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The Grand COULEE Dam – Grand Coulee, WASHINGTON

a) Length 5,223 FT

b) Height 550 ft

The Grand Coulee Dam – Grand Coulee, Washington

a) Length 5,223 ft

b) Height 550 ft

It TAKES 28 DAYS to CURE.

It takes 28 days to cure.

They do many interesting things. Their JOB has to do a lot with design and construction. They can tell you what works and what will not for all sorts of SITUATIONS. There is a lot of mathematics involved along with many other disciplines. They have to have a GOOD SOLID understanding of how the environment works and how nature interacts with man made. They are probably best known for DESIGNING bridges, interstates, skyscrapers, canals, and so forth.

They do many interesting things. Their job has to do a lot with design and construction. They can tell you what works and what will not for all sorts of situations. There is a lot of mathematics involved along with many other disciplines. They have to have a good solid understanding of how the environment works and how nature interacts with man made. They are probably best known for designing bridges, interstates, skyscrapers, canals, and so forth.

In the same manner, it was supported when it was CONSTRUCTED. However, it has GOTTEN some “help” over the years.

In the last COUPLE of decades, the responsible PArties rolled up their sleeves and removed something approaching 40 meters3 of earth from under the HIGHER side of the structure. This had the effect of straightening it toward the vertical by about a foot and a half at the top. For the first time in its history, it is no longer moving. In addition, in the good-news corner of the PAPER is that it is open to the public again. In addition, the folks who lived near the tower in the direction it was leaning have returned to their homes and do not have to sleep with an eye and an ear open.

In the same manner, it was supported when it was constructed. However, it has gotten some “help” over the years.

In the last couple of decades, the responsible PArties rolled up their sleeves and removed something approaching 40 meters3 of earth from under the higher side of the structure. This had the effect of straightening it toward the vertical by about a foot and a half at the top. For the first time in its history, it is no longer moving. In addition, in the good-news corner of the PAper is that it is open to the public again. In addition, the folks who lived near the tower in the direction it was leaning have returned to their homes and do not have to sleep with an eye and an ear open.

When the 1000 kg are at REST, on EARTH with gravitational acceleration 9.81 m/s2, 1000 kg equal 9.81 kN.

When the 1000 kg are at rest, on Earth with gravitational acceleration 9.81 m/s2, 1000 kg equal 9.81 kN.

GOLD mines in South AFRICA go a few kilometers below the surface. The deepest mine now is the Mponeng Mine in the ORANGE FREE State. The depth of the mine is well over 3000m from the surface and is getting deeper. The lift itself descends 3037m to a point 1200m below sea level. It takes 4 minutes.

Gold mines in South Africa go a few kilometers below the surface. The deepest mine now is the Mponeng Mine in the Orange Free State. The depth of the mine is well over 3000m from the surface and is getting deeper. The lift itself descends 3037m to a point 1200m below sea level. It takes 4 minutes.

PIERRE L’ENFANT

Pierre L’enfant

Actually, drying is not directly LINKED to hardness in concrete. After concrete is POURED, PUTTING it in a wet environment by spraying it constantly with water will hasten its hardening and its curing. After concrete CURES, it is HARD.

Actually, drying is not directly linked to hardness in concrete. After concrete is poured, putting it in a wet environment by spraying it constantly with water will hasten its hardening and its curing. After concrete cures, it is hard.

If you have water PRESSURE and wish to MAINTAIN it, do not CAUSE flow in the LINE, which will reduce pressure due to friction. To keep pressure up, reduce friction by increasing the line size or eliminating some other restriction.

If you have water pressure and wish to maintain it, do not cause flow in the line, which will reduce pressure due to friction. To keep pressure up, reduce friction by increasing the line size or eliminating some other restriction.

One minute of arc as measured at the centre of the Earth covers one nautical mile on the surface of the Earth at mean sea level. One nautical mile is 6080 feet or 1853.2 meters. Therefore one second of arc would be 6080 / 60 = 101.3 feet or 30.886 meters. 

Lines of latitude are at regular intervals PARALLEL to the equator. The relationship between degrees of latitude and the distance sPAnned on the earth’s surface remains constant. Therefore at all latitudes 1 minute of latitude sPAns 1 nautical mile on the earths surface.

Lines of longitude converge at the poles. Therefore, the relationship between degrees of longitude and the distance sPAnned on the earth’s surface is reduced as the poles are approached.

