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Subhash Chandra Bose is known as Netaji.

Sardar Bhagat Singh, Raj guru and Chandra Shekhar Azad.

He gave the war slogan “Dilli Challo

He resigned from Indian Civil Service (ICS).

The goals of the revolutionaries: The main goal of the revolutionaries was to end British rule from the Indian soil. They wanted to bring true democracy in India. Their goal was not to establish a rule of terror in Indian society, but they wanted to terrorize British administration for their tyrannical rule. The revolutionaries murdered those British officers who persecuted Indian patriots.

The revolutionaries wanted to inspire the freedom fighters to fight for freedom and to terrorize the British officers. Sacrifice for the country was a source of inspiration for revolutionaries. The goals of the revolutionaries were to free India from the chains of slavery, revive the lost pride of their motherland, and to let the Indians feel that they could freely move about in the atmosphere of their free country 

The Programmes of the Revolutionaries:

Following were the programmes of the revolutionaries:

1. To create hatred for British slavery in the minds of educated Indians through ‘writings, speeches and secret publicity. 

2. To remove fear from the minds of the people suffering from unemployment, starvation and suppression and to inspire them for freedom and patriotism through plays, music conferences and literature.

3. To attract the attention British government in ‘Vande Mataram’ processions, swadeshi meetings and boycott activities so that the progress for freedomstruggle could be carried on without any hindrance.

4. To make bombs, to make pistols and arrange guns available secretly and to arrange arms from foreign countries.

5. To collect money for revolutionaries through loot and dacoities to carry on the movement of the revolutionaries.

6. To recruit youths of the country and to train them in the use of arms, so that they may become respectful, loyal and powerful freedom fighters.

7. To train the young freedom fighters to obey the rules and regulations strictly so that they may pick up the qualities of leadership in future.

8. To awaken among the public a feeling of nationality. To present before the people the heroic deeds of Indian heroes through plays and music conferences. To exhibit the sacrifices made by them for the attainment of freedom for their country. 

9. The Policies of the Revolutionaries: 

The revolutionaries had a clear policy. They wanted to free India from the British rule at any cost. They stressed on the necessary means to protect mother India’s honor and pride and to maintain it with sacrifices. They believed that if their goals could not be achieved by moral means, they would not hesitate to use violence and force to achieve these goals.

The revolutionaries used arms to answer the British rulers in the language and means which the British officers used and understood. Their message was hold the sword in hand and wipe out the British government”. The revolutionaries did not hesitate to use arms against the British. They wanted to bring in true revolution in India.

Defining the meaning of revolution, they said, “The present state of affairs in British ruled India that stands on injustice and tyranny must be changed without much delay. The revolution is to end the exploitation of Indians and to get the complete right of self – decision making by Indians and for self – rule.”

Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai and Bipin Chandra Pal were the chief extremist leaders. In the Indian national movement, the period from 1906 to l919 is called Liberals, Extremists and the extremist period. The extremists were totally against keeping the British rule in India. They wanted self – rule (swaraj) based on Indianism and to break away from the British at the earliest. The programmes of the extremist were boycott, swadeshi and national education.

They wanted to proceed under a well – organized system by using specific means. The extremists stressed on national education, using goods made in their own country. This encouraged Indian industries. The extremists opposed British rule by adopting the means of self – dependence and self – elevation. They ended the illusions from Indian masses that the British were invincible and all powerful.

The Personality of Subhash Chandra Bose: 

Subhash Chandra Bose, popularly known as Netaji, was born on 23th January 1897 in an upper – middle class Bengali family in Cuttack. He got his early education in an English school at Cuttack. Here, he experienced discrimination with Indian students in matters of educational activities and in relation with granting scholarships to the students.

In 1919, he got B.A. degree from Calcutta University. He passed the Indian Civil Service Examination in 1920. In May 1921, he resigned from the Indian Civil Service. Then, at the age of 24, young Subhash Chandra renounced the ICS- full of worldly luxuries, and joined Indian National Congerss to serve the country and to live a purposeful life.

