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To tell about the labour exploitation by capitalists, Marx propounded ‘the theory of additional value’ in his famous book ‘Das Capital’. In this theory Marx told mainly two things : value and object. The capitalist class arranges raw material and factory and employs the labour class Only for a few hours, and pays them a fixed amount as a payment of this labour. Labourers’ hard work results in the formation of an object or a thing. After manufacturing, the capitalist sells this goods in market with profit. This increased wealth belonging to the capitalist. This is called surplus/additional value. According to Marx, this additional wealth is the difference between exchange value and production value. This additional/surplus value is actually the earning of labours which goes to capitalists’ account.

We are completely agree with the fact that Marxist concept gives new direction to political thought, which can be clarified through following facts :

• Providing base to different thoughts : Marxist’s conception gives base to different conceptions, and they are not misguided. On the basis of Marxist conception help is gained to understand the concept of political, social, economist and other fields. 
• Economic development : Political, legal, religious, literary and artistic development etc. are based on economic development. They all influence each other. Economic need, which at last certifies its own importance, all other factors interact with it. 
• Challenge to liberalism : Marxist concept challenges the liberalism and gives new direction to politics 
• Scientific interpretation of socialism : Rendering the scientific socialism first, Marx presented a practical plan based for the analyses of communalism establishment. On this basis, Marx thought political aspect. 
• New sensation in labour class : On the basis of Marxjs opinion in society, labour class became conscious for their rights and better life so that all labours struggle and demand for the increment of wages for their development.

Dialectical materialism.

Karl Marx considers religion like opium.

Soviet Union.

In 1843 at the age of 25, he got married with Jainie.

Theory of additional (surplus) value.

‘Criticism of the political economics’.

Marx got married in 1843.

‘The German Ideology’ published in 1845.

(b) Economist

Marx died in 1883.

Marx is of the opinion that since ancient times there have been two classes in society : Vulnerable and Exploited class. A key feature in every era is that one class remains the centre to the means of production and the other class remains weak or exploited. Being teased by vulnerable class, dissatisfaction arises in exploited class and thus class struggle situation originates. The society of the era is also modern divided in two great classes- the capitalist and the proletariat group, The conflict is going on in both of these. 

The recognition of class struggle : 

1. Faith in change. 

2. Proletariat group has to be organised 

3. Change in the development of the means of production. 

4. End of capitalist system by the revolution of proletariat group etc.

(c)  Germany

According to Marx Three stages have passed.

Russian revolution is a Book.

Some economist have criticized Marx’s theory of surplus (additional) value. According to them, this theory does not seem relevant at present. 

The criticism given by them can be understood through the following facts : 

• Lack of scientific knowledge : Scientists say that Marx’s theory of additional value is not real. It can be used to show that labours are exploited in capitalism.. This theory is not based on any certain scientific base. 
• Neglect of capital : Marx’s statement that only labour is the producer of value is wrong. In fact, capital is needed to produce value. Without capital, there is no value of labour. 
• Special stress on revolution : In this theory, Marx told that revolution is the only solution of labour’s problem. This is not right. 
• Special stress on labour’s strength : Marx gives special stress on the labour’s strength but he forgets that her much strength has decreased because it cannot be measured. Its price cannot be measured or certified by its production expense. 
•  Immaterialism of theory : This theory is immaterial. In this method, we can only understand as to how labours are exploited by capatalists. 
•  Principle of exploitation : It is shown in this theory that capitalists exploit labour. Thus, it is said that ‘It is not the principle of value but in fact, it is the theory of exploitation. 

Thus, it is clear by above mentioned facts that the principles given by Marx, the relevance of surplus/additional value remains very less.

It is true that Marx has presented a scientific study of the society, giving importance to the behaviour of spirituality. But there are demerits in his principles, consequently in present perspective, the relevance of Marxist concept seems to be getting weak and we can clarify it through following ways :

1. Marx’s dialectical materialism concept is impure and doubtful. Marx is of the opinion that counter argument and co-ordination are different, but it is not like this. For example, a grain is sown, there as no qualitative difference in it and the grains got from. Thus Marx’s theory is doubtful. 

