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The factors that led to the transformation of Gandhiji into a mass leader are given below: 

(i) Mahatma Gandhi arrived in India in 1915 from South Africa after fighting for the civil rights of the Indians therefor about twenty years. He brought with him a new impulse to Indian politics.

(ii) He introduced a new instrument Satyagraha, which he had perfected in South Africa, that could be practiced by men and women, young and old. As a person dedicated to the cause of the poorest of the poor, he instantly gained the goodwill of the masses.

(iii) Unlike the constitutionalists who appealed to the British sense of justice and the militants who confronted the repression of the colonial state violently, Gandhiji adopted non-violent methods to mobilize the masses and mount pressure on the British.

(iv) His Champaran Satyagraha of 1916 earned immense success. This followed by his fruitful intervention in the Ahmedabad mill strike and the Kheda Satyagraha in 1918. These factors helped Gandhiji establish as a leader of mass struggle.

(v) The people from across the country began to support him whole-heartedly. They found in him all the qualities of a mass leader. So, they loved him and were ready to do what he said. They showed immense faith in him because they were sure Gandhiji would bring freedom for them.

1. The congress session held in Lahore in December 1929 declared Pooma Swaraj-was declared as the goal, 

2. Gandhi launched the civil Disobedience movement on 12th March 1930. Defying salt tax was a brilliant tactical’ decision taken by him. 

3. It transformed civil disobedience movement into a mass movement drawing all sections of society including women to the streets. 

4. To break the salt law he undertook a long March from Sabarmathi Ashram to Dandi covered nearly 24 miles in 24 days at the age 61. 

5. He set out from Sabarmathi Ashram with 78 followers. 

6. The procession became larger and larger when hundreds joined them along the March. 

7. Gandhi reached Dandi on 5th April 1930. 

8. He took a lump of salt breaking to salt law. 

9. All over India many prominent leaders led the salt marches at different locations.

0. It was the biggest mass movement India had never witnessed.

Thus the Civil Disobedience Movement is a typical example of Gandhian Movement.

While the Indian National Congress was calling for Britain to quit India, in 1943, the Muslim League passed a resolution demanding the British to divide and quit. 

There were several reasons for the separate Muslim homeland in the sub-continent: 

(i) As colonizers, the British had followed a divide-andrule policy in India. In the census, they categorized people according to religion and viewed and treated them as separate from each other.

(ii) The British based their knowledge of the people of India on religious texts and the intrinsic differences they found in them, instead of examining how people of different religions coexisted.

(iii) As soon as the Muslim League was formed. Muslims were placed on a separate electorate. Thus, the separateness of Muslims in India was built into the Indian electoral process,

(iv) There was also an ideological divide between the Muslims and the Hindus of India. While there were strong feelings of nationalism in India, by the late 19th century there were also communal conflicts and movements in the country that were based on religious identities rather than class or regional ones.

(v) Both Hindu Mahasabha and Muslim League claimed that the interests of the Hindus and Muslims were different and hostile to each other.

(vi) The British policy of divide and rule, through measures such as Partition of Bengal, Communal Award, had encouraged the vested interests out to exploit the religious differences.

Map: Indian National Movement (1900 – 1947)

1. Champaran: A Satyagraha campaign conducted against the oppression of the peasants by the Indigo planters. 

2. Kheda: Gandhi helped to conduct kheda Satyagraha (1918) No – tax provincial struggle by the peasants ended successfully. 

3. Jallianwala Bagh: Massacre of thousands of people. Nation wide Satyagraha and Vigourously Gandhi enter in to the Indian National Movement.

4. Chauri – Chaura: A preocession was conducted as a part of non – cooperation movement. Gandhi advised the participants not to indulge in violence. Violence brokeout Gandhi immediately suspended the movement. 

5. Calcutta: In a special session the Indian National Congress approved the Non – cooperation movement worked to control Hindu Muslim conflict after the announcement of partition of India, (communal violence)

6. Nagpur: Non – Cooperation movement was adopted in the congress session chaired by Salem C. Vijayaraghawachariar.

7. Delhi: Gandhi gave his support or khilafat movement by Ali brothers for the cause of Hindu – Muslim unity. 

8. Allahabad: Khilafat committee adopted Gandhi’s non – violence and non – cooperation programme. 

9. Madras: Gandhi visited more than 20 times. During his Harijan Tour in Madurai he discard his following robes and wear a simple Dhoti. 