The Deeds of Subhash Chandra Bose:

 We can study the deeds of Subhash Chandra Bose on the basis of the following points:

1. Membership of Indian National Congress and active role in Non – cooperation movement: 

After resigning from Indian Civil Service, Subhash Chandra Bose became a member of Indian National Congress to play an active role in Indian politics. During the non – co – operation movement, he inspired the youths of the country to participate in national movement. 

2. An active role in organizing Swarajya Dal: 

Subhash Chandra became a votary of the Swarajya Dal established by Desh Bandhu Chittaranjan Das and took active part in its programmes. He believed that the British rule should be opposed within the boards and the corporations. 

3. Effective role as Chief Executive Officer of the Calcutta Corporation: 

When, in 1924, the swarajya dal gained majority in the provincial legislative council, Chittaranjan Das became the mayor, and he appointed Subhash Chandra Bose as the chief executive officer of the Calcutta Corporation. The working system of Subhash Chandra Bose indicated that he was Indianising the administrative system. Consequently, the Bengal government arrested him and exiled him to Mandlay (Burma ) for three years.

4. Worked as the President of the Indian National Congress: 

Subhash Chandra Bose was a staunch opponent of liberal members of the Indian National Congress. His goal was to attain complete and perfect independence for Mother India. He was twice elected as the President of Indian National Congress.

5. Establishment of Forward Bloc within Indian National Congress:

Due to some differences with Mahatma Gandhi, Subhash Chandra Bose resigned from the President – ship of Indian National Congress in April 1939. In May 1939, he founded the Forward Bloc within Indian National Congress. Its purpose was to organised the leftists active and strong within Indian National Congress 

6. Put in to house arrest and departure from India: 

The Second world war broke out in September 1939. He thought it as the golden opportunity to free India with the help of foreign countries. He was imprisoned in his own house, but a strict eye was kept on him regarding his routine. But Subhash Chandra Bose tricked the police vigilance, and on 17th January 1941, he escaped from his house in disguise. He reached Russia via Peshawar. He broadcast from the Radio a speech foundering India and against the British. He proposed to his countrymen to rise against the British rule to free their country from the British slavery.

7. Establishment of Azad Hind Fauj: 

Subhash Chandra Bose organised Azad Hindi Fauj. In the army, he recruited those Indian soldiers and army officers who had been made prisoners of war by Japan when the English army escaped from Singapore and Malaysia. The Indian solider in Malaysia had agreed to help him to get rid of the British slavery. Bose declared that he did not get a single example from the history of the world, wherein a country freed itself from slavery without foreign help.

8. Establishment of Interim government of free India: 

Netaji established interim government of Azad Bharat at Singapore on 21st October 1943. After a few days, countries like Japan, Germany, Italy, Burma, Manchuria, Nationalist China, Thailand, and Philippines etc. extended recognition to the government of Azad Bharat. Its head offices were at Rangoon and Singapore. In November 1943, the government of Japan handed over the newly – won islands of Andaman and Nicobar to the interim government of Azad Bharat.

9. March of the Indian National Army towards India under Subhash Chandra Bose leadership: 

Subhash Chandra Bose gave the Indian National Army the war slogan “Delhi Challo.” In March 1944, Indian National Army invaded India, and in May 1944, unfurled the tricolor flag on independent Indian land at Kohima. But fortune did not favour Japan in the war and it had to retreat, which stopped the Indian National Army to marching forward.

10. Death in Aircrash:

Subhash Chandra’s revolutionary life ended in an air crash. It is . said, that while going from Singapore to Japan, he died in an air crash on 18th August 1945. However, there is still a mark of interrogation on his death episode. Subhash Chandra Bose was an efficient politician, a high order army leader and great patriot. He sacrificed his life for the freedom of the country. Even to this day, his slogan of ‘Jai Hind’ echoes in our ears.

