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• Inundation canals.taken out directly from rivers without making any barrage or dam. 
• Derennial canals which are taken out from the reservoirs by constructing barrage.

All of These can be categorised as barren land

Location and climate have large effects on income levels and income growth. People living in the plains depend on agriculture. Because of fertile soil, this region is highly productive. As transportation is also easy the plain regions have more economic activities than plateau and mountain regions. Plateau regions have fewer economic activities because of low rainfall. This region has an underlying influence on the people who live here. In hilly regions people completely depend on rainfall and transportation is also not easy in this region. When compared to the plain region hilly region is also underlying influence upon the people there. So we can say physical and climatic feature determines the economic activities of a region.

Canada An important country for Commercial

All the lands in my village are agriculturally productive.

1. The tribal people follow distinct cultures of their own. 

2. They do not destroy the forests they use. 

3. Their lifestyle is eco-friendly. 

4. They use naturally available things like medicines.

I think that it is important to preserve the lifestyle of tribals because they do not destroy the forests they use. Their lifestyle is also ecofriendly. If they follow the lifestyle of the people who live in plains they too destroy the forests. This will lead to low rainfall in hilly areas also. They possess good knowledge of forest which leads to more productivity of forest products. They take care of the environment in a lot of ways than expected.

Tribal people do not have daily markets. They can’t go to the nearby cities and towns for essential commodities like vegetables. They may not have good transportation also. So, kitchen gardening is important for them as they grow vegetables in their backyards.

(i) Vindhyachal : This range extends from east to west in the north of River Narmada. It separates Northern India from Southern India. Its average height is 300 metres. It starts from Gujarat in the west and goes up to Bihar in the East passing through the Madhya Pradesh.

(ii) Satpuras : This mountain range spreads between the Narmada and the Tapti rivers. They extend from Gujarat in the west to Amarkantak in the east. Dhupgarh (1350 metres) is the highest point of these ranges.

India is divided into three major physiographic division i.e. the Himalayas, the Northern plains and the Peninsular plateau. The peninsular is the core of the geology of India. It is a stable block of hard rocks around which other physiographic divisions have been formed. The northward drifting of peninsular plateau led to the formation of Himalayas. The Himalayas adorn like a crown. These enclose the Indian sub-continent. Sediments brought down from Himalayas have been deposited to form the northern plains. The Gangetic plain is the cradle of Indian civilisation. Thus three physiographic divisions help to strengthen the forces of unity of our people.

Poldar are found in Netharland

Three ranges meet at Anaimudi Knot Cardamom from south, Anaimalai from North and Palni from North East.

1. Land is limited in supply 

2. Land is permanent and is fixed 

3. Land lacks mobility 

4. Nature of land is passive.

1. Agricultural land 

2. Barren land 

3. Forest land 

4. Grazing land 

5. Residential land 

6. Land for playing and recreation (Public land).

The land available in villages is mostly used for agriculture, grazing and for constructing ponds. The reason is that, even today a major part of Indian population is engaged in agricultural activities. Animal husbandry is an auxiliary occupation. Therefore in villages we find agricultural land, pasture land and land used for ponds.

Due to land degradation, the quality, productivity and usefulness of land has reduced. Land conservation is highly important to maintain the quality of land. All creatures are associalted to land and they meet all their needs from land. Even human beings are associated with land all their life, therefore it is important to conserve it.

The food for increasing population, cattle feed for animals, raw material for agriculture-based industries, etc, all are dependent on the quality of land. Hence land conservation is essential. Problems we will face if land is not conserved : 

By not conserving land the following problems may arise : 

• The quality of land will completely deteriorate. 
• There will be reduction in productivity and usefulness of land. 
• There will be food shortage for the increasing population. 
• Problems of inavailability of sufficient quantity of cattle feed may arise. 
• Forest land may reduce which will have adverse impact on our environment. 
• The animals and creatures which live on land will be adversely affected due to polluted land. 
• The agriculture-based industries will also suffer as they are dependent on land for their raw material.

The main factors responsible for Geo-degradation are :

1. Soil erosion 

2. Increase in soil salinity 

3. Excessive mining 

4. Deforestation 

5. Desertification, 

6. Excessive grazing 

7. Development activities 

8. Excessive irrigation 

9. Leakage of canal water 

10. Solid waste from cities and industrial waste

11. Excessive use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides, etc.

There is a vast difference in land use in villages and cities. The land cost in cities is more compared to that in villages. Land in villages is mostly used for agriculture, grazing land and for ponds. On the other hand, land in cities is used for residences, offices, industries, transport and gardens etc.

Plains are level lands with flat surfaces. These are densely populated areas as flatlands are suitable for building houses, as well as cultivation. Because of fertile soils, the land is highly productive. Construction of transportation facilities is also easy. In Andhra Pradesh, several districts are situated in the plains. Our state has a long stretch of plains called ‘Coastal Plains’ stretching from Srikakulam district in the North to the Pulicat Lake in the South.

Land uses are classified into many categories like-

• Forest land 
• agriculture land 
• Barren land 
• non-cultivable land,
• grassland/pasture lands 
• garden land, 
• Current fallow lands 
• Old fallow lands and 
• land used for other purposes. 

Forest land is that area of land where natural vegetation is found. Garden land is where fruit bearing trees are grown. Agriculture land is one where different types of crops are grown. Non cultivable land can also be used for agriculture through some efforts but due to – some inconvenience they are left unused. 

Fallow lands are of two types : current fallow and old fallow lands both are used for agriculture purpose however due to some reasons and objectives the land is left unused currently. Barren land is unsuitable for agriculture, but due to local demands they are left for grasslands. Land used for other purposes include residential lands, transport, canal, shops, industries etc, which can be used for other land purposes as well.

