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Using a combination of member FUNCTIONS fd() and rdbuf() you can get at the file handle. 

#include 

#define fstrno(s) (((s).rdbuf())->fd()) 

ifstream TEST("test.txt"); 

COUT << "handle is " << fstrno(test) << 'n';

Using a combination of member functions fd() and rdbuf() you can get at the file handle. 

#include 

#define fstrno(s) (((s).rdbuf())->fd()) 

ifstream test("test.txt"); 

cout << "handle is " << fstrno(test) << 'n';

USE ios::binary as the OPEN MODE for the FILE: 

#include 

ifstream binfile; 

binfile.open("myfile.bin", ios::binary);

Use ios::binary as the open mode for the file: 

#include 

ifstream binfile; 

binfile.open("myfile.bin", ios::binary);

Turbo C++ SUPPORTS _new_handler and set_new_handler.

The type of _new_handler is as follows:

TYPEDEF VOID (*vfp)(void); 

vfp _new_handler; 

vfp set_new_handler( vfp );

Turbo C++ supports _new_handler and set_new_handler.

The type of _new_handler is as follows:

typedef void (*vfp)(void); 

vfp _new_handler; 

vfp set_new_handler( vfp );

There is a pointer to the OBJECT for which a function is CALLED known as the 'this' pointer. By DEFAULT the type of 'this' is X *const ( a constant pointer). The const keyword CHANGES the type to const X *const ( a constant pointer to constant DATA ).

There is a pointer to the object for which a function is called known as the 'this' pointer. By default the type of 'this' is X *const ( a constant pointer). The const keyword changes the type to const X *const ( a constant pointer to constant data ).

The FIRST ARGUMENT is DEFINED IMPLICITLY.

The first argument is defined implicitly.

"this" is a local variable in the BODY of a non-static member function. It is a POINTER to the object for which the function was INVOKED. It cannot be used outside of a class member function body.

"this" is a local variable in the body of a non-static member function. It is a pointer to the object for which the function was invoked. It cannot be used outside of a class member function body.

You need to set the state of the STREAM using setf(). For EXAMPLE, 

#include 

INT MAIN(void) 

{ 

cout << hex; 

cout << "nNot upper-case : " << 255; 

cout.setf(ios::upper-case); 

cout << "nUppercase : " << 255; 

return 0; 

}

You need to set the state of the stream using setf(). For example, 

#include 

int main(void) 

{ 

cout << hex; 

cout << "nNot upper-case : " << 255; 

cout.setf(ios::upper-case); 

cout << "nUppercase : " << 255; 

return 0; 

}

A You need to let the compiler KNOW that the label you USE for your FRIEND CLASS is another class. If you do not want to define your entire class, you can SIMPLY have "class xxx", where xxx is your label.

A You need to let the compiler know that the label you use for your friend class is another class. If you do not want to define your entire class, you can simply have "class xxx", where xxx is your label.

DECLARING a friend GIVES non-MEMBERS of a CLASS access to the non-public members of a class.

Declaring a friend gives non-members of a class access to the non-public members of a class.

YES. Far data items are now supported: 

... 

CHAR far array1[60000L]; 

char far array2[60000L]; 

... 

For ARRAYS LARGER than 64k use: 

char huge array3[100000L];

Yes. Far data items are now supported: 

... 

char far array1[60000L]; 

char far array2[60000L]; 

... 

For arrays larger than 64k use: 

char huge array3[100000L];

Using _seg causes a pointer to become a storage place for a segment value, rather than an OFFSET ( or a segment/offset ). For instance, if "int _seg *x" contains the value 0x40, then when you USE "*x", the value pointed to will be at segment 0x40, offset 0. If you add a value to the pointer, the value is MULTIPLIED by the size of the pointer type. That new value is USED as an offset, and is combined with the segment value contained in the pointer. For instance, 

int _seg *x; 

int value; 

x = (int _seg *)0x40; 

value = *(x + 20); 

value is assigned the value of the integer at 0x40:0x28 

(Remember, 20 * sizeof(int) = 40 = 0x28).