Gopal Krishna Gokhale was born in 1866

Sardar Bhagat’s Singh’s contribution to the national movement is described in the following points: 

1. Role in non – co – operation movement:

In 1920, Gandhiji started the non – co – operation movement. At that time, Bhagat Singh,who was a student of class IX actively participated in the movement. When Gandhiji suddenly postponed the movement in 1922, Bhagat Singh was greatly shocked. He then took admission in National College, affiliated to Kashi University. Lala Lajpat Rai delivered many lectures on patriotism in the college. He was greatly influenced by the revolutionary thoughts and historical evidences given by Jai Chand Vidhyalankar.

2. Contribution to the national movement as a journalist: 

Sardar Bhagat Singh learnt journalism from the Editor of ‘Pratap’ Shri Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi at Kanpur. After this, Bhagat Singh started writing for PRATAP published from Kanpur by the pen name ‘Balwant’. He also wrote for KIRTI published from Punjab by the pen name ‘Vidrohi’. Besides these, his articles appeared in special ‘phansi’ edition of the CHAND magazine published from Allahabad. Bhagat Singh wrote some books during his imprisonment, viz –

• Biography
• Door to Death
• The Revolutionary Movement in India.
• All these had general impact on the national movements.

3. Establishment of Indian Socialist Republican Army: 

After the Kakori incident, Bhagat Singh came in contact with Chandra Shekhar Azad. He established the Hindustan Socialist Republican Army to uproot the British rule from the Indian soil. He started collecting money to buy arms for the revolution. Bhagat Singh was secretly named Balwant Singh in this secret revolutionary wing.

4. Saunder’s Murder:

Lala Lajpat Rai led the procession which boycotted the Simon Commission on 20th October 1928. During the lathi charge by the police superintendent Saunders, Lala Lajpat Rai was badly injured. Consequently, Lala Lajpat Rai died due to his injuries on 17th November 1928. This fatal attack on Lala Lajpat Rai was like crushing the national movement. To avenge this disgraceful act, Bhagat Singh, along with his fellow revolutionaries, attacked the police station at Lahore. While coming out of the police station, in place of police superintendent Scott,he killed Asst. Police Superintendent Saunders by the bullets of his pistol. Bhagat Singh wanted to kill Scott, but Saunders was killed by mistake.

5. Bomb explosion in the Central Assembly Hall: 

Challenging the British administration, Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt, on April 1929, threw a bomb on the empty benches in the Central Assembly Hall at a time when the President Vitthal Bhai Patel was speaking on the Public Safey Bill. Terror was let loose in the Assembly Hall.

Both the heroes of the revolutionary path did not escape, their they raised the slogan in the Assembly Hall, ‘Inquilab Zindabad’, and, May the Imperialism perish forever’. They distributed some red pamphlets on behalf of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Party, which read, ‘To reach our voice to the deaf ears”. Their purpose of throwing bomb in the Assembly Hall was not to murder anyone, but to shake the cruel British rulers from the slumber of ignorance.

6. Awarded death / capital punishment: 

The police, besides Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt, involved other revolutionaries in the Bomb explosion incident of Centrial Assembly Hall of Delhi. Justice Hilton announced the death sentence conferred to Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru in connection with the bomb explosion case. In spite of demonstration and opposition everywhere, Bhagat Singh and his fellow revolutionaries were hanged to death on 23rd march 1931 in Lahore jail A wave of deep sorrow spread throughout the country.

On the basis of above mentioned description, it can be said that Sardar Bhagat Singh showed exemplary courage as a revolutionary and played a historic role as a socialist thinker and patriot. His heroic deeds sowed the seeds of public consciousness against the British rule in India.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak was a votary of extremist ideology in Indian national movement. He was born in the village Ratnagiri of the Konkan area in Maharashtra on 23rd July 1856. Right From his student life, he made the goal of his life to struggle for the freedom of his country. The subject of his political thinking was achievement of swaraj for his country. He gave to the country the slogan, “Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it.” He gave new meaning to swaraj and published the newspapers ‘Kesari’ and ‘Maratha.’

