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Code that is maintainable, readable, and bug-free is considered good.  Almost every organization has 'coding standards' that developers should adhere to, but everyone has different ideas about what's best and what's too many or too few. Many tools are available that ensure that test cases map to requirements, such as traceability matrixes. In the event that all test cases are successfully executed, then the code fulfils the requirement.

QAs should add manual testing to any test strategy as it enables them to gain deeper insights from the end user's perspective that can be extremely useful. As manual testing relies on human testers without the aid of test automation frameworks, it is a powerful tool for judging software based on the most important metric: customer/user experience. The agile software development process continuously demands a shift towards automated testing, but manual testing will never cease to exist. An experienced, well-rounded candidate that can provide both manual and automation testing skills can assist QAs in quickly and efficiently completing the necessary tests. When you prepare for the manual interview, you are more likely to impress the hiring manager and progress to the next stage of the process.

In light of this, we have put together a comprehensive list of interview questions frequently asked during manual testing interviews. Here we have given an overview of manual testing and compiled a list of the top 50+ manual testing interview questions for job seekers at all stages of their careers. The candidate should have a thorough understanding of key concepts, as well as the ability to clearly and persuasively present their ideas. So, prepare yourself accordingly. Good luck with your future endeavours.

• https://www.interviewbit.com/automation-testing-interview-questions/


• https://www.interviewbit.com/qa-interview-questions/


• https://www.interviewbit.com/blog/types-of-software-testing/


• https://www.interviewbit.com/technical-interview-questions/


• https://www.interviewbit.com/blog/qa-engineer/


• https://www.interviewbit.com/blog/difference-between-quality-assurance-and-quality-control/


• https://www.interviewbit.com/qa-interview-questions/

A boundary value analysis is defined as a software testing technique that uses the boundary values of equivalence classes as input to test cases. Black box testing uses boundary value analysis as one of the most commonly used case design techniques.  

In boundary value analysis, values at the boundaries are included in test cases. It is generally true that there are more errors at the boundaries of an input domain than in its center, which makes boundary value analysis an excellent method for generating test cases. In boundary value analysis, values at the boundaries are included in test cases. When the input lies within the boundary range, it is a positive test, but if it lies outside, it is a negative test. The values may include the maximum, the minimum, the inside edge, the outside edge, the typical value or the error value.

Example: Assume you're testing an input box accepting numbers from 1 to 20. As a result of boundary value analysis, we can divide test cases into three categories:

• The test data will be the same as the input boundaries of input: 1 and 20.


• Input values above the extreme edges: 2 and 21.


• Input values below the extreme edges: 0 and 19.

Therefore, the boundary values are 0, 1, 2, and 19, 20, 21.

For some products, a requirement stack is not available. It may require considerable effort to identify if an application has unexpected functionality, which indicates a deeper problem with the software development process. Removing functionality that isn't necessary for the purpose of the application is a good idea. Otherwise, create a test plan based on the assumptions you've made about the product. But, it is important that you thoroughly document all assumptions in the test plan.

When writing test cases, you should follow the following guidelines:

• Assess the project's risks and deadlines before planning and prioritizing test cases and write accordingly.


• Keep the 80/20 rule in mind. For the best coverage of your application, 20% of your tests should cover 80% of its functionality.


• Make sure you don't try to test all cases at once, but rather improvise them as you go.


• Create a list of your test cases and categorize them according to business scenarios and functionality.


• Modularity and granularity are important when designing test cases.


• Provide test cases in a way that can easily be understood by others and modified if necessary.


• Remember that the software designed is ultimately for customers, so keep their requirements in mind.


• Manage a stable release cycle by using a test management tool.


• Keep track of your test cases on a regular basis. Test cases must be unique and irrelevant or duplicated must be removed.

QAs should refer to the following references if they cannot find standard documents such as System Requirements Specification or Feature Description Document.

• Screenshots


• Wireframes


• A previous version of the application.

In addition, having discussions with the business analyst and the developer is another reliable method. This is helpful in resolving doubts and bringing clarity to requirements. The emails exchanged could also serve as testing references.

Another option for verifying the application's functionality is to perform smoke testing. This would expose a few very basic bugs in the application. In cases where none of the above options work, we can simply use our previous experience to test the software application.

No, system testing cannot be conducted at any stage of the development process. In system testing, all components of the software are tested together to ensure that the overall product meets the specified specifications. Therefore, system testing cannot take place at any stage; instead, it must be done only after all modules or units are in place and are working properly, but before User Acceptance Testing (UAT).

Testing a product 100% is considered impossible. You can, however, get closer to your goal by following the steps below.

• Developing an effective testing strategy.


• Prepare a checklist for all activities related to testing.


• Establish a priority list for the application's critical areas.


• List all application requirements.


• Identify the risks associated with the application.


• Utilize automated testing.

Testing can be quite challenging when it comes to determining when to stop. In the modern world, many software applications are so complex and run in so many interdependent environments, that complete testing is impossible. The following factors are often considered when deciding when to stop testing:

• If deadlines are met (release deadlines, testing deadlines, etc.) and there are no high-priority issues left in the system.


• Completion of test cases with a certain passing percentage.


• As soon as the test budget is depleted.


• The mean time between two inherent failures is known as the MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure). When the MTBF is quite high, the testing phase may be stopped depending on stakeholder decisions.


• As soon as the automated code coverage meets a specified threshold value and there are no critical bugs.


• If the bug rate drops below a certain level.


• After the Beta or Alpha testing period has ended.

Choosing Manual Testing over Automation Testing

• When test cases need to be run for a short duration of time (once or twice). 


• When one needs to perform exploratory testing, usability testing, or ad-hoc testing.


• When assessing an application's user-friendliness.


• Whenever flexibility is needed. 


• Whenever one wants to better manage complex situations/scenarios.

Choosing Automation Testing over Manual Testing

• Whenever test cases have to be run repeatedly over a long period of time. 


• When one needs to perform performance testing, load testing, or regression testing. 


• Whenever one wishes to record the testing process.


• When one has a limited amount of time to complete the testing phase. 


• When tests are needed to be executed in a standard runtime environment. 


• When tests involve repetitive steps. 


• When there are multiple and quick deployments for the product, the manual becomes very time taking and redundant.