Using _seg causes a pointer to become a storage place for a segment value, rather than an offset ( or a segment/offset ). For instance, if "int _seg *x" contains the value 0x40, then when you use "*x", the value pointed to will be at segment 0x40, offset 0. If you add a value to the pointer, the value is multiplied by the size of the pointer type. That new value is used as an offset, and is combined with the segment value contained in the pointer. For instance, 

int _seg *x; 

int value; 

x = (int _seg *)0x40; 

value = *(x + 20); 

value is assigned the value of the integer at 0x40:0x28 

(Remember, 20 * sizeof(int) = 40 = 0x28).

In a CLASS, all MEMBERS are private by default if neither public nor private SECTIONS are DECLARED.

In a class, all members are private by default if neither public nor private sections are declared.

An inline function is a function which gets textually INSERTED by the compiler, much like macros. The advantage is that execution time is shortened because linker OVERHEAD is minimized. They are declared by USING the inline keyword when the function is declared: 

inline void FUNC(void) { cout &LT;< "printing inline function n"; } 

or by including the function declaration and code body within a class: 

class test 

{ 

tv public: 

void func(void) { cout << "inline function within a class.n"} 

};

An inline function is a function which gets textually inserted by the compiler, much like macros. The advantage is that execution time is shortened because linker overhead is minimized. They are declared by using the inline keyword when the function is declared: 

inline void func(void) { cout << "printing inline function n"; } 

or by including the function declaration and code body within a class: 

class test 

{ 

tv public: 

void func(void) { cout << "inline function within a class.n"} 

};

The NEW operator is a unary operator and binds FIRST to the int keyword producing the FOLLOWING: (new int) (*[10])(); 

You NEED to put parentheses around the expression to produce the expected results: new (int (*[10]());

The new operator is a unary operator and binds first to the int keyword producing the following: (new int) (*[10])(); 

You need to put parentheses around the expression to produce the expected results: new (int (*[10]());

No. The compiler will PROMOTE the char to an INT and use the INTEGER representation in the function INSTEAD of the character itself.

No. The compiler will promote the char to an int and use the integer representation in the function instead of the character itself.

The COMPILER will flag this as a redeclaration error because neither return types nor ARGUMENT names are considered when determining unique signatures for OVERLOADING functions. Only number and TYPE of ARGUMENTS are considered.

The compiler will flag this as a redeclaration error because neither return types nor argument names are considered when determining unique signatures for overloading functions. Only number and type of arguments are considered.

Use the scope (::) operator. 

int X = 10; 

for(int x=0; x < ::x; x++) 

{ 

COUT << "LOOP # " << x << "n"; // This will loop 10 times 

}

Use the scope (::) operator. 

int x = 10; 

for(int x=0; x < ::x; x++) 

{ 

cout << "Loop # " << x << "n"; // This will loop 10 times 

}

Yes, using 

#include 

functions such as printf() and scanf() will continue to be AVAILABLE. HOWEVER, using them in CONJUNCTION with stream ORIENTED functions can lead to UNPREDICTABLE behaviour.

Yes, using 

#include 

functions such as printf() and scanf() will continue to be available. However, using them in conjunction with stream oriented functions can lead to unpredictable behaviour.

If you declare the BASE class as a virtual base class, its CONSTRUCTOR will be called before any non-virtual base class CONSTRUCTORS. Otherwise the constructors are called in left-to-right order on the DECLARATION line for the class.

If you declare the base class as a virtual base class, its constructor will be called before any non-virtual base class constructors. Otherwise the constructors are called in left-to-right order on the declaration line for the class.

Because the Paradox Engine functions are all compiled as C functions, you will have to assure that the names of the functions do not get "mangled" by the C++ compiler. To do this you NEED to prototype the Engine functions as extern "C". In the pxengine.h header file insert the following code at the lines indicated. 

/* inserted at line # 268 */ 

#ifdef __cplusplus 

extern "C" { 

#ENDIF 

/* inserted at line # 732, just before the final #endif */ 

#ifdef __cplusplus 

} #endif 

Paradox Engine version 2.0 is "AWARE" of C++ and thus does not require any modifications to its header file.

