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River valley project which provide multiple benefits are known as multipurpose river valley projects.

Tsunami struck east coast in 2004.

Fishing is the use of Kayals.

The great Himalayas.

Himalayas means abode of snow.

Peninsular India is the ancient part of India.

Cash Crop gives more income or profit to the farmer. It is also known as a commercial crop. 

Ex: Groundnut, turmeric, sugarcane, tobacco, etc. 

A food crop is a crop grown for consumption. 

Ex: Paddy, millets, vegetables, etc.

The rearing of aquatic animals for food is known as aquaculture. 

Ex: Fish, prawn, shrimp, crabs, etc. 

Most of the farmers in coastal districts are shifting to aquaculture. Most of the paddy growing fields are converted into aquaculture ponds. This change is resulting in water pollution and contamination of water ponds in paddy-grown areas.

Change in landforms impacts the wellness of a region, occupation, and food patterns. The plant and animal wealth of a place also depends upon the natural habitat and the climate that prevails in that region. Food, clothing, occupation, and livelihood of the people are closely connected with the regional and physical surroundings and climate.

The height of a surface from the sea is called Mean Sea Level. India’s mean elevation is 160 m (525 fit) and is taken from Mumbai High.

Correct option is (b) Narmada

A rift valley in India is Narmada.

Shimla, Srinagar, Mussorie, Nainital, Darjeeling, Chakrata are hill resorts.

Correct option is Yes.

Correct answer is No.

Correct option is Yes.

Land is given to human beings as a free gift of nature. Since land is not a produced or manmade agent. It has no cost of production and hence no supply price. Those who had acquired land, in the beginning, had incurred their labour and capital for the purpose of increasing its productivity. Hence, they sell it to others only after realizing the capital and labour spent on it. Thus, rent or no-rent sale or purchase, the land remains as it is, and is available for the service of mankind as a free gift of nature.

Correct option is (b) Increased

(c) Free gift

(a) Economic

Correct option is (b) differs

(a) Limited Nature

Our region has rocks of marble and important stones, therefore mining is an important industry. Ancient kings have constructed water ponds for water source. Public grasslands are near villages.

• The Bhakra – Nangal Project is a joint venture of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. It has been named after the two dams constructed at Bhakra and Nangal on the Sutlej river in Himachal Pradesh. 
• Flood control, irrigation facilities, hydel power generation, promote afforestation. 
• The main objectives of the project are : 
• Flood control 
• Irrigation facilities 
• Hydel power generation 
• Promote afforestation 
• Soil Conservation etc. 
• The Bhakra dam is constructed across the Sutlej river at Bhakra in Himachal Pradesh. 
• It is 518 meters long & 226 metres high. 
• The Reservoir created by the Bhakra-dam covers an area of 173.8 knv and has a gross storage capacity of 9,867 million cubic metres. This reservoir is called the ‘Govindsagar’. 
• The canals have a total length cf about 1104 kms, & their length of their distributaries is 3,360 kms. 
• They provide irrigation to 27.4 Lakh hectares of land-in Haryana, Rajasthan and some parts of Punjab. 
• The Nangal dam is constructed across the Sutlej river at Nangal, 13 kms below the Bhakra dam. 
• It is 305 metres long and 29 metres high. 
• The Nangal canal irrigates 26.4 lakh hectares of land in Haryana and 50.2 lakh hectres of land in Punjab. 
• This project plays an important role on Agriculture in the North Western part of India by providing irrigation where rainfall is scanty.

This is the biggest Multipurpose project in North Karnataka across the river Krishna.

• It comprises two dams namely Alamatti and Narayanapura. 
• The Alamatti dam is constructed near Alamatti village in Basavana Bagewadi taluk and the Narayanapura dam is located near Siddapur village in Muddebihal taluk of Bijapur district. 
• The Alamatti dam is 1,578 mt long & its height is 47.8 mt above the lowest foundation level with a gross capacity of 5,285 mcum. 
• The Narayanapura dam is 10,637 mt long and 29.7 mt high above the lowest foundation level with a gross capacity of 10,66 mcum. 
• It is going to irrigate about 6.22 lakh hectares of land in Bagalkot district, Bijapur district, Yadgir district, Gulbarga district, Raichur district.
•  The project also include 6 units of power generation at Alamatti having a total capacity of 268 mw.

• Controlling the runoff of rain water and make it to perculate to increase ground water table for future purpose. 
• It involves collection and storage of rainwater at surface or in sub-surface aquifier, before it is lost as surface runoff. It not only increases water availability but also checks the declining water table.

Objectives: 

The following are the main objectives of rain water harvesting.

• It checks runoff water & avoid flooding. 
• It replenishes the ground water table and enables the wells. 
• It helps to overcome the adequancy of surface water to meet demand of water. 
• If the ground water is blackish, it will reduce the salinity. 
• It also reduces ground water contamination and improve water quality. 
• It helps to increase agricultural product and improves ecology of an area.

