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The process of transformation in chemical and physical properties of substances (obtained from agriculture and mining) is called industry. Industry is an important link in the pillars of modern economy. Industry creates employment and develops the trade and related economic components. Thus, industry facilitates the growth of economy. Industrialization in India began with establishment of cotton textiles industry in Bombay in 1845 and of jute industry in Calcutta in 1855. These were the only industries which developed in India till the First World War. The first industrial policy was implemented in 1948 after the independence. The industrial policy stressed on employment generation, reduction of regional imbalance, improvement of availability of capital and raw materials, improvement in technology so that better products could be made at low cost. The Planning Commission facilitated the road towards progress. Through Five Year Plans the Planning Commission facilitated the development of iron and steel industry, cotton textiles, cement industry, paper industry and sugar industry.

Tata Iron and Steel Company

Textile industry

Steel Authority of India Limited.

SAIL is the administrative body to look after all the steel factories under public sector.

(B) Cotton textiles industry 

This industry was developed in different stages during different Five Year Plans after independence. During the Second Five Year Plan factories were established at Durgapur (West Bengal) with British collaboration, at Rourkela (Odisha) with Russian collaboration, and at Bhilai (Chhattisgarh) with Russian collaboration. The steel plant at Bokaro (Jharkhand) was established during the Fourth Five Year Plan. The steel plant at Bokaro is the largest steel plant in Asia.

Following are the main industries in Rajasthan: 

1. Lead and Zinc Industry: This industiy has flourished in Jawar, Debari (Udaipur), Chanderia (Chittor), Rajpura Dariba and Rampura Dariba. This industry has developed near mines. Rest of the raw materials is brought from Malpur Banda, Chauth ka Barwara, and Gurha Kishoridas. About 95% of country’s demand for lead and zinc is fulfilled by Rajasthan.

2. Cement Industry: Rajasthan is the largest producer of cement in the country. The cement industry is concentrated along a belt around Nimbahera, Chittorgarh, Kota, Bundi and Sawaimadhopur. Additionally, some cement factories are also present in Udaipur, Nagaru, Pali and Sirohi. There are 16 large, 5 medium and 130 private cement factories in Rajasthan. Chittorgarh has 6 large factories of cement and hence this city is also called the Cement City. Rajasthan contributes 16% to total cement production in the country. 90% of cement production in Rajasthan is of Portland cement and 10% is white cement.

3. Handicraft Industry: Rajasthan is famous for its handicrafts. Carving of jewels and making of jewellery is concentrated around Jaipur, Pratapgarh and Nathdwara. Jaipur, Jodhpur and Udaipur are the centres for statues and artifacts. Bangles and lac items are made in Jaipur. Barmer, Pali and Saganer are famous for printing, dyeing and bandhni (tie dye). Jodhpur, Jaipur, Ajmer and Barmer are famous for leather items.

4. Marble Industry: Rajasthan is famous for high grade marble. Units of cutting, polishing and carving of mica are present in Makratna, Sirohi, Rajnagar, Chittor, Udaipur and Kishangarh. 

5. Salt and Chemicals Industry: Salt has been made from various runns and lakes of saline water in Rajasthan since ancient times. The largest saline water lake Sambhar Lake is in Rajasthan. This lake produces the largest amount of salt in the country. Additionally, sodium sulphate factory is in Didwana and magnesium sulphate factory is in Pachpadra. 

6. Wool Industry: Most of the sheep and wool-giving animals are reared in Rajasthan. This ensures good availability of raw materials for this industry. Bikaner, Jodhpur, Barmer and Pali are the centres for woolen blanket and ‘namda’ carpets.

7. Cotton Textiles Industry: The cotton textiles industry is in nascent stage in Rajasthan. Mills of cotton textiles are in Bhilwara, Udaipur, Kota, Ganganagar and Pali. Coolants are used to maintain artificial humidity in these factories. These factories produce 4% of cotton textiles of countiy. Suiting and shirting are the main items produced in Rajasthan.

8. Oilseeds Industry: Rajasthan is the number one oilseeds producer in the country. Oil pressing units for groundnut, mustard, soyabean, flex, and castor are present at Bharatpur, Alwar, Jaipur, Dausa, Kota and Bundi.

The first modern factory of cement in India was started in 1904 at Chennai (Tamil Nadu) in which cement was made from mussels. But this endeavour proved to be a failure. After that the first cement factory opened in 1914 at Porbander in Gujarat by Indian Cement Company. Around the same time factories were opened at Lakheri in Rajasthan (by Kilik Nixon Company), at Satna in Madhya Pradesh (by Khatau Company), and at Porbander (by Tata Sons Company).