Because the Paradox Engine functions are all compiled as C functions, you will have to assure that the names of the functions do not get "mangled" by the C++ compiler. To do this you need to prototype the Engine functions as extern "C". In the pxengine.h header file insert the following code at the lines indicated. 

/* inserted at line # 268 */ 

#ifdef __cplusplus 

extern "C" { 

#endif 

/* inserted at line # 732, just before the final #endif */ 

#ifdef __cplusplus 

} #endif 

Paradox Engine version 2.0 is "aware" of C++ and thus does not require any modifications to its header file.

Derived CLASSES DO NOT get ACCESS to PRIVATE members of a base class. In ORDER to access members of a base class, the base class members must be declared as either public or PROTECTED. If they are public, then any portion of the program can access them. If they are protected, they are accessible by the class members, friends, and any derived classes.

Derived classes DO NOT get access to private members of a base class. In order to access members of a base class, the base class members must be declared as either public or protected. If they are public, then any portion of the program can access them. If they are protected, they are accessible by the class members, friends, and any derived classes.

The members of a STRUCT are PUBLIC by DEFAULT, while in CLASS, they default to PRIVATE. They are OTHERWISE FUNCTIONALLY EQUIVALENT.

The members of a STRUCT are PUBLIC by default, while in CLASS, they default to PRIVATE. They are otherwise functionally equivalent.

Syntactically this is allowable. There is always the possibility of a base POINTER actually pointing to a base class. If this is TYPECAST to a DERIVED TYPE, the method being called may not exist in the base class. Therefore, you would be grabbing the ADDRESS of a function that does not exist.

Syntactically this is allowable. There is always the possibility of a base pointer actually pointing to a base class. If this is typecast to a derived type, the method being called may not exist in the base class. Therefore, you would be grabbing the address of a function that does not exist.

This code is BUILT into Turbo C++ 1.0 but not in version 3.0. In the 1.0 compiler, static members without definitions were given a default value of 0. This default definition will no longer be made in the compiler. The programmer must now give an explicit definition for each static member.

Here is a quick example: 

class A 

{ 

static int i; 

}; 

A linker ERROR saying that A::i is not defined will RESULT UNLESS the SOURCE also contains a line such as: 

int A::i = 1;

This code is built into Turbo C++ 1.0 but not in version 3.0. In the 1.0 compiler, static members without definitions were given a default value of 0. This default definition will no longer be made in the compiler. The programmer must now give an explicit definition for each static member.

Here is a quick example: 

class A 

{ 

static int i; 

}; 

A linker error saying that A::i is not defined will result unless the source also contains a line such as: 

int A::i = 1;

C++ is a strongly typed language. In order to support the language to its fullest, Turbo C++ MUST attach INFORMATION to the symbols generated for function names and variables. When this is done, the symbol will no longer match the standard C style function name. In order to link CORRECTLY, the compiler must be notified that the symbol is declared in an external module without TYPE information tacked on to the symbol. This is done by PROTOTYPING the function as type extern "C". Here is a quick example: extern "C" int normal_c_func( float, int, char ); // name not altered void cplusplus_function( int ); // name altered .

C++ is a strongly typed language. In order to support the language to its fullest, Turbo C++ must attach information to the symbols generated for function names and variables. When this is done, the symbol will no longer match the standard C style function name. In order to link correctly, the compiler must be notified that the symbol is declared in an external module without type information tacked on to the symbol. This is done by prototyping the function as type extern "C". Here is a quick example: extern "C" int normal_c_func( float, int, char ); // name not altered void cplusplus_function( int ); // name altered .

• Public, protected and PRIVATE are three access specifiers in C++.
• Public DATA members and member functions are accessible outside the class.
• Protected data members and member functions are only available to DERIVED classes.
• Private data members and member functions can’t be ACCESSED outside the class.

However there is an exception can be using friend classes.

However there is an exception can be using friend classes.

STRUCTURE: Initially (in C) a structure was USED to BUNDLE different TYPE of data types together to perform a particular functionality. But C++ extended the structure to contain functions also. The major difference is that all declarations inside a structure are by DEFAULT public.

Class: Class is a successor of Structure. By default all the members inside the class are private.

