1965.

Correct option is B) 1972

Correct option is C) 1973

Correct option is C) 1982

1. Democracy was put on hold. 

2. The government began a series of repressive measures in the name of law and order. 

3. Fundamental rights were suspended.

4. Forced sterilization in the name of population control. 

5. In the absence of civil rights, people could not express their discontent.

B) Bihar and Gujarat

D) restrict people’s rights.

A large section of the population did not know how to read and write. In some parts of the country, women were known by their father’s or husband’s name, they did not have an independent identity. This has to change if women were to have equal rights and take the country towards greater social equality.

1. When J.P. movement gaining more strength, the government imposed Emergency. 

2. Democracy was put on hold. 

3. Fundamental rights were suspended. 

4. There were instances of arbitrary arrests and the violation of civil liberties. 

5. The emergency period weakened the democratic fabric of our country.

The first elections were difficult because of the social dimensions also.

On 25th June 1975, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi imposed an Emergency in the country. Due to this Emergency – 

1. General Elections were postponed. 

2. Many of the fundamental rights were suspended. 

3. The press was censored.

4. Most of political opponents were imprisoned. 

5. Demolition of slums and forced sterilisation on the name of population control became very unpopular. 

6. In the absence of civic freedom people could not express their discontent and the government therefore could not take corrective measures. 

7. Thus, the Emergency period was a setback to the Indian democracy.

1. In India there are as many as 1,652 languages. 

2. All languages in India don’t have equal status.

3. Indian Constitution recognises 22 languages as statutory. 

4. Many languages have no script. 

5. Some tribal languages were neglected. Ex : Oravan. 

6. Many languages were spoken by few people. 

7. Taking all things into consideration it will be difficult to accord equal status to all languages. 

8. According to the Constitution, the citizens have right to protect their language and culture.

9. If they provide equal status to all languages, we should protect integrity and unity of our country.

(OR)

1. Yes, all languages should be accorded equal status. 

2. No regional language should be ignored.

It was the strength of the Constitutional framework and the democratic foundations laid by the freedom movement which enabled Indian politics to develop a multiparty democracy.

1. When linguistic states were formed dominant languages were considered. 

2. Tribal languages were not considered. Tribal language have no script. 

3. Because the population of these tribal language users is very less and sparsely spread. 

4. Apart from this there was popular will. 

5. People of dominant languages demanded separate states.

Congress system: The Congress party formed government at the centre and in many states in the first three general elections. This inaugurated what some observers called the Congress system.

Raised oil prices inflation, scarcity of food and unemployment gave Congress government the public resentment.

The groups took different positions on various issues depending on the interests of the members. This made the Congress appear as if it was a party representing diverse interests and positions. At times, these groups also tied up with other political parties to pressurise the leadership. This also acted as an inbuilt corrective mechanism within the ruling party. Political competition in the one- party dominant system, therefore, took place within the Congress. The opposition parties therefore only posed a latent and not a real threat.

It was defeated in assemblies like Bihar, U.P., Rajasthan, Punjab, West Bengal, Orissa, Madras and Kerala.

Congress always had within small groups. Though these groups originated on the basis of personal competition between leaders, they shared in the overall goals of the party but differed on some policy issues.

1. In Independent India’s first three general elections in 1952,1957 and 1962 the Congress won, reducing other participants to almost nothing. 

2. The Congress consistently won over 70% of seats by obtaining about 45% of the total votes cast. 

3. The Congress formed the government in many states as well. 

4. The opposition parties only posed a latent and not a real threat. 

5. The above features could explain the Congress was able to dominate the political system.

After independence the princely states were merged into the Indian Union. We had adopted the federal system of government. Hence, there arose a question of forming and reorganizing states as the major components of the Union of India.

C) East Pakistan

Meera bahen (Miss Madeleine Slade), the Madeleine of Gandhiji wrote in 1949, “Science and technology would surely benefit humanity to a great extent, but finally it Will lead to destruction only. We should lead our life in coherence with nature to maintain natural balance, only then can we ensure a longer and healthy survival of the human race.”

Correct option is D) 1971

Correct option is B) Kashmir

C) Hari Singh

It was East Pakistan.

C) Sheikh Mujibur Rehaman

Indian Government captured three regions of the Portuguese namely, Goa, Diu and Daman.

B) Bangladesh issue