Rajasthan is the top producer of cement in the country. The cement industry in Rajasthan began with the opening of a factory at Lakheri in 1912-13. This industry is concentrated around Nimbahera, Chittorgarh, Kota, Bundi, Sawai-madhopur in one belt. Some factories are also at Udaipur, Nagaur, Pali and Sirohi. There are 16 large, 5 medium and 130 private cement factories in Rajasthan. Chittorgarh has six large factories of cement and hence it is called the ‘Cement City’ of Rajasthan. Rajasthan produces about 16% of cement produced in the country. About 90% cement produced in the state is Portland cement and 10% is white cement. Factories of white cement are at Gotan (Nagaur) and Kharia Khangar (Jodhpur). Some famous companies have their factories in Rajasthan, e.g. J.K. cement, Mangalam Ceemnt, Binani Cement, J. K. Lakshmi Cement, etc.

Compared to other states; Rajasthan is underdeveloped in terms of industrialization. Rajasthan contributes 6% of total industrial production in the country. The industries contribute 30% to the state’s GDP. Most of the industries in Rajasthan is based on minerals and agriculture. Industry is mainly concentrated around Alwar, Dausa, Jodhpur, Bhilwara, Rajsamand, Kota, Baran, Ajmer and Pali districts. Rajasthan holds the leading position in jewels, jewellery, mica, cement, lead & zinc, salt, handicraft and oil production.

Correct Answer is: (B) 1948

Global warming has following harms: 

1. Overall temperature of, the earth has increased; resulting in extremely hot summer months. 

2. Glaciers are melting causing increased cases of flash floods. 

3. Icebergs are melting causing a rise in sea level.

The cotton textile industry is in nascent stage in Rajasthan. Cheap electricity from Chambal and Bhakra Nangal projects, cotton farming in plateau of Harauti and irrigated plains of Ghaghar have helped in flourishing of mills in Bhilwara, Udaipur, Kota, Ganganagar and Pali. Coolants are used to maintain humidity in mills of Rajasthan. About 4% of country’s cotton is produced in this state which specializes in making cloths for suiting and shirting.

Correct Answer is: (A) 1948

(D) Fourth Five Year Plan

The process of transformation in chemical and physical properties of substances (obtained from agriculture and mining) is called industry.

Bhilwara, Udaipur, Kota, Ganganagar and Pali.

Burnpur in West Bengal

(A) Cotton textiles

Durgapur (West Bengal).

Jodhpur, Jaipur, Ajmer and Barmer.

Correct Answer is: (B) China 

TISCO at Jamshedpur

The first modern factory of cement in India was started in 1904 at Chennai (Tamil Nadu). Around the same time factories were opened at Lakheri in Rajasthan (by Kilik Nixon Company), at Satna in Madhya Pradesh (by Khatau Company), and at Porbander (by Tata Sons Company). This is the second largest industry in the country in terms of production and employment. India is the second largest producer of cement in the world after China. This industry could be indigenized because of raw materials and cheap transport. Rajasthan is the largest producer of cement in the country.

The cotton textile industry has grown 12 folds since independence. While total production of cotton textiles was 351 crore square meter in 1947, it has grown to 6500 crore square meter nowadays. But due to heavy local demand, most of the production is consumed within the country. Remaining produce is exported to Europe, Africa and Gulf countries. Indian cotton textile industry is also suffering from poor quality of raw materials, outdated machines and factories, products made from artificial fibre, and increasing cost of production.

(D) Gautan and Kharia Khangar

Iron Pillar near Qutub Minar

Sodium phosphate factory is in Didwana and magnesium sulphate factory is in Pachpadra.

Iron and steel industry in India began with the foundation of Barakar Iron Works at Kulti in West Bengal. But the real beginning happened with opening of the Tata Iron and Steel Company by Jamshedji Tata in 1907 at Sakchi in modern day Jharkhand. This industry was developed in different stages during different Five Year Plans after independence. During the Second Five Year Plan factories were established at Durgapur (West Bengal) with British collaboration, at Rourkela (Odisha) with Russian collaboration, and at Bhilai (Chhattisgarh) with Russian collaboration. The steel plant at Bokaro (Jharkhand) was established during the Fourth Five Year Plan. The steel plant at Bokaro is the largest steel plant in Asia. The Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) was formed in 1973 to ensure qualitative growth in this industry. SAIL is the administrative body to look after all the steel factories under puhlic sector. Three other factories were included under the SAIL which include the factories at Vishakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh), Salem (Tamil Nadu) and Vijaynagar (Karnataka).

Production: India was the 8th largest producer of wrought iron in the world in 2008. In 2015, it became the third largest producer of wrought iron in the world. India is the largest producer of Direct Reduced Iron (D. R. I.) or sponge iron. India is the third largest consumer of finished steel in the world after China and USA. The steel sector contributes 2% to the GDP and gives employment to more than 6 lakh people.