Structure: Initially (in C) a structure was used to bundle different type of data types together to perform a particular functionality. But C++ extended the structure to contain functions also. The major difference is that all declarations inside a structure are by default public.

Class: Class is a successor of Structure. By default all the members inside the class are private.

As the name SUGGESTS, the function ACTS as a friend to a class. As a friend of a class, it can access its private and protected members. A friend function is not a MEMBER of the class. But it must be LISTED in the class DEFINITION.

As the name suggests, the function acts as a friend to a class. As a friend of a class, it can access its private and protected members. A friend function is not a member of the class. But it must be listed in the class definition.

A virtual function allows derived classes to replace the implementation provided by the base class. The compiler makes SURE the replacement is always called whenever the object in question is actually of the derived class, even if the object is accessed by a base pointer RATHER than a derived pointer. This allows algorithms in the base class to be replaced in the derived class, even if USERS don't know about the derived class.

A virtual function allows derived classes to replace the implementation provided by the base class. The compiler makes sure the replacement is always called whenever the object in question is actually of the derived class, even if the object is accessed by a base pointer rather than a derived pointer. This allows algorithms in the base class to be replaced in the derived class, even if users don't know about the derived class.

"Poly" means "many" and "morph" means "form". Polymorphism is the ability of an OBJECT (or reference) to assume (be replaced by) or become many different forms of object.

EXAMPLE: function overloading, function OVERRIDING, virtual functions. Another example can be a PLUS ‘+’ SIGN, used for adding two integers or for using it to concatenate two strings.

"Poly" means "many" and "morph" means "form". Polymorphism is the ability of an object (or reference) to assume (be replaced by) or become many different forms of object.

Example: function overloading, function overriding, virtual functions. Another example can be a plus ‘+’ sign, used for adding two integers or for using it to concatenate two strings.

Encapsulation.

Encapsulation.

The free subroutine FREES a block of memory previously allocated by the malloc subroutine.

Undefined results occur if the Pointer parameter is not a valid pointer. If the Pointer parameter is a null VALUE, no action will occur. The REALLOC subroutine changes the size of the block of memory pointed to by the Pointer parameter to the number of bytes specified by the Size parameter and RETURNS a new pointer to the block. The pointer specified by the Pointer parameter must have been created with the malloc, calloc, or realloc subroutines and not been deallocated with the free or realloc subroutines. Undefined results occur if the Pointer parameter is not a valid pointer

The free subroutine frees a block of memory previously allocated by the malloc subroutine.

Undefined results occur if the Pointer parameter is not a valid pointer. If the Pointer parameter is a null value, no action will occur. The realloc subroutine changes the size of the block of memory pointed to by the Pointer parameter to the number of bytes specified by the Size parameter and returns a new pointer to the block. The pointer specified by the Pointer parameter must have been created with the malloc, calloc, or realloc subroutines and not been deallocated with the free or realloc subroutines. Undefined results occur if the Pointer parameter is not a valid pointer

• It permits code reusability.
• Reusability saves TIME in program DEVELOPMENT.
• It encourages the REUSE of PROVEN and debugged high-quality SOFTWARE, thus reducing problem after a system becomes functional.

Here is the swap( ) function.

swap ( INT *X, int *y )

{

*x ^= *y ;

*y ^= *x ;

*x ^= *y ;

}

The swap( ) function uses the bitwise XOR OPERATOR and does not REQUIRE any temporary variable for swapping.

Here is the swap( ) function.

swap ( int *x, int *y )

{

*x ^= *y ;

*y ^= *x ;

*x ^= *y ;

}

The swap( ) function uses the bitwise XOR operator and does not require any temporary variable for swapping.

SINCE C++ does not provide automatic garbage collection like some other languages, smart POINTERS can be used for that purpose. The simplest garbage collection scheme is reference counting or reference linking, but it is QUITE possible to implement more sophisticated garbage collection schemes with smart pointers.

Since C++ does not provide automatic garbage collection like some other languages, smart pointers can be used for that purpose. The simplest garbage collection scheme is reference counting or reference linking, but it is quite possible to implement more sophisticated garbage collection schemes with smart pointers.