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Gandhiji started the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930.

Sir Lawrence, Sir Cripps and Alexander were the members of the Cabinet Mission in 1944.

State Reorganization Committee or Fazl Ali Committee – 30th Sep 1955.

1st November 1973. D. DevarajaUrs was the Chief Minister.

The State Reorganization Committee recommended the unification of Karnataka. Fazl Ali was the Chairman and II. M. Kunjru and K. M. Panikkar were its members.

Alur Venkata Rao, Siddappa Kambli, Andanappa Doddameti, Goruru Ramaswamy Iyengar, K. Hanumanthaiah, S. Nijalingappa, R. I I. Deshpande, Srini vas Rao Mangalavede and others.

Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee (KPCC).

‘Do or die’ was the slogan, and it was given by Gandhiji in 1942.

‘Industrialize or perish’ was the famous slogam of Sir M.V.

Gandhiji attended the Second Round Table Conference at London (1931).

Gangadhar Rao Deshpande.

Allan Octavian Hume (A.O. Hume).

Gandhiji started the Salt March from the Sabarmati Ashram at Ahmadabad to Dandi (12th March to 6th April 1930).

‘Esuru Kottaru, Isuru Kodevu ’ (How many ever villages be given, Isuru will not be let).

Swami Vivekananda: He was born on 12^th January 1863 in Calcutta. Vishwanatha Datta and Bhuvancshwari Devi were his parents. His original name was Narendranatha Datta. He was the disciple of Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa. He studied both Indian and western philosophies, but did not get intellectual satisfaction. He came under the spiritual influence of Sri Ramakrishna. After the death of his Guru, Vivekananda took up the cause of spreading his messages (Ideas).

World religious conference at Chicago-31st may 1893: Vivekananda travelled widely, spreading the divine message of his master in the world. In 1893, he attended the ‘World Religious Conference’ at Chicago, representing Hinduism, which was being misrepresented in the western countries. His Chicago address began as “Brothers and sisters of America….” This won over the hearts of the people. He described Hinduism as the mother of all religions. He declared the superiority of Indian culture and civilization. He influenced Americans by his speeches and thoughts. For the purpose of spreading the message of Hinduism,he founded ‘Vedanta Samaja’ in America and other European countries.

Ramakrishna Mission – 5th May 1897 – Calcutta: The Ramakrishna Mission was founded by Swami Vivekananda in 1897 at Belur Mutt near Calcutta. The Mission works for religious and social upliftment of the people. Its objective is to create cordial relations among the followers of different religions and to help the poor in the society.

The Mission stalled several Schools, Hospitals, Orphanages and old age Homes across the country. It also serves people in times of natural calamities like floods, famines, epidemics, earthquakes etc., Its branches have been established all over the world. Swami Vivekananda succeeded in making Hindus conscious of their strengths and weaknesses. He remarked “I do not believe in a religion that cannot wipe out the widow’s tear or bring a piece of bread to the orphan’s mouth”.

Social and religious reforms: Vivekananda condemned the caste system, rituals, ceremonies and superstitions. He stressed the need for social reforms. He preached tolerance, equality and cooperation among the people of all faiths. He gave importance to education, emancipation of women and eradication of poverty.

National Awakening: Vivekananda was a great nationalist. He roused the national consciousness of Indians by his famous call “Awake, Arise, stop not till the goal is reached”. He wanted India to be a great nation. He has been popularly called as the Patriotic Saint of India, Vedantha Kesari and Cyclonic Monk of India. He edited and published two newspapers, PrabhuddhaBharata (English) and Udbhodhan (Bengali).

In 1924 at Belgaum, Gandhiji presided over the Indian Congress Session.

As the Simon Commission did not have any Indian members, it was boycotted by the Congress in 1928 with the slogan‘Simon, Go back’.

Dr. Annie Besant, established a branch of the Theosophical Society in India.

Ramakrishna Mission was founded at Belur Mutt near Calcutta on 5th May 1897.

Madam Blavatsky and Colonel Alcoh founded it in 1875 at New York. The Indian branch was established by Annie Besant in 1882 at Adyar near Madras.

Prabuddha Bharata (English) and Udbodhana (Bengali).

Macaulay said “A single shelf of a good European library was worth the whole native Literature of Indian and Arabia”.

The Ali brothers, Maulana Azad, IIakim Ajmal Khan and others.

Dadabai Naoroji propounded the Drain theory.

C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru founded the Swaraj Party in 1923.

Dadabhai Naoroji, Pheroz Shah Mehta, Surendranath Baneijee, G K Gokhale, M. G Ranade, M. M. Malaviya, Badruddin Tyabji, Subramania Iyar, Womesh Chandra Banerjee and others.

Karnataka played an important role in the National movement. After the fall of Tippu, Mysore Kingdom fell into the hands of British. The people of Karnataka opposed the over lord ship of the British and their policies. The British Jiad to face stiff opposition in Karnataka. This led to the freedom struggle at various places. Some of the important ones were Dhondia Wagha (1800), Kittur Revolt (1824), Sangolli Rayanna’s Revolt (1830), Bidanure Revolt (1830), Revoltin Coorg (1834) Bedas of Halagali’s Revolt (1857)etc.,

Serious struggle started with the establishment of Indian National Congress (1885). Representatives of Karnataka participated in the first Congress Session at Bombay (28.12.1885). The Bombay State Political Conference was held at Belgaum in 1893, presided over by Dinsha Wacha. At Dharwad, Pheroz Shah Mehta was the President. Tilak’s newspapers ‘Kesari’ and ‘Maratha’ stirred up nationalistic feelings. Tilak toured Karnataka and gathered support for the Home Rule Movement.