At the equator, the distance sPAnned by 1 minute of longitude would be 1 nautical mile. At the poles, it would be ZERO. To CALCULATE the actual distance on the surface of the earth between two points of known latitude and longitude requires knowledge of spherical trigonometry to calculate the great circle distance between the two points.

The distances quoted are for the surface of the earth at mean sea level. Distances will be increased above sea level and reduced below it.

One minute of arc as measured at the centre of the Earth covers one nautical mile on the surface of the Earth at mean sea level. One nautical mile is 6080 feet or 1853.2 meters. Therefore one second of arc would be 6080 / 60 = 101.3 feet or 30.886 meters. 

Lines of latitude are at regular intervals PArallel to the equator. The relationship between degrees of latitude and the distance sPAnned on the earth’s surface remains constant. Therefore at all latitudes 1 minute of latitude sPAns 1 nautical mile on the earths surface.

Lines of longitude converge at the poles. Therefore, the relationship between degrees of longitude and the distance sPAnned on the earth’s surface is reduced as the poles are approached.

At the equator, the distance sPAnned by 1 minute of longitude would be 1 nautical mile. At the poles, it would be zero. To calculate the actual distance on the surface of the earth between two points of known latitude and longitude requires knowledge of spherical trigonometry to calculate the great circle distance between the two points.

The distances quoted are for the surface of the earth at mean sea level. Distances will be increased above sea level and reduced below it.

When a dam is to be BUILT, a diversion tunnel is usually BORED through solid rock NEXT to the dam site to byPAss the dam CONSTRUCTION site. The dam is built while the river FLOWS through the diversion tunnel.

When a dam is to be built, a diversion tunnel is usually bored through solid rock next to the dam site to byPAss the dam construction site. The dam is built while the river flows through the diversion tunnel.

The Queen Mary 2 was built for transatlantic CROSSINGS, but much smaller ships can make the crossing EASILY. In 1995, I CROSSED the Atlantic from New York to the AZORES on the Royal Princess (which was not the same ship as the current Royal Princess), which was about one-fourth the size of the QM2. Just about any seaworthy PAssenger ship can NAVIGATE the Atlantic safely, if not comfortably.

The Queen Mary 2 was built for transatlantic crossings, but much smaller ships can make the crossing easily. In 1995, I crossed the Atlantic from New York to the Azores on the Royal Princess (which was not the same ship as the current Royal Princess), which was about one-fourth the size of the QM2. Just about any seaworthy PAssenger ship can navigate the Atlantic safely, if not comfortably.

Copper is a very durable material when exposed to weather and is soft ENOUGH that it can be EASILY molded to curved shapes such as those in the Statue of Liberty. It is also traditionally used in buildings for complex roofs, so there would have been trades people available trained to use it.

Other metals that can be molded are lead but it does not have the ATTRACTIVE verdigris COLOR, and gold MUCH is more expensive.

Copper is a very durable material when exposed to weather and is soft enough that it can be easily molded to curved shapes such as those in the Statue of Liberty. It is also traditionally used in buildings for complex roofs, so there would have been trades people available trained to use it.

Other metals that can be molded are lead but it does not have the attractive verdigris color, and gold much is more expensive.

Unlike other fields of engineering, the major advancement of the filed has been in the early years of the century before the last century where the use of concrete technology is advanced. The use of cement as a construction material is since the turn of the last century, improvement in the field increase by the use of steel ELEMENTS in the construction of buildings and bridges of various types. With the help of TWO, it was possible to do multistory buildings in the WORLD.

Machineries were created to speed up the construction STRUCTURES. The last century has also seen the advent of sophisticated design to withstand the effect of earthquake that was not possible before. With the use of computers, development of MODEL and analysis of structures under the effect of loads was made possible. Before just two decades, it used to take months and months to design high-rise building and big bridges. Now it is a matter of hours.

Unlike other fields of engineering, the major advancement of the filed has been in the early years of the century before the last century where the use of concrete technology is advanced. The use of cement as a construction material is since the turn of the last century, improvement in the field increase by the use of steel elements in the construction of buildings and bridges of various types. With the help of two, it was possible to do multistory buildings in the world.

Machineries were created to speed up the construction structures. The last century has also seen the advent of sophisticated design to withstand the effect of earthquake that was not possible before. With the use of computers, development of model and analysis of structures under the effect of loads was made possible. Before just two decades, it used to take months and months to design high-rise building and big bridges. Now it is a matter of hours.

