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1. Compression refers to reducing the original file size.
2. Video and audio files consume more disk space compared to DOCUMENT files.
3. While sending the files as ATTACHMENTS in an email, the email MAY not send the file, as the size is more that it takes.
4. Compressed files with less disk space can be SENT as attachments in an email.
5. Compressed files reduce time to attach, upload and download files.
6. Some of the internet servers NEED only compressed files to upload and download.

Following are the advantages of Video COMPRESSION:

• Occupies less disk SPACE.
• Reading and writing is faster.
• File TRANSFERRING is faster.
• The order of bytes is INDEPENDENT.

Following are the disadvantages of video compression:

• Compilation need to be done again for compression.
• Errors may occur while transmitting DATA.
• The byte / pixel relationship is unknown
• Has to decompress the previous data.

Following are the advantages of Video Compression:

Following are the disadvantages of video compression:

MPEG-21 is SUITABLE for VARIETY of applications.

They are:

1. DIGITAL Libraries
2. Asset management
3. Cataloguing in publication
4. Broadcast usage
5. Publishing
6. Trade TRANSACTIONS
7. Content filtering
8. Music/Video RELEASES

MPEG-21 is suitable for variety of applications.

They are:

• A multimedia framework to enable transparent and augmented use of multimedia resources.
• Complete multimedia content creation, production, delivery is done with MPEG-21.
• MPEG-21 allows to use the existing multimedia COMPONENTS to be used together.
• The basic ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPT of MPEG-21 framework is the DIGITAL Item.
• Digital Items are digital objects which includes standard representation and identification of multimedia.
• Digital Item is a combination of resources such as videos, audio tracks, images, metadata and STRUCTURE that describes the relationship among resources.

1. MPEG-7 is an ISO/IEC standard for MPEG.
2. MPEG-7 is not AIMED at any one of the applications in particular.
3. MPEG-7 provides a set of audio and video description TOOLS for creation of DESCRIPTIONS.
4. It allows efficient access to multimedia CONTENT.
5. MPEG-7 allows various granularities in its description.
6. When the content is encoded, it provides certain relations in synchronous fashion.
7. The descriptions to ELEMENTS for different objects like audio / video / image objects within a particular scene, is attached by descriptions.

1. Nyquist Rule is one of the MATHEMATICAL expressions.
2. While sampling the frequency, the sampling frequency is multiplied twice.
3. The signal should not contain a Fourier spectrum with sine or COSINE above the frequency.
4. The signal can be reconstructed by sampling at twice the frequency.
5. The signal can not be reconstructed if the signal is not sampled at twice the frequency.
6. Nyquist is required only for digital signal processing but not for analog SINGNAL processing.

1. JPEG encoder has three main blocks namely, FORWARD Discrete Cosine TRANSFORM, Quantizer and Entropy Encoder.
2. JPEG encoder is the main COMPONENT for lossless and hierarchical ENCODERS.
3. It is suitable for gray scale and color images.
4. Each image is divided into 8 x 8 blocks.
5. A group of 4 tables are specified by JPEG.
6. If the table has quality value with 1, then the quality is best and compression is lowest.
7. If the table has quality value with 2, then the quality is best and compression is HIGHEST.

• LZW is a loss less data compression algorithm ACCEPTED world wide.
• This algorithm has high throughput potential in IMPLEMENTATION.

The high LEVEL algorithm goes like this:

1. Assign all the strings to dictionary.
2. Identify the longest string L available in the dictionary which matches the existing input.
3. Find the dictionary index for L to get the output and remove L from the input.
4. Concatenate L by the NEXT symbol of the input to the dictionary.
5. Repeat the process from step 2.

The high level algorithm goes like this:

1. OptimFROG is ONE of the lossless audio compression scheme.
2. The goal of OptimFROG is to reduce the size of an audio file to the MAXIMUM.
3. It permits bit identical restoration for all inputs.
4. It is like ZIP type of compression and specialized for audio data compression.
5. OptimFROG obtains asymptotically the best lossless compression ratios for audio files.
6. It can be plugged-in with Windows, LINUX, Mac operating systems for Windows Media Player, Foobar2000, Winamp2/3/5, XMPLay, QCD PLAYERS.
7. It supports for all integer PCM wave formats up to 32 BITS.

A technique that converts analog to digital and digital to analog signal conversion:

• It is to transmit voice information.
• It encodes the differences between successive SAMPLES into n-bit data STREAMS.
• The transmitted data is reduced to 1-bit data stream.

Following are the features of Delta Modulation:

• A series segments are USED to approximate the analog signal.
• The approximated signal is compared with analog WAVE for determining the increase or DECREASE in relative amplitude.
• Only the increase or decrease of the signal amplitude is only sent.