10. Poona: Gandhi underwent fasting unconditionally against the separate electorates for the depressed classes, (a campaign against untouchability). 

11. Sabarmathi Ashram: Gandhi set out from Sabarmathi Ashram with 78 followers as a part of Civil Disobedience movement undertook Salt March to defy the levy of tax on salt.

12. Lahore: In the All India Congress Session authorised Gandhi to launch the civil disobedience movement. 

13. Dandi: Gandhi break the salt law by picking up salt from the coast at Dandi. (Dandi March) 

14. Wardha: Undertook as the Headquarters of Satyagraha. All India villages Industries Association formed Idea of Quit India originated. 

15. Bombay: Quit India Resolution was passed to end the British rule in India.

(A debate for 5 to 7 minutes) 

Step1: Class will be divided in to different groups representing the views of

1. Gandhi 

2. Jinnah 

3. B.R.Ambedkar 

4. Revolutionaries 

5. Communists.

Step 2: From each group one person will be asked to prepare the debate.

Step 3: Debate can be between Gandhi and Jinnah, Gandhi and Ambedkar. Revolutionaries and communists.

Step 4: The students can selects the Character of each (Revolutionary, communist) of their own choice. 

Step 5 : The final conclusion on the debate will be compiled and declared by the students as audience.

Step 6: Concluding part can be given by the teacher concerned.

Revolutionaries: Bhaghat singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev, Subhas Chandra Bose, R.K.Dutt.

Communist: Singaravelar, S.A.Dange, P.G. Joshi events for debate points can be taken from Jinnah.

1. Boycott of Simon commission Nehru’s report and Jinnah’s response. 

2. Resignation of Congress Ministries 

3. Negotiating Independence Simla conference. 

4. Cabinet mission 

5. Direct Action day call 

6. Partition of India

Gandhi:

1. Rowlatt Satyagraha 

2. Khilafat movement 

3. Chauri chaura no- tax campaign 

4. Constructive programme 

5. Civil Disobedience movement

6. Dandi march, left movement in 1930’s

7. Partition of India 

8. Campaign against untouchability

Ambedkar:

1. Communal award and poona pact 

2. Campaign against untouchability

Revolutionaries: Revolutionary Activities 

Communists: Left movement in 1930’s.

(c) 2^nd October 1869

(a) On his journey from Durban to Pretoria, at the Pietermaritzburg railway station, he was physically thrown out of the first-class compartment in which he was travelling despite having a first class ticket. This incident is considered a turning point in the life of Gandhi.

(b) Tolstoy’s The Kingdom of God is Within You, Ruskin’s Unto This Last and Thoreau’s Civil Disobedience.

(c) Gandhi developed satyagraha (truth-force) as a strategy, in which campaigners went on peaceful marches and presented themselves for arrest in protest against unjust laws.

(d) The Champaran Satyagraha of 1916 was the first satyagraha movement inspired by Gandhi. It was a farmer’s uprising that took place in Champaran district of Bihar, India during the British colonial period.

(c) Chauri – chaura

The Non-cooperation Movement started in 1920. It soon became a nation-wide movement because it got support from the people across the country. But in February 1922, a violent incident occurred at Chauri Chaura, a village near Gorakhpur in Uttar Pradesh. In this incident a procession of nationalists provoked by the police turned violent. The police finding themselves outnumbered shut themselves inside the police station. The mob burnt the police station in which 22 policemen lost their lives. The incident hurt Gandhiji too much and he immediately withdrew the movement.

(a) 26th January 1930

Correct Answer is: (d) Nagpur

(b) Saifuddin Kitchlew

Correct Answer is: (b) C. R. Das

(d) (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct

1. pietermaritzburg 

2. Gopal Krishna Gokhale 

3. Ali brothers 

4. dyarchy 

5. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan 

6. Communal award 

7. Ushamehta 

8. RahmatAli

1. B.R.Ambedkar and M.C Rajah

2. Ramsay Macdonald 

3. Many am 

4. Alluri Sitarama Raju

5. Malabar police 

6. Gharwali 

7. Yeravada 

8. Simon boycott 

9. khadi 

10. Legislature, nationalist idea

(b) (i),(ii), and (iv) are correct

(b) Government of India Act

(b) Cripps mission

Bengal was partitioned in 1905.

(a) First world war

The Minto-Morley reforms introduced separate electorate for the Muslims.

(d) Racial discrimination

(c) Subhas Chandra Bose

(d) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.