If the flag was placed by Utility personnel responding to a “One-call” locate request, the blue flag indicates a buried water line. You see these marked when a contractor calls the “Call before you dig number” a couple of days prior to excavating. This is required by law in each state to reduce the likelihood of damaging underground UTILITIES when excavating.

The standard color code used by almost all utility COMPANIES for PAinting & flags is:

White – “Here is the area I PLAN on excavating!”

Blue – water line

Red -electricity

Yellow -natural gas

Green -sewer

Orange -telephone and/or fiber optic line

If the blue flagging was a fuzzy blue marker NAILED to the TOP of a wood surveyor’s stake, then it probably serves to indicate the top of the grade at which the engineer wants the earthmoving equipment to place fill dirt. These are called “blue-top” stakes.

If the flag was placed by Utility personnel responding to a “One-call” locate request, the blue flag indicates a buried water line. You see these marked when a contractor calls the “Call before you dig number” a couple of days prior to excavating. This is required by law in each state to reduce the likelihood of damaging underground utilities when excavating.

The standard color code used by almost all utility comPAnies for PAinting & flags is:

White – “Here is the area I plan on excavating!”

Blue – water line

Red -electricity

Yellow -natural gas

Green -sewer

Orange -telephone and/or fiber optic line

If the blue flagging was a fuzzy blue marker nailed to the top of a wood surveyor’s stake, then it probably serves to indicate the top of the grade at which the engineer wants the earthmoving equipment to place fill dirt. These are called “blue-top” stakes.

CEMENT is usually purchased as a powdery substance that is mixed with sand, aggregate, gravel, and water to form concrete. Since the cement itself is usually a powder, it is hard to measure a standard value for its specific gravity. In addition, since cement is usually not used by itself, knowing its specific gravity is not PArticularly useful.

A more useful question is “What is the typical density of concrete?” A rule of thumb answer is that NORMAL cured concrete has a density of about 150 pounds per cubic foot. This includes the weight of the cement, sand, aggregate, and that PArt of the water that chemically binds with the cement to form the concrete. Since water weighs about 62.4 pounds per cubic feet, concrete is about 2.4 times as heavy. THUS, the specific gravity of concrete is about 2.4. If you took cement and mixed it with water, you would eventually have a hard lump of USELESS cement and it would also have a specific gravity of between 2 and 2.4.

Cement is usually purchased as a powdery substance that is mixed with sand, aggregate, gravel, and water to form concrete. Since the cement itself is usually a powder, it is hard to measure a standard value for its specific gravity. In addition, since cement is usually not used by itself, knowing its specific gravity is not PArticularly useful.

A more useful question is “What is the typical density of concrete?” A rule of thumb answer is that normal cured concrete has a density of about 150 pounds per cubic foot. This includes the weight of the cement, sand, aggregate, and that PArt of the water that chemically binds with the cement to form the concrete. Since water weighs about 62.4 pounds per cubic feet, concrete is about 2.4 times as heavy. Thus, the specific gravity of concrete is about 2.4. If you took cement and mixed it with water, you would eventually have a hard lump of useless cement and it would also have a specific gravity of between 2 and 2.4.

As far as only concrete is concerned i.e. plain concrete, the effect of water seePAge is very little (depending upon the grade of concrete) whereas for RCC (REINFORCED cement concrete) water that seeps in corrodes the reinforcement and thus reduces the life of the STRUCTURE. The defects that water seePAge induces in concrete are as FOLLOWS:

a) induces capillary formation (due to the detiorating characteristics of water)

b) With this capillaries the concrete starts sPAlling out; i.e. the places where capillaries are formed, with even slight amount of stress that portion comes out and exposes the steel to the atmosphere

c) Concrete has a pH of about 12 -13. It also reduces the pH of the concrete when in salty water (or) when exposed to marshy areas.

d) Reduces the overall strength of concrete

e) Reduces durability

F) Reduces permeability to further water seePAge

g) Results in ageing of structures

As far as only concrete is concerned i.e. plain concrete, the effect of water seePAge is very little (depending upon the grade of concrete) whereas for RCC (reinforced cement concrete) water that seeps in corrodes the reinforcement and thus reduces the life of the structure. The defects that water seePAge induces in concrete are as follows:

a) induces capillary formation (due to the detiorating characteristics of water)

b) With this capillaries the concrete starts sPAlling out; i.e. the places where capillaries are formed, with even slight amount of stress that portion comes out and exposes the steel to the atmosphere

c) Concrete has a pH of about 12 -13. It also reduces the pH of the concrete when in salty water (or) when exposed to marshy areas.

