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(i) BROADCAST
(II) point-to-point.

(i) Broadcast
(ii) point-to-point.

(i) SIMPLEX
(II) Half-duplex
(III) Full-duplex.

(i) Simplex
(ii) Half-duplex
(iii) Full-duplex.

10Base2—An Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 MEGABITS per second that uses baseband signaling, with a CONTIGUOUS cable segment length of 100 meters and a maximum of 2 segments
10Base5—An Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second that uses baseband signaling, with 5 continuous segments not EXCEEDING 100 meters per segment.
10BaseT—An Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second that uses baseband signaling and twisted PAIR cabling.

10Base2—An Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second that uses baseband signaling, with a contiguous cable segment length of 100 meters and a maximum of 2 segments
10Base5—An Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second that uses baseband signaling, with 5 continuous segments not exceeding 100 meters per segment.
10BaseT—An Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second that uses baseband signaling and twisted pair cabling.

A communications protocol used to connect computers to REMOTE networking SERVICES INCLUDING Internet service providers.

A communications protocol used to connect computers to remote networking services including Internet service providers.

A generic term for section of a large networks USUALLY separated by a bridge or router.

A gateway operates at the upper LEVELS of the OSI MODEL and translates information between two completely different network ARCHITECTURES or data FORMATS.

A generic term for section of a large networks usually separated by a bridge or router.

A gateway operates at the upper levels of the OSI model and translates information between two completely different network architectures or data formats.

A LAYER of a glass SURROUNDING the center FIBER of glass INSIDE a fiber-optic cable.

A layer of a glass surrounding the center fiber of glass inside a fiber-optic cable.

A Management Information Base is part of EVERY SNMP-managed device. Each SNMP agent has the MIB database that CONTAINS information about the device's status, its PERFORMANCE, connections, and CONFIGURATION. The MIB is queried by SNMP.

A Management Information Base is part of every SNMP-managed device. Each SNMP agent has the MIB database that contains information about the device's status, its performance, connections, and configuration. The MIB is queried by SNMP.

A METHOD for providing fault TOLERANCE by using multiple HARD DISK DRIVES.

A method for providing fault tolerance by using multiple hard disk drives.

A NETWORK in which there are multiple network LINKS between COMPUTERS to provide multiple paths for data to travel.

A network in which there are multiple network links between computers to provide multiple paths for data to travel.

A protocol that assures accurate local TIMEKEEPING with reference to radio and atomic clocks located on the Internet. This protocol is capable of SYNCHRONISING distributed clocks within MILLISECONDS over LONG time periods. It is defined in STD 12, RFC 1119.

A protocol that assures accurate local timekeeping with reference to radio and atomic clocks located on the Internet. This protocol is capable of synchronising distributed clocks within milliseconds over long time periods. It is defined in STD 12, RFC 1119.

A PSEUDO tty or false TERMINAL enables external machines to CONNECT through TELNET or rlogin. Without a pseudo tty, no CONNECTION can take place.

A pseudo tty or false terminal enables external machines to connect through Telnet or rlogin. Without a pseudo tty, no connection can take place.

A resource RECORD is an entry in a name server's database. There are several TYPES of resource RECORDS USED, including name-to-address resolution information. Resource records are maintained as ASCII files.

A resource record is an entry in a name server's database. There are several types of resource records used, including name-to-address resolution information. Resource records are maintained as ASCII files.

A TCB is a complex DATA STRUCTURE that CONTAINS a considerable amount of INFORMATION about each connection.

A TCB is a complex data structure that contains a considerable amount of information about each connection.

Along any transmission path from a GIVEN SOURCE to a given destination, a group of VIRTUAL circuits can be GROUPED together into what is called path.

Along any transmission path from a given source to a given destination, a group of virtual circuits can be grouped together into what is called path.

An UNSPECIFIED passive open has the SERVER waiting for a CONNECTION request from a client.
A FULLY specified passive open has the server waiting for a connection from a specific client.

An unspecified passive open has the server waiting for a connection request from a client.
A fully specified passive open has the server waiting for a connection from a specific client.

ANONYMOUS FTP enables users to connect to a host without using a valid login and password. Usually, anonymous FTP uses a login called anonymous or GUEST, with the password usually requesting the user's ID for tracking purposes only. Anonymous FTP is USED to enable a large number of users to ACCESS files on the host without having to go to the trouble of setting up logins for them all. Anonymous FTP systems usually have strict controls over the AREAS an anonymous user can access.

Anonymous FTP enables users to connect to a host without using a valid login and password. Usually, anonymous FTP uses a login called anonymous or guest, with the password usually requesting the user's ID for tracking purposes only. Anonymous FTP is used to enable a large number of users to access files on the host without having to go to the trouble of setting up logins for them all. Anonymous FTP systems usually have strict controls over the areas an anonymous user can access.

BIT rate is the number of bits transmitted during one SECOND whereas baud rate refers to the number of signal units PER second that are required to represent those bits.
baud rate = bit rate / N
where N is no-of-bits represented by each signal shift.