At present there are 800 small and big paper mills, with a production capacity of 128 lakh tonne. 

Paper mills are present in the following states: 

1. Titagarh, Raniganj, Triveni and Kolkata in West Bengal. 

2. Mumbai, Pune, Chandrapur, Khapoli, Pipri and Kampati in Maharashtra. 

3. Lucknow, Meerut, Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Pantnagar and Basti in Uttar Pradesh. 

4. Bhopal, Riva, Hosangabad and Kamli in Madhya Pradesh. 

5. Bhadrawati, Bangalore, Ramnagar and Krishnarajsagar in Karnataka. 

6. Surat, Vapi, Vadodra and Rajkot in Gujarat.

Correct Answer is: (C) 6 lakh

Ahmadabad city is also known as the Boston of East.

20th century

(B) Sambhar Lake

The Aravali hills of Rajasthan have the largest deposits of lead and zinc in the country. Hence, this industry has flourished in Jawar, Debari (Udaipur), Chanderia (Chittor), Rajpura Dariba and Rampura Dariba. This industry has developed near mines. Rest of the raw materials is brought from Malpur Banda, Chauth ka Barwara, and Gurha Kishoridas. About 95% of country’s demand for lead and zinc is fulfilled by Rajasthan.

Correct Answer is: (A) Rajasthan

About 95% of country’s production of lead and zinc comes from Rajasthan.

Rajasthan state is the largest producer of cement in India.

Jawar, Debari (Udaipur), Chanderia (Chittor), Rajpura Dariba and Rampura Dariba

This industry developed in those regions which had cotton growing areas, cheap transport, cheap labour and humid climate. 

Thus, this industry developed in following states:

1. Maharashtra: There are 112 mills in this state; and Bombay has maximum mills at 54. Additionally, cotton textile mills are also present at Solapur, Akola, Amravati, Wardha, Satara, Kolhapur, Sangli, Jalgaon and Nagpur. This region has plenty of black soil in the hinterland, humid climate and proximity to the Bombay port. Hence, cotton textile industry has thrived in this region. This state produces 39% of cotton textiles of the country.

2. Gujarat: This is the second largest producer of cotton textiles. There are 135 mills in Gujarat; out of which 67 are at Ahmadabad. Additionally, mills are also present at Surat, Vadodra, Bhavnagar, Porbander, Rajkot and Bharuch. This region has grown because of cotton farming in hinterland, cheap labour, availability of capital and proximity to the Kandla port. This state produces 35% of cotton textiles in India.

3. Tamil Nadu: This is the largest cotton producer in south India. There are 205 mills in Tamil Nadu; out of which maximum mills are in Coimbatore. Additionally, cotton mills are also present at Madurai, Chennai, Perambur, Tiruchirapalli and Ramanathpuram. This region has developed well because of humid climate and Chennai port. This state produces 6% of cotton textiles in India.

4. Madhya Pradesh: There are 36 mills in this state and most of the mills are in Indore, Gwalior, Ujjain, Devas, Jabalpur and Ratlam. As this state has well developed transport network and dense population so cotton industiy has flourished here. Madhya Pradesh produces 5% of cotton textiles in the country.

5. West Bengal: There are 45 mills in West Bengal; and most of the mills are situated around Hooghly in Kolkata, Hooghly, Howrah and 24 Pargana. This industiy has developed in West Bengal due to local demand, proximity to Kolkata port, well developed transport network, and cheap labour due to dense population.

6. Rajasthan: The cotton textile industry is in nascent stage in Rajasthan. Cheap electricity from Chambal and Bhakra Nangal projects, cotton farming in plateau of Harauti and irrigated plains of Ghaghar have helped in flourishing mills in Bhilwara, Udaipur, Kota, Ganganagar and Pali.

7. Other States: Uttar Pradesh depends on cotton supply from other states. Cotton mills are present at Kanpur, Muradabad, Hathras and Varanasi in UP. Cotton mills are also present in Punjab (Amritsar, Ludhiana and Phagwara), Karnataka (Bellari, Mysore and Bangalore), Andhra Pradesh (Hyderabad, Warangal and Guntur), Kerala and Bihar.

Correct Answer is: (D) Rajasthan

Correct Answer is: (A) 14%

(C) Iron and steel

Correct Answer is: (C) 30%

Sugarcane extract.

(C) Madhya Pradesh

Correct Answer is: (D) 90%

Nimbahera, Chittorgarh, Kota, Bundi, Sawai-madhopur.

(B) Chittorgarh

Maharashtra has plenty of black soil in the hinterland, humid climate and proximity to the Bombay port. Hence, cotton textile industry has thrived in this region.