d) Reduces the overall strength of concrete

e) Reduces durability

f) Reduces permeability to further water seePAge

g) Results in ageing of structures

Technically, the Romans were not able to get water to MOVE uphill in a general sense. All aqueducts move water from an elevated source (spring-fed streams in the mountains) to end-users at a lower elevation. The water flows almost entirely downhill from the source to the end user. If the water needed to cross a valley, the Romans would build an arched structure with an elevated channel to cross the valley, but even this channel would have a vary slight downhill gradient that allowed water to flow TOWARDS the end user. If a large hill was in their way, the Romans would either divert the channel around the hill, dig a trench through the hill, or dig a tunnel through the hill, all while maintaining a fairly constant, slight downhill gradient towards the end user.

The only EXCEPTION to the rule of a generally constant downhill slope to the water channel is that specific tunnel segments, the Romans could build the tunnel as an inverted siphon (MENTIONED above) to cross a depression or valley and raise the water level on the downhill side almost to the level of the uphill side. To do this requires a well-sealed tunnel STRONG enough to withstand the increased water pressure within the siphon. Note, however, that except for gaining a little bit of elevation if you slow down fast-moving water, you normally cannot get water to flow out of the outlet at a higher elevation than the inlet. So technically, even the Romans were not able to get water to flow “up a hill”.

Technically, the Romans were not able to get water to move uphill in a general sense. All aqueducts move water from an elevated source (spring-fed streams in the mountains) to end-users at a lower elevation. The water flows almost entirely downhill from the source to the end user. If the water needed to cross a valley, the Romans would build an arched structure with an elevated channel to cross the valley, but even this channel would have a vary slight downhill gradient that allowed water to flow towards the end user. If a large hill was in their way, the Romans would either divert the channel around the hill, dig a trench through the hill, or dig a tunnel through the hill, all while maintaining a fairly constant, slight downhill gradient towards the end user.

The only exception to the rule of a generally constant downhill slope to the water channel is that specific tunnel segments, the Romans could build the tunnel as an inverted siphon (mentioned above) to cross a depression or valley and raise the water level on the downhill side almost to the level of the uphill side. To do this requires a well-sealed tunnel strong enough to withstand the increased water pressure within the siphon. Note, however, that except for gaining a little bit of elevation if you slow down fast-moving water, you normally cannot get water to flow out of the outlet at a higher elevation than the inlet. So technically, even the Romans were not able to get water to flow “up a hill”.

Many PEOPLE and organizations are confused about the DIFFERENCE between QUALITY assurance (QA), quality control (QC), and testing. They are CLOSELY related, but they are different concepts. Since all three are necessary to manage the risks of developing and maintaining software, it is important for software managers to understand the differences.

They are defined below:

a) Quality Assurance: A set of activities designed to ensure that the development and/or maintenance process is adequate to ensure a system will meet its objectives.

b) Quality Control: A set of activities designed to evaluate a developed work product.

c) Testing is the process of executing a system with the intent of finding defects. (NOTE that the “process of executing a system” includes test planning prior to the execution of the test cases.)

Many people and organizations are confused about the difference between quality assurance (QA), quality control (QC), and testing. They are closely related, but they are different concepts. Since all three are necessary to manage the risks of developing and maintaining software, it is important for software managers to understand the differences.

They are defined below:

a) Quality Assurance: A set of activities designed to ensure that the development and/or maintenance process is adequate to ensure a system will meet its objectives.

b) Quality Control: A set of activities designed to evaluate a developed work product.

c) Testing is the process of executing a system with the intent of finding defects. (Note that the “process of executing a system” includes test planning prior to the execution of the test cases.)

Absolute pressure is calculated from a vacuum (0 PSI) and ATMOSPHERIC pressure is14.7PSIa or 14.7 PSI above a vacuum 1PSI on a tire pressure GAUGE is called 1PSIg = 15.7PSIa 10PSIg=24.7PSIa 100PSIg=114.7PSIa etc.

