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The Greek Ambassador Megaslhanes at the court of King Chandragupta Maurya, wrote the bookTndica’.

Numismatics is the science of studying coins. Coins being very small in size, contain information in a very short form.

India is the 7^th largest country in area and the second most populous country in the world.

The special features of Indian history are:

1) Continuity of civilization and culture: India has one of the earliest histories in the world. The physical features of our country, full of variety, richness and contrasts tend to divide India into different local zones. However, it has 4000 years of continuous history and continuity of civilization and culture, like China.

2) Evolution in phases : Its has developed in various stages with necessary improvements. We find a connecting link of events from the Indus to the Vedic period, Vedic to Islamic and Christian influences.

3) Foreign invasions : The natural barriers on the frontiers of India provided security from foreign invasions. However, foreigners like Greeks, Persians, Huns, Shakas, Arabs, Turks, Kushans, Afghans and others entered India from the Khyber and Bolan passes. All these invaders contributed to the Indian culture. The historical monuments and other structures like Forts built by these invaders are attracting tourists even today. South India had immunity from such invasions and developed a distinct culture of its own.

4) Religious tolerance (Dominant and tolerant Hindu faith): India is home for Hindus, Jains, Buddhists, Sikhs, Muslims, Parsis, Christians and several tribal faiths and practices. Indians believe in the concept of ‘Vasudhaivaka kutumbakam’ and ‘Sarve janalia sukhino bhavantu’, which means that the whole world is one family and let all the people be happy.

5) Indian contributions to the world : India has contributed immensely in the fields of literature, philosophy, science, art, culture, architecture, mathematics, medicine, astronomy etc., UNO has recognized more than 30 Indian historical sites as centers of world heritage, such as the Hill forts of Rajasthan, Khujaraho, Konark,Tajmahal, Bodh Gaya, Sanchi, Ajanta, Ellora, Hampi, Aihole, Pattadakallu, Madurai, Kanchi, Churches of Goa etc., Yoga, Ayurveda and other artistic specimens are the special contributions of Indians to the world. The great contributions of Indian mathematicians have enriched the world with the concept of zero and the decimal system. The ancient universites of Nalanda, Takshashila, Ujjain, Prayag, Vikramshila, Kashi and Kanchi attracted students from different countries of the world. India was at the height of its intellectual and spiritual glory.

6) Unity in diversity: India possesses diverse physical and geographical features and also shows diversity racially, linguistically, socially, economically, religiously and almo.-t in every sphere of human activities. Inspite of all these diversities, there are many unifying forces that have kept India united.

Excavation is the scientific digging of earth for unearthing ancient buildings or artefacts belonging to earlier periods.

Buddacharita was written by Ashwagosha.

Aihole inscriptions describe about the conquests of Pulakeshi-II.

History is the record of past events of humans. But as these events cannot be reproduced, historians try to reconstruct the past, based on the available sources. Without sources, the historical events become purely legendary. Hence, ‘No sources, No history’.

Inscriptions are the most valuable, reliable, authentic and direct sources in the reconstruction of history. They are generally contemporary and related to the events. So they are more reliable. They give a lot of information about the past events.

The statistical data is important for Government and policy makers to formulate suitable policies of economic development. It not only helps in analysing and evaluate the outcomes of the past policies but also assist them to take corrective measures and to formulate new policies accordingly.

It is clear from examples.

1. It can be ascertained by using statistical techniques whether the policy of family planning is effective in checking the problem of rapidly growing population.

2. In preparing annual Government budgets, previous data of Government expenditures and Government resources are taken into consideration for estimating the allocation of funds among various projects.

Himalayan mountains, Vindhya and Satpura mountains, Aravalli range, Eastern and Western Ghats etc.,

Kadambas, Gangas, Rashtrakutas, Chalukyas, Hoysalas, Vijayanagaras, Bahamani Sultans, Wodeyars etc., ruled Karnataka.

1. The Himalayan mountains in the North, 

2. Plains of Hindustan (or) The Indo-Gangetic plain, 

3. The Deccan Plateau, 

4. The Coastal regions and 

5. The Thar desert.

Mauryas, Guptas, Kushans, Vardhanas, Rashtrakutas, Chalukyas, Pallavas etc., were some of the ancient dynasties in India.

Moghuls, Marathas, Rajaputs, Hoysalas, Vijayanagara etc., were the important medieval dynasties in India.

1. Statistics can only deal with quantitative data. 

False

2. Statistics solves economic problems.

True

3. Statistics is of no use to economists without data.

True

The problem of choice arises due to the following reasons:

1. Human wants are unlimited

2. To satisfy unlimited wants, the resources are limited

3. The resources can be put to alternative uses, though they are limited in supply.

OR

The problem of choice arises due to the unlimited wants and limited resources.