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False 

There are two levels of motivated forgetting, viz. Repression and Thought suppression.

Correct option is (B) rethink

False 

There are three basic processes of memory, viz. encoding/acquisition, storage, and retrieval.

Correct option is (B) Tip of the tongue phenomenon

Correct option is (A) Retroactive

• In case of storage, failure acquired and encoded information is not stored properly while in case of retrieval failure, problems arise while recalling the stored information for its actual use. 
• Both storage failure and retrieval failure make it difficult to use the retained information in the future.

Correct option is (C) Relearning

True 

Short-term or working memory was formerly known as ‘short term store’. It is also known as primary memory, immediate memory, operant memory, and provisional memory.

Correct option is (A) Mnemonic

False 

The encoding specificity of memory’ provides information about how context can affect memory.

• I will make a list of all the activities and rehearse it a number of times so as to ensure better retention.
• I may also make a note with all points in brief which I can refer to if I forget something in the middle of a speech.

Correct option is (B) Memory

• Prepare: Before starting to study, I would prepare myself for it by setting goals. I will make myself aware of why am I studying Psychology, e.g. for acquiring good marks in the final exam. 
• Organize: I will organize the study material properly and make a schedule for each chapter. I will allot less time for chapters that are easy and familiar. I may study these chapters when I am a bit tired. Conversely, I will allot more hours to chapters that are unfamiliar, complicated, or technical. I will also ensure to study these complex chapters when I am fresh. 
• Work: I know that I have to work hard to achieve the goal of acquiring good marks. So, I will learn with the motive to understand and remember. I will try to associate new information with something that I have already learned. 
• Evaluate: I will try to evaluate my progress by solving practice papers. It will enable me to know how much I have learned and the quality of my knowledge.
• Rethink: I will reanalyze, review, question, and challenge myself. I will also rethink whether I need to change my method of studying so as to achieve the goal of acquiring good marks in the final exam.

Correct option is (A) Hippocampus

True 

Some of the techniques of improving memory are keyword method, encoding specificity, method of loci, mnemonic devices, practice, and rehearsal, minimizing interference, and POWER method.

• Memory is an ability by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved when needed. 
• Three basic processes or characteristics of memory are Acquisition, Storage, and Retrieval. 
• The acquisition is the process of acquiring information from our sense organs. The information acquired and encoded is stored over a period of time. In retrieval, the stored information is recalled for the purpose of its actual use. 
• There are three stages of memory, viz. Sensory information store, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

False 

Reason: STM holds the information between 15 to 30 seconds and the capacity of STM is about seven items at a time. Fleece, has limited capacity.

Correct option is (B) working

Some techniques to improve memory are as follows:

• Keyword method: In the keyword method, any two different pieces of information can be linked together. It is an effective method for remembering definitions and learning foreign language vocabulary. 
• Encoding specificity: According to encoding specificity, memory is improved when information is available while learning is also available at the time to recall.
• Method of loci: It involves creating an imaginary route so that things can be remembered in a better way. e.g. steps to solve mathematical problems.
• Mnemonic devices: Mnemonics will include acronyms or first letter techniques (e.g. VIBGYOR includes colours of the rainbow). It will also include visualization. Another technique is chunking where one can place large information into small chunks. 
• Practice and rehearsal: Relearning the same material a number of times lead to better retention and better recall. For small size or easy material, it is effective to optimally utilize our time and learn the entire material. For large size or difficult material, we must take breaks and learn the material in parts. 
• Minimizing interference: We should not learn similar subjects together as they might interfere with each other. Also, one must take a rest for minimising such interference. 
• POWER method: One can also use the POWER method for improving memory. Here, P stands for Preparation, 0 stands for Organisation, W stands for Work, E stands for Evaluation and R stands for Rethinking. 

Correct option is (A) serial

• The recall method involves remembering a fact, event, or object that is not currently physically present and requires the direct uncovering of information from memory, (e.g. long essay-type answers). In the recognition method, already learned material is present and the learner has to recognize it. (e.g. MCQs). 
• Recognition is relatively easier than recall. So, a score of memory by recognition method is usually more than the recall method.

• I remember a four-day-long celebration of my sister’s wedding. 
• It started with Haldi followed by Mehendi and the sangeet ceremony. After that, there was a grand wedding followed by a reception ceremony.
• I also remember all preparations, outfits that I wore, and the food that we had in those four days.

Correct option is (A) passive

• Receiving information from the environment 
• Short Term Memory 
• Elaborative rehearsal 
• Long Term Memory 
• Retrieval

Correct option is (B) Hermann Ebbinghaus

Motivated forgetting is a behaviour in which people may forget unwanted memories either consciously or unconsciously. 

It is also called a conscious coping strategy but it should not be confused with defense mechanisms. 

There are two levels of motivated forgetting, viz. Repression and Thought suppression. 

Repression: Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytic model states that we subconsciously push unwanted thoughts and memories into our unconsciousness. People think that such repressed memories are completely forgotten.

e.g. a girl who had experienced sexual abuse during childhood may completely forget about it. But she may have difficulty while forming a romantic relationship. 

Thought suppression: It is a conscious effort where we forget the memories of unwanted incidents and experiences of our lives, e.g. a person will avoid talking about his breakup. 