Alur Venkata Rao, Srinivas Rao Kaujalgi, Govinda Rao Yalagi and others led the nationalistic activities. A branch of the Home Rule League was established at Dharwad in 1916. The celebrations of Ganeshotsava and Shivaji Jayanthi became very popular in north Karnataka. The First Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee (KPCC) session was held in 1920 at Dharwad. Gangadhar Rao Deshpande was the President of the session. He was popular as ‘Lion of Karnataka’ and ‘Karnataka Kesari’. Soon, Pradesha Congress Committees were established at Bangalore. Tumkur, Mysore and Kadur during 1921-1922.

Gandhian Era : Gandhiji started the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920. He toured Karnataka and advocated satyagraha to expel the British from India. Kannadigas were greatly influenced by Gandhiji. Leaders like Krishna Rao, Hanumant Rao Kaujalgi, Kamad Sadashiva Rao, N. S. Hardikar, R. R. Diwakar and others led the Non-Cooperation Movement in Karnataka. Boycotting Schools, Colleges, Courts and abstaining from work, picketing, strikes, demonstrations, burning of foreign goods, etc were held at most of the places in Karnataka. N. S. Hardikar established the Hindustan Seva Dal at Hubli in 1924, to intensify the struggle in Karnataka.

Belgaum Congress Session in 1924: Indian National Congress session was held at Belgaum in 1924. Gandhiji presided over the session. Hardikar Manjappa, famous as Gandhi of Karnataka along with Vallababhai Patel, Rajagopalachari, Jawaharlal Nehru and others participated in it. In that session, Gandhiji clearly explained the aims, methods and contents of the Satyagraha Movement lie called for the prohibition of alcohol and removal of untouchability. Gangubai Hangal sang ‘Vande Mataram’in this session.

This helped the Congress and its struggle in Karnataka. After the session, Gandhiji travelled to Bangalore, Mandya, Shimoga, Ilassan, Chikkamagaluru and encouraged nationalistic activities.

Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930: Gandhiji started Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930.1 le went to Dandi to make salt, to break the monopoly of the British Government to make salt. Kannadigas actively participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Mylara Mahadevappa of Karnataka was one among the 78 members, who started the march from Sabarmati Ashram (12th March ISJO) along with Gandhiji during the Salt Satyagraha. In Karnataka, Salt Satyagraha was organized by R. R. Diwakar, M. R Nadakami, Sadashiva Rao, Ilanumantha Rao, Gangadhar Rao Deshpande and others.

They were completely successful in preparing salt at Ankolaon the very day Gandhiji did it at Dandi. It was repeated in over 30 centers in Karnataka like Mangalore, Kapu, Udupi, Kundapura, Malpe, Putturu and other places.

Shivapura Flag Satyagraha in 1938: The Mysore Pradesh Congress organized the session at Shivapura in 1938. It was presided over by T. Siddalingaiah. Large number of people attended the session. T. Siddalingaiah hoisted the tricolour Flag and demanded for responsible Government. The British Government prohibited all activities of the Congress and all congress leaders were arrested.

Vidurashwatha Tragedy in 1938: The Mysore Congress held a meeting and a procession at Vidurashwatha on 25^th April 1938 during the temple festival. The Government had prohibited the meeting but the people defied the orders and hoisted the national flag. Several Congress workers were arrested and the situation turned violent. Police opened fire on the agitators. In the police firing, 32 people were killed and many injured. This incident is generally known as ‘Julian Walabagh of Karnataka’.

Quit India Movement in 1942: In 1942, Gandhiji gave a call to the people of India to ‘Do or Die’ and asked the British to quit India. Karnataka also took part in the movement with great enthusiam and fervour. One of the most important incident during the movement in Karnataka was the Isur Tragedy.

Isur, a small village in Shikaripur taluk of Shimoga district jumped into the Quit India Movement and declared Independence from the British rule. ‘Esuru Kottaru, hum Kodevu’ (How many ever villages be given, Isuru will not be let) was the famous slogan of the villagers. The villagers snatched away revenue records from the Patel and Shanbhag and beat them up for not supporting the movement. They hoisted the tricolour flag on the Veerabhadreshwara temple.

The police responded with severe lathi charge and firing. Government suppressed the uprising and arrested many people and sent them to Bangalore Cenjral Jail. The court passed death sentences on Gurappa, Mallappa, Halappa, Shankarappa and Suryanarayanachari. The National Movement ended with the Independence of India in 1947. Isur was the first village to declare itself as an Independent village.

Portuguese were the first among the Europeans to come to India by sea route.

As per British laws, when a Lord died without a son or daughter his estate lapsed to the British Government. It should be noted, that the Lord had no right to adopt a son under any circumstances. This policy was introduced in India by Lord Dalhousie. According to this policy, when the Indian Ruler of a protected state died without a natural heir (son or daughter), then that state would pass on to the British Empire.

Lord Dalhousie in 1848 C.E.

Robert Clive (British) and Dupleix (French) during 1748-1754 C.E.

The Indian Princes who had entered into this military alliance with the British had to maintain a British army in their states and bear the cost of its maintainance. It was introduced by Lord Welleselyin 1798.

Lord Wellesley introduced the Subsidiary Alliance in India in 1798.

The Nizam of Hyderabad was the first ruler to acpet the Subsidiary Alliance 1798.

The expansion of the British Empire in India.

Surat, Bombay, Madras, Calcutta, Machalipattanam, Iloogli etc.,

Nizam of Hyderabad, Mysore, Oudh, Travancore, Baroda, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Bharathpur, Nagpur, Gwalior, Poona, Surat etc., accepted the Subsidiary Alliance of British.

Satara, Jaipur, Sambhalpur, Udaipur,Jhansi, Nagpur, Coorg,Tanjore,’Bhagatpurctc.,

Pondicherry in 1674 C.E.