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The Mughals were responsible for building an extensive road system, creation of uniform currency, and the unification of the country.

• Indian Agricultural production increased under the Mughal Empire.
• The textile industry developed in the Mughal Empire.
• A new tradition of architecture was started during the Mughal era.
• Persian language was the dominant and official language of the empire.
• A new school of art known as miniature painting emerged during the Mughal period.

The decline of Mughal Empire started with Shahjahan and ended with Aurangzeb.

(B) Revenue officials

Correct option is B) Akbar

Akbar was interested in the religion and social customs of different people. He wanted to bring together people of diverse faiths. He started discussions on religion with scholars of all religions. This eventually led Akbar to the idea of sulh-i-kul or “universal peace”. His idea of tolerance did not discriminate among people of different reli¬gions in his realm. With the help of Abut Fazl Akbar framed a vision of governance, i.e., the emperor would work for the welfare of all subjects irrespective of their religion or social status and not for the welfare of just one community. Akbar believed that by having friendly relations with the native kings of all religions and with the co-operation from the people of all religions Mughal kingdom could last long. So this policy of Sulh-i-kul helped him a lot.

Fatehpur Sikri.

.(a)During Mughal, India was basically an agricultural country. In the Mughal state of India a different varieties of crops were produced. In Bengal two varieties of rices were produced. But the focus on the cultivation of basic crops does not mean that only subsistence agriculture existed in medieval India. 

(b)The Mughal state encouraged peasants to cultivate varieties of crops which brought in revenue especially cotton and sugarcane. 

(c)Cotton was mainly grown in vast area which was spread over central India and the deccan plateau, whereas in Bengal sugarcane was mainly produced. (d)Many varieties of cash crops such as oilseeds including mustard and lentils. 

(e)An average peasant of that time grew both commercial and subsistence crops.

Shivaji developed naval force.

Warrior : a brave or experienced soldier or fighter.

Regent : a person appointed to administer a state because the monarch is a minor or is absent or incapacitated

(a) The Ain-i Akbari written by Abu’l Fazl in 1598 contains invaluable information for reconstructing the agrarian history of the Mughals. But it has its own limitations. 

(b)Numerous errors in totalling have been detected. These are, however, minors and do not detract from the overall quantitative accuracy of the manuals. 

(c)Another limitation is the skewed nature of the data. Data was not collected uniformly from all provinces. For example, Abu’l Fazl has not given any description regarding the caste composition of the zamindars of Bengal and Orissa (Odisha). 

(d)The fiscal data collected from various sources is in detail yet some important parameters such as, wages and prices have not been incorporated properly. 

(e)The detailed list of prices and wages found in the Ain-i Akbari have been acquired from data pertaining to the capital Agra and its surrounding regions. It is, therefore, of limited value for the rest of the empire. 

(f)Historians have dealt with the situation by supplementing the account of the Ain by information got from the provinces. These include detailed seventeenth- eighteenth centuries revenue records from Gujarat, Rajasthan and Maharashtra. These have been also supplemented by records of the East India Company.

Heretic : a person believing in or practicing religious heresy.

Agrarian : relating to the ownership and use of farmland.

If really Bhairam Khan was not there in the life of Akbar after death of Humayun, the Mughal Empire may have come to an end.

In 1526 a Turkic Prince, Babur (who was a descendent of the Turkic conqueror, Timur, and the Mongol ruler, Genghis Khan), set out to take control over the Punjab region in India. From his base in Kabul, Afghanistan, Babur took control of the Punjab region and was able to defeat Ibrahim Lodi, the Delhi Sultan. This battle is known as the First Battle of Panipat. Babur’s thirst for the conquest of India is said to have been inspired by Timur’s raids on India during the 14th century. Babur military success is significantly owned to his . use of firearms and the superiority and experience of his cavalry. Consequently, by Babur’s death in 1530, the Mughal’s controlled most of Northern India.

(D) Mongolia and Uzbekistan

Answer is (C) Babur

B) Ibrahim Lodi

Correct option is A) 1526 CE

Answer is (C) 1526 A.D

Answer is (B) 1526

Correct option is A) 1530 CE

Correct option is A) Panipat-I

(B) Ibrahim Lodi

Answer is (C) Babur

Answer is (A) Babur

Guerrilla warfare : a surprise attack of hit and run tactic by a group of soldiers.