A technique that converts analog to digital and digital to analog signal conversion:

Following are the features of Delta Modulation:

• MPEG-1 is a LOSSY compression standard for both video and audio.
• It compresses VHS quality RAW digital video down to 1.5Mega Bits per Second.
• The compression ration is 26:1
• MPEG-1 INTRODUCED MP3 audio format.

The standard consists of -

1. SYSTEMS INCLUDING synchronization of video, audio and other data.
2. Compressed Video content.
3. Compressed Audio content.
4. Conformance testing.
5. Reference software.

The standard consists of -

1. VOCODER is one of the audio processors
2. The characteristic ELEMENTS of an audio signal are captured by Vocoder.
3. These characteristic SIGNALS are used to affect the other audio signals.
4. It is widely used in speech synthesis.
5. A component known as Formant describes the FREQUENCY of a sound and noise components that are associated.
6. The audio output of Vocoder has synthesized sound that is modulated by a filter.
7. The synthesized sound is pulsed to the tempo of the user input voice with the TONAL characteristics of the voice.

FOLLOWING are the desirable properties of speech coders:

• Low Bit-Rate.
• Low Memory Size
• Low CODING Delay
• High Speech Quality
• Robustness Across DIFFERENT Languages / Speakers
• Robustness in the Presence of Channel ERRORS
• Good Performance on Non-Speech Signals, like TELEPHONE signaling.

Following are the desirable properties of speech coders:

1. MPEG-2 is one of the INTERNATIONAL standards for compressing video signals.
2. Videos can be compressed PRIOR to TRANSMISSION or storage.
3. The approximate compression ratio is 50:1 of the digital size.
4. MPEG-2 standard is widely IMPLEMENTED in digital TV transmission with 200 million decoders.
5. MPEG-2 standard exploits the redundancies in the ORIGINAL signal.

Following are the JPEG 2000 FEATURES.:

1. Compression performance is at low bit-rate.
2. Both lossless and lossy compression is performed with a single code stream.
3. The transmission in noise environment can be DONE with low bit-error rate.
4. It is applicable for both GRAY and color images.
5. Bi-level imagery, natural imagery and COMPUTER generated imagery is applicable for gray and color images.
6. It is interactive with MPEG-4 standard.
7. Wavelets will be replaced with DISCRETE Cosine Transform.

Following are the JPEG 2000 features.:

Following are the MAJOR steps that are involved in JPEG compression:

• Discrete Cosine TRANSFORMATION.
• QUANTIZATION.
• ZIGZAG Scan.
• DPCM on DC component.
• RLE on AC Components
• Entropy Coding.

Following are the major steps that are involved in JPEG compression:

Down-SAMPLE the FACTORS of resolution by 2 for each dimension.

For example - ,Reduce the 640 x 480 resolution to 320 x 240 resolution.

• Code the smaller image with another JPEG mode.
• Decode the image and up the sample encoded image.
• Encode the difference between the decoded image and the original image.
• The above process can be repeated for multiple times.
• This process PROVIDES high quality images with low resolution DISPLAY.

Down-sample the factors of resolution by 2 for each dimension.

For example - ,Reduce the 640 x 480 resolution to 320 x 240 resolution.

1. Performs the conversion of RGB-color space into YUV color components.
2. The chrominance components U and V can be reduced to HALF of the PIXELS in the HORIZONTAL direction.

1. TWO successive VIDEO frames often have SMALL DIFFERENCES.
2. MPEG STANDARD has a standard to reduce this temporal redundancy.

1. It is similar to Fast Fourier Transform.
2. The FRAME blocks of SIZE 8x8 or 16x16 pixels are represented as frequency components.
3. This TRANSFORMS into frequency DOMAIN by implementing standard FORMULA.

Following are the JPEG operation modes:

Lossless Mode: EVERY pixel in the IMAGE is encoded even though the COMPRESSION ratio is low.

Sequential Mode: A single scan from left-to-right and top-to-bottom compresses the image.

PROGRESSIVE Mode: Multiple scans are used to compress the image. The transmission time is long.

Hierarchical Mode: Multiple resolutions are used to compress the image. Hence the lower resolution is accessed FIRST which does not require the decompressing the whole resolution of the image.

Following are the JPEG operation modes:

Lossless Mode: Every pixel in the image is encoded even though the compression ratio is low.

Sequential Mode: A single scan from left-to-right and top-to-bottom compresses the image.

Progressive Mode: Multiple scans are used to compress the image. The transmission time is long.

Hierarchical Mode: Multiple resolutions are used to compress the image. Hence the lower resolution is accessed first which does not require the decompressing the whole resolution of the image.