Absolute pressure is calculated from a vacuum (0 PSI) and atmospheric pressure is14.7PSIa or 14.7 PSI above a vacuum 1PSI on a tire pressure gauge is called 1PSIg = 15.7PSIa 10PSIg=24.7PSIa 100PSIg=114.7PSIa etc.

A “street ELL” may have gotten its name because it describes a 90° fitting PArticularly useful in tight, street DITCHES. When installing water pipes under a street, or from a water service, again under the street, into a home or BUSINESS, this street ell allows one to change pipe DIRECTION with one LESS fitting, and in less sPAce, than with a standard ell.

A “street ell” may have gotten its name because it describes a 90° fitting PArticularly useful in tight, street ditches. When installing water pipes under a street, or from a water service, again under the street, into a home or business, this street ell allows one to change pipe direction with one less fitting, and in less sPAce, than with a standard ell.

USUALLY bricks do not grow, but since stuff GETS all over, it LOOKS like it grows.

Usually bricks do not grow, but since stuff gets all over, it looks like it grows.

BMC Software founders Scott Boulett, John Moores, and Dan Cloer began a contract programming PARTNERSHIP that OPERATED in and around Houston, TEXAS.

BMC Software founders Scott Boulett, John Moores, and Dan Cloer began a contract programming PArtnership that operated in and around Houston, Texas.

When sleepers were ADDED below the railway, LINES the TRAINS ran more smoothly and people fell ASLEEP on their journeys.

When sleepers were added below the railway, lines the trains ran more smoothly and people fell asleep on their journeys.

The MOMENT of inertia measures the opposition any KIND of BODY will have against a certain MOMENTUM (along that same axis) trying to rotate that body.

The moment of inertia measures the opposition any kind of body will have against a certain momentum (along that same axis) trying to rotate that body.

Projection LINE is the WAY, in which the EARTH is shown on a flat PIECE of PAPER.

Projection line is the way, in which the earth is shown on a flat piece of PAper.

A pound (LB) is a unit of measurement for weight while a yard is a unit of measurement for distance.

If you are referring to common measurements used on a construction SITE, a “yard” is a common abbreviation for a “cubic yard”, which is a unit of measurement of volume. (A cubic yard equals 27 cubic feet.)

Since DIRT weighs about 110 pounds per cubic feet, a cubic yard of dirt weighs about 2970 Lbs. Since concrete is heavier (150 PCF), a cubic yard of concrete weighs about 4050 Lbs.

A pound (Lb) is a unit of measurement for weight while a yard is a unit of measurement for distance.

If you are referring to common measurements used on a construction site, a “yard” is a common abbreviation for a “cubic yard”, which is a unit of measurement of volume. (A cubic yard equals 27 cubic feet.)

Since dirt weighs about 110 pounds per cubic feet, a cubic yard of dirt weighs about 2970 Lbs. Since concrete is heavier (150 PCF), a cubic yard of concrete weighs about 4050 Lbs.

The tensile strength of a material is the value at which the material fails when subjected to a tensile force. (Tensile means a force pulling the wood fibers lengthwise, as opposed to a compressive force.) There are a lot of different types and load cases for wood, so there is not one answer to this question. For example, wood used outside will fail at a lower load than wood inside. Wood is also anisotropic, i.e. it has different strength in different directions.

Example values of tensile strength vary anywhere from 175 pounds per square inch for Utility Grade pine to 1400 PSI for Dense Select Structural grade Douglas Fir. A good reference for material strength DATA for most SPECIES and grades of commercially available wood can be found in the AMERICAN Institute of Timber Construction HANDBOOK.

The tensile strength of a material is the value at which the material fails when subjected to a tensile force. (Tensile means a force pulling the wood fibers lengthwise, as opposed to a compressive force.) There are a lot of different types and load cases for wood, so there is not one answer to this question. For example, wood used outside will fail at a lower load than wood inside. Wood is also anisotropic, i.e. it has different strength in different directions.

Example values of tensile strength vary anywhere from 175 pounds per square inch for Utility Grade pine to 1400 PSI for Dense Select Structural grade Douglas Fir. A good reference for material strength data for most species and grades of commercially available wood can be found in the American Institute of Timber Construction handbook.

Purpose of the gap in the road is to allow the road to exPAnd and CONTRACT with temperature changes WITHOUT causing DAMAGE or deformation to the road.

Purpose of the gap in the road is to allow the road to exPAnd and contract with temperature changes without causing damage or deformation to the road.