Answer is (D) Babur

(i)The political stability provided by the Mughal helped in establishing hoarsening trade relation with Ming (china), Safavid (Iran) and Ottoman (Turkey) empires. It led to increase in outland trade from China to the Mediterranean Sea. 

(ii)The Discovery of new lands and sea routes also gave an impetus to Asia’s trade with Europe. As a result enormous amount of silver entered India as payment for goods bought from India. 

(iii)Jovanni Karari, an Italian traveller, who passed through India in 1690 has written how the silver reached India from all parts of the world. From his description, we also came to know how there was an exchange of cash and goods in India in the 17th century. 

(iv)This benefitted India as she did not have enough resources of silver. Therefore, from the sixteenth to the eighteeth centuries there was sufficient reserves of silver in India and the silver rupya was available readily. 

(v)The mutual exchange in villages took place. As villagers established their links in the urban markets, there was a considerable increase in monetary transactions. In this way, villages became an important part of the monetary market. 

(vi)It was due to the monetary transactions, became easier to pay daily wages to the labourers in cash and not in kind. This resulted in an unprecedented expansion in the minting of coins and circulation of money allowing the Mughal state to extract taxes and revenues in cash.

(i)Cultivators were divided on the basis of their caste and other caste-like distinctions or caste-based distinctions. Thus, among the peasants were many who worked as agricultural labourers (majurs) or worked as manacles. Thus, they were not allowed to live in villages. They resided outside the village and were assigned to do menial tasks and lacked resources. Thus, they were poverty-stricken. 

(ii)Caste distinctions had also begun to permeate other communities as well. In Muslim communities menials were like halkhoron (scavengers). A direct relation existed between caste poverty and social status. 

(iii)In the seventeenth century Marwar Rajputs are described as peasants and equated with jats. They were given an inferior status in the caste hierarchy. 

(iv)Castes like Ahirs, Gujjars and Malis reached and elevated status in the eastern regions.

 (v)The pastoral and fishing castes like the Sadgops and Kaivatas acquired the status of peasants.

(i)Agriculture was the mainstay of the economy. Land Revenue collected was used to pay salaries and to meet different kinds of administrative expenses. So it was considered important to establish an administrative apparatus to ensure control over agricultural production. 

(ii)Thus, before fixing land revenue, Mughal state first acquired specific information about the extent of agricultural lands and their produce. 

(iii)Land revenue collection arrangements was consisted of two stages of assessment. These were Jama and hasil. Cultivators were given the choice to pay land revenue either in cash or kind. The state preferred to collect land revenue as cash. Attempts were made to maximize profits from the land revenue collection. 

(iv)Both cultivated and cultivable lands were measured in each province to fix land revenue. According to a decree of Akbar, it was the responsibility of malguzar to make cultivator pay land revenue in kind and it was also kept open. Thus, it is clear from the evidence that the monetary transactions were very important. To continue this policy efforts by subsequent emperors like Aurangzeb continued to measure land for collection of land revenue.

Correct option is (C) Shershah

Correct option is (B) Jam

Correct option is (D) Mewar

Lakhs of Mughal soldiers against 20-22 thousand soldiers of Maharana Pratap.

Correct option is B) Mongol

Answer is (B) Sunni

(B) Abul Fazl

(A) Aurangazeb

Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb.

Gaudy clothes with lots of ornaments.

Shawls of Lahore, dhurries (mats) of Fatehpur Sikri, cotton clothes of Gujarat and muslin of Dhaka.

Answer is (A) Akbar

(B) Sulh-i-kul

Chittor and Ranthambore.

Mughal miniatures were small (many not more than a few square inches), brightly colored, and highly detailed paintings mostly used to illustrate manuscripts and art books. Despite their tiny sizes, they are incredibly precise, with some lines painted using brushes composed of a single hair.

The Mughals married princess of many of the local rulers as a mark of friendship.

Answer is (A) Amber

Answer is (A) Mughals