Bal Gangadhar Tilak was the sage Bhagirath of Indian national movement and he extended priceless contribution to Indian national movement. Tilak erected the Indian national movement on the pedastal of CULTURAL PRIDE of the nation. For this, he started Ganesh festival and Shivaji festival. To achieve swaraj, he prescribed the means like swadeshi, boycott, national education and non – violent resistance. Tilak was the first national leader of modern India to gain spotless popularity and influence. He founded a new age for the formulation and use of the means followed by the extremists to win swaraj for the country.

Tilak considered the freedom of individual a means of development of individual. Like Locke, he considered freedom of individual to be his natural right. On this basis, he declared freedom as a birthright. According to Tilak, the syllable Swa means human soul – which is a part of God. When an individual regulates and controls his life according to this basic part of God, he succeeds in developing this fractional soul to its fullest. He attains divine bliss by following the dictates of this divine consciousness.

Such individual alone can be helpful in increasing the welfare of the self and the society. To Tilak, freedom of the country meant an emotional means of the welfare of the masses. According to him, freedom is a helpful factor in optimum moral development of individual and in the union of individual soul with the divine soul . So, we can say that Tilak’s view-point regarding freedom was basically spiritual and moral. Thus, he gave Indians a new concept and view-point regarding freedom.

Tilak, in his political philosophy, has stressed on the purity of the goal, but he has not laid much emphasis on the purity of the means. He believes that if the goal is pure, any means can be used to achieve it. In Tilaks view, achievement of Swarajya was a pure goal and he adopted violent means to get it according to the demands of the situations, which are known as open political means.

Tilak harshly criticized the liberal and constitutional means adopted by the liberals to get swaraj. He favoured the non – violent resistance pormotion of swadeshi, boycott and national education, etc. Tilak believed that through these means, the terror of the Britishers in Indian hearts can be abolished and they can be inspired to sacrifice their lives for freedom.

• Biography
• Door to Death.

Tilak’s political philosophy can be explained under the following points: 

1. Concept regarding freedom of individual: 

Tilak talked about the freedom of individual in the Vedantic spirit. Tilak accepted freedom of individual as a means of spiritual development and as helpful in reuniting individual’s soul to God’s soul. According to Tilak, swaraj is helpful in all – around development of an individual and a helpful factor in spiritual elevation of an individual.

2. Morality the basis of the individual and the society:

According to Tilak, human being is not a national or social being on account of his radical nature; but basically, man is a spiritual or moral being. Tilak made his concept of ‘sarva dharma’ or eternal morality the basis of his political thinking.

3. Discord with western politics and materialism: 

Tilak has shown disagreement with various physical principles of the west. He believed that these western principles are not in accordance with Indian spiritualism, its culture and polity (politics).

4. His thoughts regarding the means: 

According to Tilak, achievement of Swaraj was a pious goal. Under the then situation, he adopted aggressive political means, often called ‘open political’ means. Tilak authorized four means for achieving Swaraj – swedeshi, boycott, national education and non-violent resistance. He believed that he could abolish British fear from the hearts of Indians while adopting these four means and they could be inspired to make sacrifices for motherland.

5. Nationalism influenced by the pride of ancient India: 

Tilak is given the credit of providing Indian nationalism a definite and concrete concept. Tilak wanted to develop Indian nationalism according to Indian traditions, feelings and the situations. Tilak was a votary of “Swadeshi Swaraj.”

6. Thoughts regarding nationality, unity, and communal harmony: 

Tilak favoured Hindu – Muslim unity and communal harmony. He wanted to develop Indian nationalism. With this goal in view, Tilak tried to develop the sentiments of national unity among the groups of different religions, cultures and languages, and tried to make national unity unbreakable.