Thought suppression can be timeconsuming and also quite difficult as such suppressed thoughts tend to reoccur, e.g. a person may try to suppress the thoughts about his ex but he may not be successful in doing so.

False 

Reason: Episodic memory is a memory of experiences and specific events which we recall step by step to reconstruct actual events.

• The recall is the retrieval of information from LTM with few or no cues. Recall can be in the written form or it can be oral. 
• The recall involves remembering a fact, event, or object that is not currently physically present and requires the direct uncovering of information from memory. 
• The recall is of two types, viz. free recall and serial recall. 
• Free recall is a recollection of the items in the list without their serial order, e.g. we may listen to a lecture and later recall few important points irrespective of the order in which they were presented. 
• In serial recall, the material is recalled in the exact order in which it was presented, e.g. when you solve a mathematical problem, you are doing steps one after the other; so, it is serial recall.
• The recall is greatly affected by emotions and motivation at the time of learning and retrieval. 
• Also, memory for the free recall is always better than if the subjects are asked to recall in a serial order.

• VSSP handles visual and spatial information. It is responsible for storing speech-based information. 
• It has two components, viz. Phonological memory store and Articulatory Subvocal Rehearsal. 
• Phonological memory stores can hold traces of acoustic or speech-based information. 
• Articulatory Subvocal Rehearsal maintains material in short-term store. Prevention of articulatory rehearsal leads to rapid forgetting

• Murdock performed experiments to check the recall. 
• He asked his subjects to learn a list of words. Later, their recall was tested by a free recall method. 
• Murdock found that the subjects could recall the first few (primacy effect) and the last few (recency effect) words prominently. But they got confused with the words in the middle part (serial position effect).

• Trace decay: Our memories fade out when we don’t use them for a longer period, i.e., traces of memory get decayed over time if they are not used. 
• Trace distortion: Some researchers believe that memory traces are not decayed but are distorted over a period of time and forgetting occurs. 
• Interference: Some researchers believe that we forget when materials that we learn one after the other interfere with each other. There are two types of interference, viz. retroactive interference and proactive interference. 
• Motivated forgetting: It is a behaviour in which people may forget unwanted memories either consciously or unconsciously. There are two levels of motivated forgetting, viz. Repression and Thought suppression.

• Forgetting is the failure to retrieve the material from our long-term memory which we had already stored. 
• Researchers have put forward various theories of forgetting. Each theory highlights different reasons behind forgetting.
• The various theories of forgetting are: Trace decay theory, Trace distortion theory, and Interference theory. 
• Trace decay: Our memories fade out when we don’t use them for a longer period, i.e., traces of memory get decayed over time if they are  not used. 
• Trace distortion: Some researchers believe that memory traces are not decayed but are distorted over a period of time and forgetting occurs. 
• Interference: Some researchers believe that we forget when materials that we learn one after the other interfere with each other. There are two types of interference, viz. retroactive interference and proactive interference.

• Sometimes, when we search through our library of experiences to retrieve information from LTM, we cannot recall it even when we have that information on the tip of the tongue. 
• e.g. you want to recall the name of your cousin’s favourite clothing brand. Instead of that name, you recall all similar names.

Forgetting is the inability to remember the things which we want to remember at that moment. In other words, it is the failure to retrieve the material from our long-term memory which we have already stored.

False 

In recognition, a person has to point out or recognize previously learned material that is presented to him in a different context.

Implicit memory is the unconscious memory of skills and how we do things while explicit memory is conscious memory of facts and events.

 Implicit memory is also known as procedural memory while explicit memory is also known as declarative memory.

The central executive is a supervisor responsible for the coordination of the subsystems and the selection of reasoning and storage strategies in the working memory model given by Baddeley.

• Only the significant sensory inputs enter the Short-Term Memory (STM) through maintenance rehearsal. On the other hand, some items in STM enter the Long-Term Memory (LTM) after elaborative rehearsal which makes information meaningful and connects the same with already existing information in the LTM. 
• STM holds the information between 15 to 30 seconds and the capacity of STM is about seven items at a time. Conversely, once information enters LTM, it is retained more or less permanently and the amount of information stored in LTM is unlimited.

According to Tulving, ‘Memory is the means by which we draw on our past experiences in order to use that information in the present. Memory is the term given to the structure and processes involved in the storage and subsequent retrieval of information.

Correct Answer is Sensory register

True 

Explanation: Flashbulb memories are vivid memories of what we were doing at the time of an emotion-provoking event.

Correct option is c. Short Term

Flashbulb memory is a highly detailed and exceptionally clear ‘snapshot’ of mostly a traumatic moment. It is a type of autobiographical memory. Flashbulb memories illustrate that exceptional memories are easily retrieved.

True 

Explanation: Our sense organs have the capacity to retain the sensory impression received through the five senses for a very short time even after the source stimulus is withdrawn. It is known as sensory memory.

The episodic buffer holds information that is not covered by all other slave systems in the working memory model given by Baddeley. It is a link between working memory and longterm memory.

Autobiographical memory refers to episodes recollected from an individual’s own life. It is a type of declarative memory.

Implicit memory

Correct option is (C) declarative

Relearning measures retention by measuring how much faster one learns a previously learned material after an interval of time, i.e. the same material is learned by the same subject based on the same learning criterion at two different occasions separated by time interval.