Plateaus are very useful because they are rich in mineral deposits. Many of the mining areas are located in the plateau areas. Limestone, manganese, asbestos, iron ore, gold, diamonds, graphite, dolomite, quartz, silica sand are available in plateau regions. The lava plateaus are rich in black soil. They are fertile and good for cotton cultivation. Many plateaus have scenic spots and are great tourist attractions.

• It is a strange experience to know that some groups of people are still nomads in the 21st century. 
• There are a good number of nomads on the Earth. 
• Chenchus of Andhra Pradesh (Nallamala forest area) is one of the wondering groups for hunting and food gathering. 
• Erukula is another sect of nomads. They travel with a group of families by selling medicines with donkey milk, dolls with palm leaves, etc.

A plateau is an elevated flat land. It is a flat-topped table land standing above the surrounding area. A plateau may have one or more sides with steep slopes. The height of plateaus often varies from a few hundred meters to several thousand meters. Like mountains, plateaus also may be differentiated as young or old. The Deccan plateau in India is the oldest plateau and it is of volcanic origin. A large part of Rayalaseema is located in this Deccan plateau region.

The Chenchus are a tribal group practicing a pre-agricultural mode of economy. The government of India recognized them as a particularly vulnerable Tribe. They have been the inhabitants of the Nallamala forest area. They are hunter-food gatherers. They spread over the districts of Kurnool, Guntur, and Prakasam in Andhra Pradesh.

1. Guntur district.

2. Papikondalu.

3. Velikondalu.

4. Seshachalam and Horsely hills.

5. Yarada and Anantagiri hills.

6. There are nine types of hills.

7. Velikondalu is situated in the SPSR Nellore district.

8. Seshachalam hills are in the Chittoor district.

9. We can find Anantagiri hills in the Visakhapatnam district.

Lambasingi was situated in the interior tribal hamlet in Chintapalli Mandal of the Visakhapatnam agency. It has recorded single-digit temperatures in the winter like in Kashmir. So it is also known as Kashmir of Andhra Pradesh.

Coastal Andhra Pradesh consists of 9 districts. This region has the fertile soils of the Godavari, Krishna, and Penna Delta. The density of the population is also very high.

The length of the coastal line of Andhra Pradesh is 972 km.

Krishna and Godavari are the main rivers that flow through the plains of Andhra Pradesh.

Correct option is C) 9

Paddy monsoon crop is called Kharif and the winter monsoon crop is called Rabi.

Correct option is A) Cotton.

Correct option is B) Minerals.

Due to the insufficient availability of water, only one crop can be grown here. Farmers in this region are trying to overcome this problem with various types of irrigation methods. Millet crops like ragi, sama, varagu, korra and groundnut are grown. Sometimes paddy, sugarcane, and fruit orchards are sown in this region. At present farmers are trying mixed crops like red gram, maize with groundnut. Farmers are trying contour bunding and organic farming to improve the soil quality As water facilities are fewer farmers are growing sweet lime, sapota and mango. These orchards require water in some seasons only and give regular returns. Wherever water is available plantation crops like banana, papaya, guava and pomegranate are being cultivated. In this way, major changes came in cropping patterns in plateau region when compared to the olden days.

The ups and downs, uneven slopes on the surface of the earth is called a landform.

Landforms can be divided into mountains, plateaus, and plains depending upon their elevation and slope.

Rift valleys are found over peninsular India like Narmada and Tapti valleys.

The Mountain range contains severed hills. A mountain is a natural elevation of the earth’s surface. Mountains may have a small summit and a broad base. It is considerably higher than the surrounding area. 

Y.S.R. Kadapa, Chittoor, Kurnool, and Vijayanagaram districts have stretches of hilly terrain which we can see as pockets of scattered hills called the Eastern Ghats. 

Arakuloya, Borra caves of Vishakhapatnam district, and Papikondalu of East and West Godavari are the famous tourist places in the mountain region.

Rayalaseema is a group of 4 districts. This region comprises rocky and drylands. The uncertain and less rainfall is not favorable for agriculture. So, this land is known for droughts and famines.

Recently I visited Maredumilli in the East Godavari district. It is located in the deep forest area of Eastern Ghats quiet away from the urban concrete jungle. Maredumalli nestled in green nature’s lap. It is a pleasant place to visit as it is good for its scenic beauty with trees and lovely waterfalls pretty close to one another.

The treated waste water can be used for watering gardens, washing vehicles and floors or the building etc.

46.2% under total reporting land in India.

The land area from which water flows towards a common water rcourse in natural basin is called Watershed.

Govindsagar.

22.8% under total geographical area of India.

Protection and Preservation of water is called Conservation. Example:- 

• Reducing run-off losses 
• Reduction of irrigation losses 
• Re-use of water 
• Prevention of wastage of water.

‘River Mahanadi’.

The main aims of the project are :- 

• Controlling of floods 
• Providing irrigation 
• Generating hydro-electricity 
• Navigation and Pisciculture.

River valley projects which provides multiple benefits are known as “Multipurpose River Valley Projects”. The importance of these projects’ includes –

1. Providing irrigation 

2. Generation of Hydro-electricity 

3. Flood Control 

4. Soil Conservation 

5. Afforestation 

6. Drinking water 

7. Navigation 

8. Pisciculture 

9. Recreation 

10. Preservation of Wildlife 

11. Fodder for animals and employment for in habit. 

12. Employment for inhabitants.

In India based on the pattern of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) in the USA, the Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC) was started in 1948, to harness the Damodar River. Subsequently many similar projects have been taken up in the country.

Damodar valley project on IS-11 Feb, 1948.