Some people call it an AIR pocket in the CONCRETE or a VOID.

Some people call it an air pocket in the concrete or a void.

• To know the soil PROPERTIES, in so doing be in position to determine whether the PArticular site is SUITABLE for the purpose intended
• To know the history of the site
• To know what remedies need to be put in place before construction can START Based on the soil properties, that can be determined on site and in the lab, DESIGN the appropriate foundation for the structure.

138.60ft

2.31ft of WATER= 1 PSI

138.60ft

2.31ft of water= 1 PSI

4 FEET, 8 1/2 INCHES

4 feet, 8 1/2 inches

Soil PRESSURE increases with depth due to the OVERBURDEN or self-weight of the soil and due to loads imposed upon the soil.

For example, the pressure variation below the depth of soil is LINEAR and the relation is given by pressure = unit WT * depth. As depth increases, there will be a linear INCREASE in the soil pressure.

Soil pressure increases with depth due to the overburden or self-weight of the soil and due to loads imposed upon the soil.

For example, the pressure variation below the depth of soil is linear and the relation is given by pressure = unit wt * depth. As depth increases, there will be a linear increase in the soil pressure.

No, the pressure will be the same, you will get more VOLUME only if your PUMPS can HANDLE the GPM, to INCREASE pressure you may NEED a booster pump or a single pump that is rated for your needs.

No, the pressure will be the same, you will get more volume only if your pumps can handle the GPM, to increase pressure you may need a booster pump or a single pump that is rated for your needs.

BRIDGES, HYDRAULIC PRESSES, BURNERS TRAINS.

Bridges, hydraulic presses, burners trains.

1 KIP = 1000 LBS.

1 kip = 1000 lbs.

In BIOLOGY, Stress is SOMETHING that disrupts homeostasis of an organism. In engineering, Stress is an external force that pushes, pulls, twists, or otherwise puts force on something.

Engineering stress assumes that the area a force is acting UPON remains constant, true stress TAKES into account the REDUCTION in area caused by the force.

In biology, Stress is something that disrupts homeostasis of an organism. In engineering, Stress is an external force that pushes, pulls, twists, or otherwise puts force on something.

Engineering stress assumes that the area a force is acting upon remains constant, true stress takes into account the reduction in area caused by the force.

HORIZON or horizontal mining can be APPLIED to extraction of material from seams of any stratified mineral such as limestone or ironstone, but it is more usually associated with coal – PArticularly where there are several seams that are inclined or folded and/or faulted.

Horizon mining involves long level roadways (horizons) being driven from the shafts to the extremity of the area to be mined.

The levels of the horizons are chosen to intersect the maximum number of seams the maximum number of times. As the seams are intersected, headings will be driven into the seam so that the desired material may be EXTRACTED. This method of mining requires a thorough understanding of the geological structure of the area to be mined so that the level of the horizons can be chosen for optimum results.

This method of mining is popular in modern coalmines with seams worked from several horizons. The considerable CAPITAL OUTLAY of driving horizons before production can begin is recouped by the advantage of having long straight level roadways of generous dimensions unaffected by the crushing effect of nearby extraction of the mineral.

Horizon or horizontal mining can be applied to extraction of material from seams of any stratified mineral such as limestone or ironstone, but it is more usually associated with coal – PArticularly where there are several seams that are inclined or folded and/or faulted.

Horizon mining involves long level roadways (horizons) being driven from the shafts to the extremity of the area to be mined.

The levels of the horizons are chosen to intersect the maximum number of seams the maximum number of times. As the seams are intersected, headings will be driven into the seam so that the desired material may be extracted. This method of mining requires a thorough understanding of the geological structure of the area to be mined so that the level of the horizons can be chosen for optimum results.

This method of mining is popular in modern coalmines with seams worked from several horizons. The considerable capital outlay of driving horizons before production can begin is recouped by the advantage of having long straight level roadways of generous dimensions unaffected by the crushing effect of nearby extraction of the mineral.

GRAVITY flow is fluid flowing due to the FORCES of gravity alone and not to an applied pressure head. In the Bernoulli equation, the pressure term is omitted, and the HEIGHT and velocity TERMS are the only ONES included.

Gravity flow is fluid flowing due to the forces of gravity alone and not to an applied pressure head. In the Bernoulli equation, the pressure term is omitted, and the height and velocity terms are the only ones included.

