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(b) Cartography

(a) Physical features

(b) Relief map

The map that shows the physical features of an area is usually called a Physical Map or a Relief Map.

(b)  4,1, 2, 5, 3

A map projection is a way of representing the spherical earth on a flat surface of a map. The curved surface of the earth cannot be shown accurately on a map. So, cartographers use map projections while mapping the earth surface which would help them to reduce distortions.

Scales on maps can be represented in three different ways.

They are: 

1. Statement or Verbal scale 

2. Representative Fraction (RF) or Ratio Scale 

3. Graphical or Bar Scale 

1. Statement or Verbal scale:

• In this method, the map scale is stated in words i.e., 1 cm to 1 km.
• It means 1 cm distance on the map corresponds to 1 km distance on the ground.
• Thus it is written on the map like 1 cm to 1 km.

2. Representative Fraction (RF) or Numerical Fraction or Ratio Scale: 

• It shows the relationship between the map distance and the corresponding ground distance in the same units of length.
• R.F. is generally shown as a fraction.

3. Graphical or Bar Scale or Linear Scale:

• A graphic scale looks like a small ruler drawn at the bottom of the page.
• This line is line is divided and sub divided into lengths each of which represents a certain distance on the ground.
• This scale has added advantage for taking copies of maps as the measurement does not change.

The Intermediate directions are north east, north west, south east and south west.

1. Earth

2. map projection

3. Isoline 

4. Government 

5. Thematic

1. d 

2. e 

3. a 

4. b 

5. c

1. Globe: 

• Globe gives a three dimensional representation of the entire world.
• It is a miniature form of the earth (model of the earth).

2. Map:

• Map gives a two dimensional representation of certain regions or the entire world.
• It is a visual representation of an entire or a part of an area typically represented on a flat surface

Cadastral maps are useful for local administration such as the city survey, taxation, management of estates and to define property in legal documents.

1. Large Scale: 

• The Large scale maps portray the information in detail than the small scale maps.
• For example physical map of India represents a small area of the earth but gives us more information.

2. Small Scale map

• Small scale maps can show only major features omitting the minor ones due to lack of space.
• For example physical map of the world will show us only the major physical features in the world.

1. Relief map: 

• The map that shows the physical features of an area is usually called a Physical Map or a Relief Map.
• Their primary purpose is to show land forms like deserts, rivers, mountains, plains, plateaus etc. 

2. Thematic map:

• A thematic map is a map that focuses on a specific theme or subject area.
• They show the subject such as physical phenomena like temperature variation, rainfall distribution and population density in an area.

(a) Cadastral maps

1. Visual 

2. earth 

3. Cartography 

4. Title 

5. small ruler 

6. Conventional signs 

7. Conventional signs 

8. public 

9. Register of Territorial property 

10. Specific theme 

11. Qualitative 

12. Isobar

Uses of maps:

1. To find the location of objects and places

2. To find the transportation routes 

3. Maps showing strategic locations are useful for military

4. Serve as tourist guide 

5. To find the spatial distribution of different phenomena 

6. Display weather conditions 

7. Highly helpful in learning geography 

8. Represent the real world on a small scale

1. Isoline map:

• Isolines are lines drawn to link different places that share a common value. An Isoline is a line joining equal points.
• Eg: Isobars, Isotherms etc. 

2. Dot Density Map:

• A dot-density map is a type of Thematic map that uses dots on the map to show the values of one or more numeric data fields.
• Each dot on a dot-density map represents some amount of data. In a dot-density map, areas with many dots indicate high concentration of values

The scale of a Cadastral Map:

1. Cadastral maps commonly range from scales of 1:500 to 1:10,000.

2. Large scale diagrams or map shows more precise dimensions and features.

3. Exampl; Buildings, irrigation units, etc. are often prepared by cadastral surveys.

The term ‘Source’ of the map: 

1. All maps must show the source of the data used in the respective maps.

2. The source should normally be given outside the frame of the map on the bottom right.

3. On the bottom left the name of the author, publisher, place of publication and year of publication must be given.

Bridge represent

1. A map is a visual representation of an entire or a part of an area, typically represented on a flat surface.

2. The work of a map is to illustrate specific and detailed features of a particular area, most frequently used to illustrate geography.

The basic components of a map are:

1. Title 

2. Scale 

3. Legend or key 

4. Direction 

5. Source 

6. Map projection and location information

7. Conventional signs and symbols

(c) cartographers

(c) both a and b

Black colour indicate railway line.

1. smaller 

2. Small scale maps 

3. wall maps 

4. topography 

5. Geological 

6. title 

7. ‘N’

8. symbol,line 

9. Survey of India (SOI)

(a) administrative

1. School Atlas 

2. Advanced Atlas 

3. Regional Atlas 

4. National Atlas

Agriclture is shown in maps using yellow colour.

1. Atlas is a collection of maps in a book. 

2. Atlas maps are small-scale maps covering large areas like continents and countries. 

3. Only prominent relief features, main roads and railways important towns are shown in Atlas maps. 

4. The study of geographic characteristics of a large area is possible at the time with the help of an atlas.

The conventional signs and symbols:

1. Conventional signs are symbols used in maps to represent different features.

2. The symbols are explained in the key of the map.

3. These symbols give a lot information in a limited space.

4. With the use of these symbols, maps can be drawn easily and the concept of the map can be understood well. There is an International agreement regarding the use of certain symbols.

5. The symbols fall under this category are Called Conventional Symbols. Other category is called contextual symbols which are decided by the cartographers.

(a) Both the statement and reasons are correct

Transportation Maps show roads, railway lines and the location of railway station, airports and seaports, etc.,

The common signs and symbols are internationally accepted and used in maps are called conventional signs and symbols.

A sign is a symbol or a line pattern or a colour on a map that relates to and represents a feature on the ground and is widely used. The Survey of India (SOI) have standardized a set of convectional signs and symbols. Several colours are commonly used in the map.

(d) 1, 2 and 3 are correct

Economic Maps depict the production and distribution of different types of crops and minerals, location of industries, trade routes and flow of commodities.

The title of a map describes the information given in the map.

Maps on the basis of scale:

1. Large scale maps show small areas in greater details because they are drawn on a relatively large scale.

2. Cadastral maps are village and town maps which show individual fields and house sites.

3. Topographical Maps shows smaller areas in much greater detail. These maps are prepared by Survey of India. These are also large scale maps which show both natural features like hills and valleys as well as man-made features like buildings, road and canals.

4. Small scale maps that show large areas like continent or countries. These maps are drawn on 1cm = 1000 kms. These are called small-scale maps.

5. Wall maps are small-scale maps showing large areas. They are useful for students in classrooms and offices, small scale maps covers a larger area and depicts with limited information.

6. Atlas is a collection of maps in a book. Atlas maps are small-scale maps covering large areas like continents and countries. Only prominent relief features, main roads and railways important towns are shown in Atlas maps. The study of geographic characteristics of a large area is possible at the time with the help of an atlas.

(a) Identify features tool

Map is an essential tool for a traveller, It helps a traveller to find out direction. It also tells about the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of a place. It helps one to locate a place easily and follow the correct travelling route.

Answer is (a) Y

Answer is (b) Y

! is the tool used to show the map of the world showing time zones.

(a) Animation speed increases

Answer is b and c

b) Clock and map tool