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Constantinople was earlier known as Byzantine. When the Eastern Roman Empire came into being, Constantinople was its capital. That is why eastern Roman empire was called the Byzantine empire.

The fall of the Eastern Roman Empire began after Justinian. It collapsed with the capture of Constantinople by the Turks in the 15th century.

• Portugal Spain
• France
• Italy
• Germany
• Bulgaria
• Serbia
• Austria
• Romania

The Turkish leader Muhammed II captured Constantinople in 1453 CE. By then many territories of Eastern Roman Empire became a part of the Ottoman empire

1. Justinian 

2. Charlemagne 

3. Harun-al-Rashid 

4. Suleiman 

5. Genghis khan 

6. Kankan Musa

Timur. He was called Tamerane. In 1398 he crossed the river Indus and reached Delhi. On his way back, he took with him a great treasure.

(c) Mississippi, Patayan, Caribbean

China and Japan were the countries in Asia where efficient administrative system existed during the medieval period. In the initial stage of the Medieval period, China was ruled by the Tang Dynasty. The sovereignty of the country was vested in the emperor. State officials were selected after conducting competitive examinations based on the criteria of education and excellence. The Tang rulers were tolerant towards all regions and were great promoters of trade and commerce. After the Tang Dynasty, China was ruled by the Song, Ming and Manchu dynasties.

In Medieval Japan also, the emperor was the supreme head in political affairs. But the administration was overhauled by the feudal lords known as Shoguns. Land was under their control. It was under the Shoguns that Tokyo emerged as the center of power.

1. Constantinople is located at the most strategic place in the Gulf of Bosphorus, between the Mediterranean Sea and the Black sea. This city was named after the Roman Emperor, Constantine. It remained as the capital city even during the reign of the Ottoman Turks. It was a great center of art and architecture. At present Constantinople is known by the name Istambul.

2. Baghdad is located on the banks of the River Tigris. This city is the background of the book Thousand and One Nights’. In the Thousand and One Nights, the city is depicted as the biggest and richest city in the world. It was here that the world famous University of Baghdad and the palace of the Abbasids are situated. Baghdad was conquered by the Mongolian ruler Timurandthe Ottoman ruler, Suleiman. During the Mongolian invasion, it is said that there were 36 public libraries in Baghdad city. It was also a cultural center of that period.

3. Timbuktu in the Empire of Mali was the most important cultural and commercial center of medieval Africa. Merchants from Venice, Granada, and Genoa reached Timbuktu for marketing their merchandise such as gold and ivory. It was also a center of slave trade. The University of Timbuktu was one of the leading centers of knowledge of that period. The university attracted students from all parts of the world. The ‘Great Mosque’ constructed by Kankan Musa at Timbuktu was the leading center of Islamic studies during the medieval period.

Charlemagne, the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, introduced centralized administration in his empire. Local administration was entrusted to officers known as Counts. To keep an effective check upon the activities of the Counts, he created a secret department named ‘Mcci Dominicci’

The chief characteristic feature of the Mongolian army was its strong cavalry. Genghis Khan arranged his army in the multiples often (10,100, 1000,10000). The main attraction of the army was the small canons which could be used while sitting on horseback. Genghis Khan also maintained a well-organized espionage.

• He brought almost all of the Western European regions under his sway.
• He expanded his empire through political alliances and matrimonial relations.
• He introduced centralized administration in his empire.
• Local administration was entrusted to officers known as ‘Counts’.
• To keep and effective check upon the activities of the Counts, he created a secret department named ‘Micci Dominici.
• Relief funds were created for helping the poor.
• A network of educational institutions was established under the leadership of Charlemagne. The resultant intellectual awakening was known as the Carolingian Renaissance.

1. Asia 

2. Europe

1. Mecca – Saudi Arabia

2. Medina – Saudi Arabia

3. Damascus – Syria

4. Arabia – Iraq

1. The Mali Empire was one of the famous empires of medieval Africa. The center of administration was Mali in West Africa.

2. Kankan Musa was a famous ruler of Medieval Africa who has known in European records as Mansa Musa.

3. Timbuktu in the Empire of Mali was the most important cultural and commercial center of medieval Africa. Merchants from Venice, Granada and Genoa reached Timbuktu for marketing their merchandise such as gold and ivory. It was also a centre of slave trade. The University of Timbuktu was one of the leading centers of knowledge of that period. The university attracted students from all parts of the world. The ‘Great Mosque’ constructed by Kankan Musa at Timbuktu was the leading centre of Islamic studies during the medieval period.

1. Holy Roman empire

2. The Arab empire

3. Japan 

4. C.E. 1453

• Harun-al-Rashid was the most famous ruler of the Albbasid dynasty
• He implemented many welfare measures.
• Hospitals were established in Arabia for the first time.
• Judicial administration was based on the principles of Islam and the rule of law was strictly observed.
• The people were free to travel anywhere in the empire without fear.
• Established contacts with the Holy Empire.

The Western Roman Empire with its capital at Rome came to an end due to the continuous invasions of the Germanic tribes. The most prominent among them was the Franks. The empire established by the Franks was the Frankish empire.

• Decline in agricultural production due to climate change
• Outbreak of famine in many parts of Europe
• The continuous occurrence of plague, known as ‘Black Death’ wiped off nearly half of the population of Europe.
• The crusades shattered many of the feudal lords.
• The monopoly of gun powder enabled the kings to suppress feudal lords.
• The new middle class that emerged as a result of the growth of trade also helped the rulers to subdue the feudal lords.
• The outbreak of many peasant revolts and wars in different parts of Europe weakened the lords and strengthened the authority of the kings.

Decline in agricultural production due to climate change

• Outbreak of famine in many parts of Europe
• The continuous occurrence of plague, known as ‘Black Death’ wiped off nearly half of the population of Europe.
• The crusades shattered many of the feudal lords.
• The monopoly of gun powder enabled the kings to suppress feudal lords.
• The new middle class that emerged as a result of the growth of trade also helped the rulers to subdue the feudal lords.
• The outbreak of many peasant revolts and wars in different parts of Europe weakened the lords and strengthened the authority of the kings.

Continuous occurrence of plague is known as ‘Black Death’.

Ottoman empire was founded towards the last part of the 13^th century by one of the tribal leaders of Turkey, Usman. He was called ‘Usman’ and it was form this that the name Ottoman was derived.

The outbreak of many peasant revolts and wars in different parts of Europe weakened the lords and strengthened the authority of the kings. This led to the emergence of nation-states.

Carolingian established a network of educational institutions. This resultant intellectual awakening was called Carolingian Renaissance.