Bit rate is the number of bits transmitted during one second whereas baud rate refers to the number of signal units per second that are required to represent those bits.
baud rate = bit rate / N
where N is no-of-bits represented by each signal shift.

BUS TOPOLOGY:
In this each computer is directly connected to primary network cable in a single line.
Advantages:
Inexpensive, easy to install, SIMPLE to understand, easy to extend.

STAR topology:
In this all computers are connected using a CENTRAL hub.
Advantages:
Can be inexpensive, easy to install and RECONFIGURE and easy to trouble shoot physical problems.

RING topology:
In this all computers are connected in loop.
Advantages:
All computers have equal access to network media, installation can be simple, and signal does not degrade as much as in other topologies because each computer regenerates it.

BUS topology:
In this each computer is directly connected to primary network cable in a single line.
Advantages:
Inexpensive, easy to install, simple to understand, easy to extend.

STAR topology:
In this all computers are connected using a central hub.
Advantages:
Can be inexpensive, easy to install and reconfigure and easy to trouble shoot physical problems.

RING topology:
In this all computers are connected in loop.
Advantages:
All computers have equal access to network media, installation can be simple, and signal does not degrade as much as in other topologies because each computer regenerates it.

CLASS A 0.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255
Class B 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255
Class C 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255
Class D 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255
Class E 240.0.0.0 - 247.255.255.255.

Class A 0.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255
Class B 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255
Class C 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255
Class D 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255
Class E 240.0.0.0 - 247.255.255.255.

DNS uses UDP for COMMUNICATION between servers. It is a better CHOICE than TCP because of the improved speed a connectionless protocol offers. Of course, transmission RELIABILITY SUFFERS with UDP.

DNS uses UDP for communication between servers. It is a better choice than TCP because of the improved speed a connectionless protocol offers. Of course, transmission reliability suffers with UDP.

Every LINE has an upper limit and a lower limit on the FREQUENCY of signals it can CARRY. This limited RANGE is CALLED the bandwidth.

Every line has an upper limit and a lower limit on the frequency of signals it can carry. This limited range is called the bandwidth.

External Data Representation is a METHOD of encoding data WITHIN an RPC message, used to ENSURE that the data is not system-dependent.

External Data Representation is a method of encoding data within an RPC message, used to ensure that the data is not system-dependent.

Frame relay is a packet switching TECHNOLOGY. It will OPERATE in the data LINK layer.

Frame relay is a packet switching technology. It will operate in the data link layer.

HYBRID DEVICES that combine the FEATURES of both bridges and ROUTERS.

Hybrid devices that combine the features of both bridges and routers.

ICMP is Internet Control Message Protocol, a NETWORK layer protocol of the TCP/IP suite used by hosts and gateways to send notification of datagram PROBLEMS back to the sender. It uses the echo test / reply to test whether a destination is REACHABLE and RESPONDING. It also handles both control and error messages.

ICMP is Internet Control Message Protocol, a network layer protocol of the TCP/IP suite used by hosts and gateways to send notification of datagram problems back to the sender. It uses the echo test / reply to test whether a destination is reachable and responding. It also handles both control and error messages.

In a baseband TRANSMISSION, the entire BANDWIDTH of the cable is consumed by a single signal. In BROADBAND transmission, signals are SENT on multiple FREQUENCIES, allowing multiple signals to be sent simultaneously.

In a baseband transmission, the entire bandwidth of the cable is consumed by a single signal. In broadband transmission, signals are sent on multiple frequencies, allowing multiple signals to be sent simultaneously.

In a Ethernet network, between any TWO points on the network, there can be no more than five network SEGMENTS or FOUR repeaters, and of those five segments only three of segments can be POPULATED.

In a Ethernet network, between any two points on the network, there can be no more than five network segments or four repeaters, and of those five segments only three of segments can be populated.

In token RING , hub is CALLED Multistation ACCESS UNIT(MAU).

In token Ring , hub is called Multistation Access Unit(MAU).

INTERIOR gateways connect LANS of one ORGANIZATION, whereas EXTERIOR gateways connect the organization to the OUTSIDE world.

Interior gateways connect LANs of one organization, whereas exterior gateways connect the organization to the outside world.

It is a COLLECTION of routers under the control of a SINGLE ADMINISTRATIVE authority and that uses a common Interior Gateway Protocol.

It is a collection of routers under the control of a single administrative authority and that uses a common Interior Gateway Protocol.

It is a HOST that has a MULTIPLE network INTERFACES and that requires multiple IP addresses is CALLED as a Multi-homed Host.

It is a host that has a multiple network interfaces and that requires multiple IP addresses is called as a Multi-homed Host.

It is a problem that can RUIN TCP performance. This problem occurs when DATA are passed to the sending TCP entity in LARGE blocks, but an INTERACTIVE application on the receiving side reads 1 byte at a time.

It is a problem that can ruin TCP performance. This problem occurs when data are passed to the sending TCP entity in large blocks, but an interactive application on the receiving side reads 1 byte at a time.

It is a very simple PROTOCOL used for transmission of IP DATAGRAMS across a SERIAL LINE.