ABSOLUTE is equal to GAUGE pressure PLUS ATMOSPHERIC

Absolute is equal to gauge pressure plus atmospheric

ABSOLUTE pressure is SIMPLY the addition of the observed gage pressure PLUS the VALUE of the local atmospheric pressure.

Absolute pressure is simply the addition of the observed gage pressure plus the value of the local atmospheric pressure.

In SAILING, the ropes used to move the sails AROUND so the boat will move in the right DIRECTION when the wind BLOWS.

In sailing, the ropes used to move the sails around so the boat will move in the right direction when the wind blows.

ONE NAUTICAL mile is defined by one latitude minute of arc (there are 60 such minutes to a degree). This equals 1852 meters, and roughly (but coincidentally) 2000 yards or 6000 feet. (Edit: actually, a standard nautical mile is 6076 feet, 6000 feet and 2000 yards are commonly used approximations, but produce an error of about 1%).

The STATUTE mile had a little fuzzier definition to start with, as one mile was the same as 1000 roman PAces/steps. The definition has since changed, but one statute mile equals about 1609 meters.

One nautical mile is defined by one latitude minute of arc (there are 60 such minutes to a degree). This equals 1852 meters, and roughly (but coincidentally) 2000 yards or 6000 feet. (Edit: actually, a standard nautical mile is 6076 feet, 6000 feet and 2000 yards are commonly used approximations, but produce an error of about 1%).

The statute mile had a little fuzzier definition to start with, as one mile was the same as 1000 roman PAces/steps. The definition has since changed, but one statute mile equals about 1609 meters.

The input power, that is, the power required to operate the pump should be stated in Hp (horsepower) on the pump’s nameplate.

It can also be calculated by the 3-phase power equation:

P(in Hp) = VI(1.7c) = Rated Voltage x Rated Current x 1.73/ %Efficiency

If this is a consumer grade pump that operates on 120Vac, then the equation becomes P = VI, SIMPLY multiply the operating voltage, 120 x current (which is the number followed by the letter “A”.

The output power, which really is not technically power, but rated in Gpm (gallons PER minute), or caPAcity should also be on the nameplate. If you have the MAKE, model, and (not necessarily needed) the serial number (also on the nameplate) you could call the manufacturer’s customer service dept. As an APPLICATION engineer, I have CONTACTED countless manufacturers’, and service dept’s for assistance. It is now big deal to them, they will be happy to answer your questions.

The input power, that is, the power required to operate the pump should be stated in Hp (horsepower) on the pump’s nameplate.

It can also be calculated by the 3-phase power equation:

P(in Hp) = VI(1.7c) = Rated Voltage x Rated Current x 1.73/ %Efficiency

If this is a consumer grade pump that operates on 120Vac, then the equation becomes P = VI, simply multiply the operating voltage, 120 x current (which is the number followed by the letter “A”.

The output power, which really is not technically power, but rated in Gpm (gallons per minute), or caPAcity should also be on the nameplate. If you have the make, model, and (not necessarily needed) the serial number (also on the nameplate) you could call the manufacturer’s customer service dept. As an application engineer, I have contacted countless manufacturers’, and service dept’s for assistance. It is now big deal to them, they will be happy to answer your questions.

As the term implies, “Modulus of Elasticity” relates to the elasticity or “flexibility” of a MATERIAL. The value of modulus of elasticity is very much significant RELATING to deflection of CERTAIN materials used in the construction industry. Take for example the general E value of mild carbon steel is about 200 GPA COMPARED to about 70 GPA for ALUMINUM. This simply translate that aluminum is 3 times flexible than steel.

As the term implies, “Modulus of Elasticity” relates to the elasticity or “flexibility” of a material. The value of modulus of elasticity is very much significant relating to deflection of certain materials used in the construction industry. Take for example the general E value of mild carbon steel is about 200 GPA comPAred to about 70 GPA for aluminum. This simply translate that aluminum is 3 times flexible than steel.

The PAssage of TIME is ONE reason. Buildings also collapse due to weak foundations. Earthquakes, hurricanes and other NATURAL disasters can also damage the structure of the buildings and cause it to collapse. BOMBINGS or demolition of buildings is also other reasons.

The PAssage of time is one reason. Buildings also collapse due to weak foundations. Earthquakes, hurricanes and other natural disasters can also damage the structure of the buildings and cause it to collapse. Bombings or demolition of buildings is also other reasons.