2. Marx says, that the last goal of development is to establish a classless society. But what would be the form of social system in this society, he does not clarify it. 

3. Marx classified history into six parts on the source basis of economic production and he divides the society into two parts in different eras. For example, slavery system was not there in India before feudalism and history also does not confirm it. 

4. Marx emphasized on stateless society and he believed that proletariat class’s heroism would establish it later on, but it seems imaginary because in communist countries, states are becoming more powerful in place of the end of their existence. 

5. Marx thinks that in capitalist system after the strife of capitalist labours, the authoritarianism of the workers will be established, but wherever there is communism in the world, capitalism was not there. Thus, his prediction proved wrong. 

6. This prediction of Marxism has also been proved wrong that socialism is established after the collapse of capitalism. Nowadays in capitalist countries this system is strengthened rather than weakening. Socialism originated in the countries where capitalism is not developed.

Deis Capital and ‘Communist Manifesto’.

On the basis of physical production, Marx has divided human history in six eras or ages : 

 Primitive era : It is the first era of human history. In this era the methods of production were very easy. There was equality everywhere. It is called primitive communist era. 

Slavery era : In this era, farming originated. Two classes, owner and slaves were there. The owner had full control over slaves.

Era of communist method : In this era the feud have the right over the means of production. In these, semi- slave farmers were under the control of feuds.

Capitalist era : These comprises of two classes : capitalist and labour. 

Proletariat : It is the 5th era, when labours will establish there right over the means of production and then capitalism will come to end.

Communist era : This era will be classless, stateless, and exploitationless.

Karl Marx rendered the scientific socialism.

The steps of Marxism program are Three.

(b)  Society

The thinkers of Britain and France.

Marx rendered scientific socialism.

Dialectical materialism is the main base of Marx’s whole philosophy. Dialectical materialism generally explains in detail the common rules of history’s development. Marx accepted the dialectical materialism from Hegel’s philosophy but explained it through his own view.

Marx was a materialistic thinker, thus he accepted dialectical theory in evolutionism but did not give any importance to conception or soul. Marx wrote clearly that Hegel has neglected real material world. According to Marx, everything that exists is material. Material power, which is the form of root is the process of development. Marx’s idea is that the development is not from the conscious side towards the root but from the root towards the conscious side. According to Marx, whatever new ideas are originated in the world, are the result of the clash of opposite ideas. He is of the opinion, that an individual is always at war and struggle with other for his existence.

Thus, a competition is always found in between. And consequently, these conceptions generate to new ideas. Thus human society keeps to develop continuously. Marx is of the opinion that the truth related to the object of contemplation can be invented only on the basis of physical materials or objects. He thinks that the object of the material world and the incidents are based on one another. Changes always take place in material world. In this change, some attitudes end and some develop and some are repeated. Thus, Marx says that the process of debate that goes through the physical path leads to new ideas. This process of development continues.

Thus, according to Marx’s conception of dialectical material theory, society develops with the fulfillment of material objects. These material objects are the base of Marx’s theory.

Marx adopted the principles of dialectical from Hegel.

Capitalist class

(a) Central Organised State

Fredric Angels.

Marx along with his friend Angel while analysing the philosophy, history, sociology, science, economics on different and serious problem, put a new outlook of certain conception before the world. This outlook or opinion is known as Marxism in the world. Marx rendered socialism based on historical studies. Marx, while rendering the scientific socialism, presented a practical plan based on the analyses of socialism establishment. This is called scientific socialism and on it basis, Marx is known as the founder of scientific socialism.

Main sources are given below : 

• German scholars influence : Marx adopted Heige’s dialectical method for the development of society. He adopted the idea of materialism from young Heiglist Firebakh. 
• Social economical situations : The exploiting character of immediate capitalist society inspired Marx to present revolutionary views.
• British economists concern : Marx founded the theory of additional value on the basis of the labour’s major theories of British economists Adam Smith, Recardo etc.

(b) Proletariat and Capitalist

From the influence of Hegel Karl Marx adopt the idea of dialectical materialism.

(b) Karl Marx