It is a very simple protocol used for transmission of IP datagrams across a serial line.

It is an AUTHENTICATION service developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Kerberos uses encryption to prevent intruders from discovering PASSWORDS and GAINING unauthorized access to FILES.

It is an authentication service developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Kerberos uses encryption to prevent intruders from discovering passwords and gaining unauthorized access to files.

It is an Internet routing protocol that scales WELL, can route TRAFFIC ALONG multiple paths, and uses knowledge of an Internet's TOPOLOGY to MAKE accurate routing decisions.

It is an Internet routing protocol that scales well, can route traffic along multiple paths, and uses knowledge of an Internet's topology to make accurate routing decisions.

It is any routing PROTOCOL USED WITHIN an autonomous system.

It is any routing protocol used within an autonomous system.

It is the protocol the ROUTERS in neighboring autonomous systems use to IDENTIFY the set of networks that can be REACHED within or VIA each autonomous system.

It is the protocol the routers in neighboring autonomous systems use to identify the set of networks that can be reached within or via each autonomous system.

It PROVIDES a framework for discussing network OPERATIONS and DESIGN.

It provides a framework for discussing network operations and design.

NETBIOS is a programming interface that allows I/O requests to be sent to and received from a REMOTE COMPUTER and it hides the networking hardware from APPLICATIONS.

NETBEUI is NetBIOS EXTENDED user interface. A transport protocol designed by microsoft and IBM for the use on SMALL subnets.

NETBIOS is a programming interface that allows I/O requests to be sent to and received from a remote computer and it hides the networking hardware from applications.

NETBEUI is NetBIOS extended user interface. A transport protocol designed by microsoft and IBM for the use on small subnets.

One of the main CAUSES of congestion is that traffic is often busy. If hosts could be made to transmit at a uniform rate, congestion would be LESS common. Another open loop method to help manage congestion is forcing the packet to be transmitted at a more PREDICTABLE rate. This is CALLED traffic shaping.

One of the main causes of congestion is that traffic is often busy. If hosts could be made to transmit at a uniform rate, congestion would be less common. Another open loop method to help manage congestion is forcing the packet to be transmitted at a more predictable rate. This is called traffic shaping.

One of two sublayers of the DATA link LAYER of OSI reference model, as defined by the IEEE 802 standard. This sublayer is responsible for maintaining the link between computers when they are sending data across the physical network CONNECTION.

One of two sublayers of the data link layer of OSI reference model, as defined by the IEEE 802 standard. This sublayer is responsible for maintaining the link between computers when they are sending data across the physical network connection.

Packet filter is a standard router EQUIPPED with some extra functionality. The extra functionality allows EVERY incoming or outgoing packet to be inspected. Packets MEETING some CRITERION are forwarded normally. Those that fail the test are DROPPED.

Packet filter is a standard router equipped with some extra functionality. The extra functionality allows every incoming or outgoing packet to be inspected. Packets meeting some criterion are forwarded normally. Those that fail the test are dropped.

Redirector is software that INTERCEPTS file or prints I/O REQUESTS and translates them into NETWORK requests. This comes under presentation LAYER.

Redirector is software that intercepts file or prints I/O requests and translates them into network requests. This comes under presentation layer.

Request to EXIT (REX) - A signal that informs the controller that someone has REQUESTED to exit from a SECURE area.

Request to Exit (REX) - A signal that informs the controller that someone has requested to exit from a secure area.

Routable protocols can WORK with a router and can be used to build LARGE NETWORKS. Non-Routable protocols are designed to work on small, LOCAL networks and cannot be used with a router.

Routable protocols can work with a router and can be used to build large networks. Non-Routable protocols are designed to work on small, local networks and cannot be used with a router.

SENDING a MESSAGE to a group is called MULTICASTING, and its routing algorithm is called MULTICAST routing.

Sending a message to a group is called multicasting, and its routing algorithm is called multicast routing.

Series of INTERFACE points that allow other computers to COMMUNICATE with the other LAYERS of NETWORK protocol STACK.

Series of interface points that allow other computers to communicate with the other layers of network protocol stack.

Server-based network,
Peer-to-peer network.

Peer-to-peer network, computers can act as both SERVERS sharing resources and as CLIENTS using the resources.
Server-based networks PROVIDE centralized control of network resources and rely on server computers to provide SECURITY and network ADMINISTRATION.

Server-based network,
Peer-to-peer network.

Peer-to-peer network, computers can act as both servers sharing resources and as clients using the resources.
Server-based networks provide centralized control of network resources and rely on server computers to provide security and network administration.

Telnet is ALSO called as terminal emulation. It BELONGS to APPLICATION layer.

Telnet is also called as terminal emulation. It belongs to application layer.

The address for a device as it is identified at the MEDIA Access Control (MAC) layer in the NETWORK architecture. MAC address is usually stored in ROM on the network ADAPTER card and is unique.

The address for a device as it is identified at the Media Access Control (MAC) layer in the network architecture. MAC address is usually stored in ROM on the network adapter card and is unique.