7. Ideology of Swaraj: 

According to Tilak, Swaraj is a helping factor in all – round development and the spiritual elevation of human being. Tilak has chiefly mentioned two forms of Swaraj – the spiritual Swaraj and the political Swaraj. The spiritual Swaraj helps a human being in his spiritual elevation, while the political swaraj helps human being to elevate him in the earthly world.

During the British rule, there was a continuous fall of Indians in all walks of life. To get rid of this decline, the only remedy for Indians was to obtain both, political and spiritual Swaraj. So, Tilak asserted his unfaltering determination. He said to the British government in a challenging tone,“Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it”.

• Suppression of liberals and aggressive movement by the British government 
• The British policy of racial discrimination.

• To awaken patriotism, nationalism and the sense of freedom in the hearts of Indians. 
• To collect money for the revolutionary movement through looting and dacoity.

According to Bal Gangadhar Tilak, freedom helps man in his all-round development and progress. Every nation must be ruled by its own people and not by foreigners. This is the concept of freedom according to Bal Gangadhar Tilak. During British rule, human life was undergoing misery in all spheres of life. To get rid of this miserable state, the only remedy for Indians was to get freedom for their country.

So, Tilak expressed his unfaltering determination to the British government in a challenging mood-Freedom is my birthright and I must get it” We clearly see on Tilaks’ concept of freedom an impact of ‘Vedic Swarajya and Shivaji’s Hindu post ‘Hindu Padshai’. Tilak’s goal was to establish freedom in India for achieving which can return to India its lost prestige and pride. He had accepted the two forms of Swarajya – political and spiritiual. The spritual form was helpful in the spiritual elevation of the individual, while the political form was helpful in the earthly elevation.

Gopal Krishna Gokhale was a liberal politician. He believed in phase – based development. The object of these reforms was to usher in self – rule for India. Gokhale believed that the corruption in the administration was due to English bureaucracy and can be eliminated through self – rule.

In 1905, in his presidential address in the session of the Indian National Congress at Varanasi, Gokhale said, “The main object of Indian National Congress is that India should be ruled keeping in view the benefits of the Indian masses, and within a definite time period such a government should be organised, just as we see other self-ruled governments within the framework of the British Empire.” His object was to get a dominion status for India within the British Empire.

Gopal Krishna Gokhale favoured constructive policies. To Gokhale, ‘Swadeshi’ was the symbol of Patriotism. To him, swadeshi was not a mere weapon of economy, but it also contained the economic independence of the masses and a high sense of self – respect. He believed that swadeshi alone could pave the way to India’s economic independence. It will also awaken among the Indians a feeling of solving economic problems of one another.

This fundamental feeling hidden in ‘Swadeshi’, is the transformed shape of economic independence. Gokhale agreed with the constructive aspect of ‘swadeshi’. But he still disagreed with its negative aspect, when he told the people not to boycott every thing or idea belonging to the British government.

Boycott to Gokhale was a violent idea which bespeaks of revenge. He believed that giving up the use of foreign goods would rouse people to embrace ‘Swadeshi’. However ‘boycott’ would not inspire people to embrace ‘Swadeshi’ as a negative approach. He also treated boycotting the government services such an unbecoming behaviour as economic boycott.

According to Gokhale, centralization of power encourages administrative autonomy and results in the miseries of the public.

“According to Gokhale,Swarajya means replace the British administrative system, by Indian administrative system to increase the size of the legislative council to reform them and let the people themselves look after their problems and other matters.”

According to Gokhale, Swadeshi was a symbol of patriotism and a pious thought. He did not look upon Swadeshi only as an economic weapon, but according to him, it was also a positive expression of the citizens will of self-dependence and self – respect.

Gokhale founded the Bharat Sewak Sangh on 12th June, 1905.

• Faith in liberalism of the British community and its judicious nature.
• Votary and protector of nationalism.

