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The maximum pressure at which the blood leaves the heart through the main artery (Aorta) during contraction phase is called systolic pressure. The minimum pressure in the arteries during relaxation phase of the heart is called the diastolic pressure. The normal blood pressure values are: Systolic pressure: 120 mm Hg. Diastolic pressure: 80 mm Hg.

When the muscles of heart contract it leads to systole and the relaxation of heart muscles after systole is known as diastole. The systolic and diastolic pressure of a normal man is 120/80 mmHg. In this, 120 mmHg represents the systolic pressure whereas 80 mmHg represents the diastolic pressure.

Lime water turns milky in the presence of CO₂. 

In flask-1, the air containing CO₂ enters into the flask, but due to the presence of KOH all the CO₂ gets absorbed by it. So, there will be no change in the lime water. 

While flask 2 is connected with a flask containing live animals which means that these animals will respire and will release CO₂. This CO₂ will turn the lime water present in flask-2 milky.

While moving from position-x to position-y, the lungs are exhaling out the air. When lungs exhale out the air, both diaphragm & external intercostal muscles relax.

Correct option is: (b) gravitropic

Correct option  (B)

Explanation: 

(i) lt is clear from the given graph that the person is taking 5 breaths per 20 sec, so in 1 minute (60 sec) he will take 15 breaths (5/20 x 60).

(ii) Point 'D' shows increase in the volume of lungs, thus at this point, inspiration is taking place while point 'F' shows decrease in the volume of lungs, thus at this point, expiration is taking place.

a. Stomatal pore- It allows carbon dioxide to diffuse into leaf for photosynthesis. Water vapour and oxygen leave the leaf through the stomatal pores.

b. Guard cell- Guard cell facilitate gas exchange into and out of the plant by closing and opening the stomatal pore.

Correct option  (A) Contraction of the diaphragm muscles 

Explanation: 

Contraction of the diaphragm muscles make it flat and contraction of the external intercostal muscles causes upward and outward movement.of ribcage, thus increasing the volume of lungs. As the volume increases, the pressure inside the lungs decreases. (as shown by the part 'X' of the graph). This will cause the air from outside to rush inside the lungs, causing inspiration.

Correct option is: (c) phototropic

• Water should enter the root xylem continuously to assist the various process such as photosynthesis.
• Continuous flow of water into root xylem is due to transpiration pull.

Correct option is: (c) hydrotropic

Blood circulatory system and lymphatic system.

Phloem tissue is a vascular tissue which transports the food materials made in the leaves to the other parts of the plant. Phloem is made up of many cells joined end to end to form long tubes. The cells of the phloem are sieve tubes and companion cell. These are living cells.

Blood and lymph.

(a)  Chlorophyll is a green coloured pigment present in the leaves of plants. It helps in absorbing energy from sunlight during the process of photosynthesis.

(b) (i)  Glucose 

(ii)  Starch.

Small intestine.

name of main vein is Vena Cava. 

The answer is (a) water

During photosynthesis water molecule splits to produce Oxygen and Hydrogen Ions. Oxygen is expelled out of plants and Hydrogen is used to reduce Carbon dioxide to produce carbohydrates.

Heart is pump in the circulatory system.

Due to circulatory system, glucose from digestive system and oxygen from respiratory system is transported to every cell. Red blood cells carry the oxygen as the blood is pumped by the heart. In every cell with the help of oxygen, glucose molecules yield the energy by the process of oxidation.

Dialysis is the procedure used in the working of artificial kidney.

Capillaries.

Heart organ acts as a pump in the circulatory system.

Glycogen is an energy rich carbohydrate that is stored in large quantities in the liver and skeletal muscles of the body. It is a branched-chain polymer of glucose. It serves as a reserve source of energy.

1. Sir Hans Kreb proposed this cycle and hence it is called Krebs cycle.

2. These are series of cyclic chain reactions which begins with acetyl-coenzyme-A molecules which act with molecules of oxaloacetic acid.

3. The reactions are catalysed with the help of specific enzymes.

4. The first molecule formed in this reaction is called citric acid. Therefore, Krebs cycle is also called citric acid cycle.

(i) (a) Junk food makes the person obese.
(b) He/She may suffer from loss of appetite.
(c) He/She may develop the problems related to his/her physical or mental $owth.
(d) It leads to wastage of money.
(ii) Awareness regarding health, caring, loving nature.
(iii) Inform them about advantages of eating healthy food and the health problems posed by junk food.

(i) No the step taken by Rahul was not right.

(ii) It can lead to addiction and can affect the health adversely.

Associated Value: The learners will be discouraged to get influenced from others taking any food supplements that harm their health.

(i) No, the step taken by Rahul was not right.
(ii) It can lead to addiction and can affect the health adversely.
(iii) Concern for health, prudency.

(i) Om developed stomach ache as he had not chewed his food properly. Chewing food properly helps in proper breakdown of food and mixing it with saliva. Large food pieces if enter the stomach might cause damage.
(ii) Chew your food properly for healthy digestion.
(iii) Caring, health conscious and aware.

• The medulla oblongata controls involuntary activities like the beating of the heart, blood circulation, breathing etc. 
• An injury to the medulla oblongata will stop these activities, leading to death.

• There is an elastic flap at the starting of the wind-pipe called epiglottis which opens whenever we breathe in air and closes to prevent the entry of food into the respiratory system.
• While eating in hurry, due to lack of coordination, the epiglottis opens to take in air but food too enters in causing us to choke.

1. b. Carnivores

2. a. Herbivores

3. a. Herbivores

4. c. Elephants

5. a. Deer

1. (a) Respiration

2. (d) Conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid.

3. (b) NO

4. (a) YES

5. (a) Lack of oxygen

Correct option is: (a) Cerebrum

• Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands. 
• These glands do not have any arrangement of their own to store or carry their secretions.
• Hence, as soon as hormones are produced, they are directly released into the blood circulation.
• Thus, though these endocrine glands are present at specific locations in our body, their secretions reach all parts of the body via blood.
• Therefore, endocrine glands are also called ductless glands.

True

The largest artery is the aorta that carries blood away from heart to rest of the body. The inferior vena cava is the largest vein that carries blood from lower half of the body to heart.

Respiration is the process in which complex food particles breaks down into simpler ones through the process of oxidation to release enormous energy. 

Substances which undergo respiration to release energy are known as respiratory substrates. 

Example : Some respiratory substrates are glucose, proteins etc

The correct substrate are

a) Protein 

b) Starch

c) Protein 

d) Lipid

The answer is (d) trypsin digests proteins and lipase emulsified fats

Trypsin breaks down proteins into polypeptides and Lipase digest emulsified fat molecules into fatty acids and glycerol.

(a) Waste. 

(b) Nephron. 

(c) Kidneys. 

(d) Lymph. 

(e) White, red.

Hypertension.

The function of glomerulus is to filter the blood passing through it and initiate urine formation.

(i) Circulatory system. 

(ii) Excretory system. 

(iii) Respiratory system. 

(iv) Digestive system.

Carbon dioxide and urea.

The function of glomerulus is to filter the blood passing through it and initiate urine formation.

In photosynthesis, water and carbon dioxide are used as raw materials to produce glucose and release out oxygen. This process occurs in the presence of green pigment chlorophyll present in leaves of the plant, which remains unchanged after the reaction.