Methods of Rain Water Harvesting : 

1. In-situ method The method of percolating the rain at the point of its fall itself is called In-situ rainwater harvesting. 

For example –

• Infilteration pits : The rain water can be collected and stored in pits, dug in farm lands and used for irrigation. 
• Contour bunds and trenches : The Construction of bunds, trenches or check dams. 
• Roof top water harvesting : The Rain water that falls on the roofs of buildings or in courtyards is collected and stored in underground. Sumps, or wells or in drums and used for domestic purpose such as cleaning, washing etc.

2. Ex-situ method : This method of rainwater harvesting involves storing of running water. It is collected in check dams, huge percolation tanks etc. It is an expensive method.

1. Water Conservation refers to the action taken to use water effeciently. It involves the controlling, protecting, managing & planning for the wise use of our scarce water resources. 

2. The following stratergies can be adopted for conservation of water.

• Reducing run-off losses : It can be achieved by using contour cultivation, terrace . fanning, mulching, water storage structures like farm ponds. 
• Reduction of irrigation losses : It can be reduced by drip and sprinkler irrigation, use of lined or covered canals to reduce seepage. 
• Re-use of water : The treated waste water can be used for watering .gardens, washing vehicles and floors of the building. It helps in saving fresh water.
• Prevention of wastage of water : Preventing by closing taps when not in use, repairing any leakage from pipes and using small capacity flush in toilets.

Hirakuddam .

Protection & Preservation of water for future consumption purpose is known as water conservation.

On the basis of physical and economic conditions, Andhra Pradesh can be divided into two parts. 

They are : 

1. Coastal Andhra Pradesh and

2. Rayalaseema.

Guntur, Krishna, West Godavari and East Godavari are the ‘districts that come under the Krishna and Godavari deltas.

1. Srikakulam, 

2. Vizianagaram, 

3. Visakhapatnam, 

4. East Godavari, 

5. West Godavari, 

6. Krishna, 

7. Guntur, 

8. Prakasam and 

9. Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore District.

Every year the floodwaters of the river enrich the soils of the delta region. The floods bring silt-laden with humus with them. They deposit it in the flooded areas. In this way, the floods enrich the soils of the delta region.

1. Kurnool, 

2. Anantapur, 

3. YSR Kadapa and 

4. Chittoor Districts.

Before joining the sea, a river divides into a large number of small streams. Before joining the sea the water slows down and can’t carry the sediment which forms the delta.

Vijayawada and Rajahmundry are the two cities from where the two deltas begin. Ghataprabha River, Malaprabha River, Bhima River, Tungabhadra River are the rivers that join the Krishna river.

Plain areas are important for agriculture because alluvial soils are deposited as sediments in these plains. They are deep and fertile, and the flatness facilitates mechanizes of crop production. They also support grasslands which provide good grazing for livestock.

Plains are level lands with flat surfaces. So it is easy to lay a road in plain areas.

Plains are suitable for building houses and cultivation. Because of fertile soil, the land is highly productive and transportation is also easy in plains. So plains have dense settlements.

Plain areas are gifts to agriculture and farmers. Agriculture is the main occupation in these areas. Because of the fertility of the soil, more than one crop can be cultivated here.

Farmers in plain areas change their cropping pattern towards cash crops and food crops. Some of the crops will make the soil fertile and the next will give high returns. Food crops like vegetables and fruits will give high returns. So they are changing the cropping pattern.

Because of floods, the soil in these areas will get fertile due to the continuous deposition of sediments by the rivers.

The peninsular plateau consists of two broad divisions-Central Highlands and Deccan Plateau. Central Highlands lie to the North of Narmada river. It includes a major area of Malwa plateau. Vindhyan range is enclosed by Aravallis and central highlands. The eastward extension of Central Highlands is Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand plateaus. Further eastwards, lies the Chota Nagpur plateau.

Horticulture hub is an area where plantation crops, especially ready-to harvest crops like banana, mango, guava, and papaya crops are grown.

Borra caves of Visakhapatnam district and Papikondalu of East and West Godavari districts are the famous tourist places in these mountain regions.

Krishna and The Godavari is the main rivers of Andhra Pradesh. They flow from the Western ghats and join into the Bay of Bengal in the east by forming a large delta.

• Andhra Pradesh is situated in the east coastal line of India. 
• Andhra Pradesh has varied landforms. 
• The important landforms are Deccan Plateau in the South West. 
• The Eastern Ghats towards the mid-eastern part. 
• Eastern coastal plains in the east where the land descants down into the Bay of Bengal. 
• Thus our state has mountains/hills, plains, and plateaus as major landforms.

• Andhra Pradesh has different landforms.
• We must appreciate the people for selecting their economic activities depending upon the physical and climatic features of their region. 
• People living in the plains thrive on agriculture. 
• People in the coastal areas depend on fishing. 
• Charcoal batti making of cement bricks are in the plateau region. 
• Collection of forest products and animal rearing are some of the economic activities in the mountain region.