Gokhle’s ultimate goal of gradual reforms was to establish self – rule for India within the framework of British empire.

He founded the Bharat Sewak Sangh.

Gokhale gave the following suggestions for decentralisation of power: 

1. There should be Gram Panchayat at the lowest level of the administrtation and it should be provided enough rights from the government. 

2. At the middle level of the administration, the District Boards should be set up. 

3. At the Apex level, the legislative council of state should be re-organized.

According to Gokhale, boycott was a violent thought which indicated the feeling of revenge.

Main goal of Gokhale’s political philosophy was to make reforms m Indian governance system, administrative system and political system.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

Swami Dayanand Saraswati gave the idea of Swaraj for the first time.

For the attainment of his goal Swaraj, Tilak followed the means of:  

• Non – violent resistance 
• Publicity of Swadeshi
• Boycott 
• National education.

He has stressed on the purity of goal in his political thought.

Tilak made ‘Swadeshi’ a symbol of patriotism. Explaining its political importance, he says, “This alone is the most effective means which can free us from slavery.” To Tilak, the efficacy of Swadeshi was not only confined to the economic self – dependence of India. He considered, Swadeshi as the bed – rock of spiritual elevation and attainment of political freedom.

His Swadeshi movement became the movement for the renaissance and re – elevation of the entire Indian national life. Expressing the political significance of swadeshi, Tilak said, “If we do not want to live under the slavery of the British, we shall have to carry on the swadeshi movement with full force. This alone is such an effective means that can free us from slavery.”

1. The extremists believed that the British rule did not work for the welfare of the Indians. So, they did not co-operate with the British administration. 

2. They did not believe that the British race was just – minded and had strength of character. 

3. They believed that rights can be attained by the strength of self-dependence self respect and self-pride and not by appealing for the mercy of the British rulers. 

4. They used new slogans to inspire the people for direct political activities and for the public awakening. 

5. The extremists considered the constitutional means as unimportant and insufficient for attaining freedom. They declared that freedom can only be attained by the capability of the freedom fighters and not by the mercy of the masters. (The British masters). 

6. The extremists promoted the feelings of self pride and love of Indian culture in the freedom fighters.

The credit of giving Indian nationalism a definite and concrete shape goes to Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Unlike Gokhale, Tilak wanted to develop nationalism according to Indian traditions, feelings and situations. Tilak favoured Swadeshi nationalism. Tilak believed. “We do not want to anglicise our institutions. He did not agree with those liberals who thought that political unity of India was on account of the kind attitude of the British rule. Tilak put forward the concept of the rule of Hindu Nation.

To consolidate and to organize the Hindus, he started Ganesh Festival and Shivaji Festival, and soon, he stressed on the need of Hindu-Muslim unity and demanded Swaraj for all the Indians. Tilak called nationalism as a national religion. Tilak’s nationalism had many phases. It was religious, social, economic and political, all in one. He wanted a revolutionary change in every sphere of India. Tilak was the first politician who represented nationalism in its totality. So, Tilak’s nationalism is also called aggregated nationalism.

Subhash Chandra Bose gave the slogan of ‘Jai Hind’.

Sardar Bhagat Singh gave the salogan ‘Inqalab Zindabad’.

Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt.

Subhash Chandra Bose.

They believed that British rule was a blessing for India. They believed that development of India was possible only through the co – operation and help of the British government. The liberals were nationalists, but they had feelings of gratitude for the British rule. This sort of conduct of the liberals was due to their better education. They thought that use of force against the British rule will incite the British authorities to use more cruelty in their conduct with Indians.

The liberals did not want to get rid of the British Empire completely. They wanted India a place within the British Empire as a respectable country. They favored all such institutional, political and economic reforms to get India ruled by the Indians and not by the foreign rulers. They were not in favor of complete Independence. They wanted India to be a self-ruled nation within the framework of British Empire.