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(b) Cotton Gin

The people left their villages to work in the factories situated in areas near the coal-fields or the iron rocks or seaports, etc. Not much care was taken to provide houses for the industrial workers. They, therefore, were forced to live in slums where the living conditions were very bad. In 1840 s more than one- tenth of the population of Manchester was living in the rooms in the ground underneath. They were forced to live under dirty conditions. In fact, each new machine meant that manual labor would be replaced by mechanical devices. It did throw a large number of manual workers on the street. Since men lost their work, in some parts of the world there was a massive wave of riots.

Robert Owen has been called “the Father of British Socialism”. He owned a cotton mill in Scotland. It was he, who first used the word ‘Socialism’ and maintained that the object of Government was to make the people happy. He reduced the working-hours of the factory workers, paid the good wages and helped the Trade Union Movement to grow.

1. The first and the most important distinction between Capitalism and Socialism is that “the means of production in a Capitalist economy remain in private hands.” (the capitalists or the industrialists). The Socialist thinkers hold that the material resources of the country (land, coal, iron, railways, road- transport, and banks etc.) should be nationalised, i.e., brought under State-control. 

2. The spirit of capitalism is Market Economy. The economic life is organised according to the forces of demand and supply. The capitalists produce even those goods which are of no utility for the society. It leads to the wastage of valuable resources. The Socialists, on the other hand, placed too much emphasis on a planned economy.

Socialism favors ‘collectivism’, i.e., collective good or social welfare is of greater value than the good of an individual. Socialism, in addition to Equity, promotes Freedom or civil liberties also. Socialists have been great supporters of civil liberties, such as freedom of speech, freedom to form associations and freedom of religion, etc.The Socialists want to reduce class divisions. In other words, the goal of Socialism is the abolition of private ownership over means of production, such as land, mines, factories etc.

The word ‘Revolution means, something “sudden and quite swift”. Industrial Revolution resulted in revolutionary changes in all walks of life.

A Capitalist system is the economic system in which business and industries were owned by private individuals and not by the State.

These countries citizens received state assistance during sickness, unemployment and old age. Various social security measures have been taken in India also, such as the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), the National Food Security Act and the Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana (PMJDY).

The invention of the steam engine boosted the shipping industry. It also reduced the cost of transportation by one-third of the cost of road transport. Yet people looked for better ways of transportation. The next big thing in the context of transport was the adaptation of steam engines to locomotives. George Stephenson’s locomotive pulled heavy loads along a 64-kilometer track from Liverpool to Manchester at 46- kilometer speed in an hour. In the 1840s, John Loudon Me Adam devised a method of laying roads using broken stones. This created a hard surface which was an important advancement in road construction. Within another decade bitumen-based binding which we see in our areas as tar(mac) roads were built. This was further followed by the use of motor cars.

(b) George Stephenson

Reasons for the initiation of Industrialisation in England are: 

1. Enclosure Movement (Availability of Cheap Labour). 

2. Availability of Coal and Iron.

Yes. It is true. The transport system helps the industry. Cheap and proper transportation is one of the most necessary infrastructures for Industrialisation. After the Industrial revolution industrial production increased so much. 

They needed raw material in large quantities. The countries did not have the raw material needed for the industry. For example, the cotton needed for producing cloth was grown in India and America. So the English had to import the cotton. In the same way, industrial production increased so much that it had to be sold in other countries. Thus transport is needed to import raw materials and export the manufactured goods to other countries. To carry the cheap labour from the villages to the urban areas the transport is needed. Thus we can justify the above statement ‘Transport system helps the industry’.

(A) John L.Mc Adam

Revolution means, to bring a fundamental change or transformation of the existing practice. Revolution also means a transformation of ideas, thoughts, and practices of the people. 

Without revolution or changes, society and its structure remain static.

Every system has its own merits and demerits. 

Inputting out system different activities of the production could be done in different parts of the country. It consumes a lot of time and it is very much expensive. But in factory system production is carried on in one place called factory. This factory system is time-saving and less expensive when compared to the putting-out system. Inputting – out system every worker and craftsman get employment. But in factory system machines can do the work of several workers at the same time and therefore lakhs of people are expelled from the factories. Thus it leads to unemployment and unrest among the people. In putting out a system the craftsmen and workers control the whole process of production. But in the factory system, the factories are owned and managed by the capitalists. This widens the financial gap between the capitalists and owners. Thus it leads to unrest among the labourers.

1. During 1750 – 1850, a new system called the ‘factory system’ emerged. 

2. In the place of simple tools and manual power, new machines and steam power came to be increasingly used. 

3. Production was now carried on in a place called ‘factory’. Earlier the production was happening in homes. 

4. Hundreds of workers were brought together to work in these large factories. 

5. Machines became important in place of minor tools and handlooms. 

6. They produced goods on a very large scale.

7. Capitalists invested money to bring workers, raw materials, and machines. 

8. Everything belonged to the owner of the factory, from raw materials and machines to finished products.

(C) Capitalists

(a) (i) is correct

(c) (i) and (iv) are correct

(b) Both A & R are wrong

(a) A is correct and R is the correct explanation of A

(B) Child labour

(A) Spinning Jenny

(a) Combination Laws of 1799 prohibited the formation of associations of workers.

(b) The Reform Bill of 1832 granted voting rights only to the propertied middle class.

(c) The Combination Laws were repealed in 1824.

(d) The Chartists called for voting rights to every man over twenty-one years of age, secret ballot (voting), abolition of property qualification for members of the parliament, annual parliamentary elections and equal representation.

(D) All the above

1. The present children are future citizens. 

2. Below 14 years if they are working their childhood is exploited and their life span is less. 

3. If children are employed in hazardous work they effect by diseases and no longer work. 

4. Our country’s development is on children only. So with skill youth not available in India.

(D) Both A & B

(B) Hydel power

Answer is (D) 1750

1. The industrial revolution spurred growth and attracted a lot of people from villages to cities. 

2. Cities expanded rapidly and new cities were being built near factories to house industrial workers who had to live somewhere. 

3. This kind of urbanization was not a good thing.

4. City people often lived in cramped, overcrowded housing with poor sanitation and disease and crime multiplied. 

5. Workers face harsh conditions both at home and workplace. 

6. People laboured for long hours with low wages in dangerous conditions with no job security. That is why the govt enacts laws to improve working conditions.

No. It is not true. The English built railways not only for the benefit of Indian people but to transport raw material to Indian ports and manufactured goods of England from Indian ports into the country. To transport cheap labour from villages to cities, and to transport their troops fast and easily to the nooks and corners of the country to link up all their trading centers in all parts of the country British established railways in India.

(D) all the above

(C) George Stephenson