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CSMA/CD stands for CARRIER Sense Multiple ACCESS with Collision DETECTION. It is used to IMPROVE CSMA performance by terminating transmission as soon as a collision is detected.

CSMA/CD stands for Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection. It is used to improve CSMA performance by terminating transmission as soon as a collision is detected.

CRC is an ERROR checking algorithm that DETECTS errors during DATA TRANSMISSION.

CRC is an error checking algorithm that detects errors during data transmission.

A collision DOMAIN is that PART of the network where each STATION can view other station's TRAFFIC, which can be both unicast and BROADCAST.

A collision domain is that part of the network where each station can view other station's traffic, which can be both unicast and broadcast.

The Interface is represented by slot_#/port_#;
for EXAMPLE, FastEthernet 0/1, where 0 is slot_# and 1 is port_#.

The Interface is represented by slot_#/port_#;
for example, FastEthernet 0/1, where 0 is slot_# and 1 is port_#.

In the store and forward mode, the SWITCH WAITS till the entire data frame is received, before forwarding the frame to the destined INTERFACE.

In the store and forward mode, the switch waits till the entire data frame is received, before forwarding the frame to the destined interface.

In the cut-through MODE, the switch waits till the destination HARDWARE address is received and verified with the MAC FILTER table, before forwarding the frame to the destined interface.

In the cut-through mode, the switch waits till the destination hardware address is received and verified with the MAC filter table, before forwarding the frame to the destined interface.

The LAN SWITCH TYPES are cut-through, fragment FREE, and STORE and forward.

The LAN switch types are cut-through, fragment free, and store and forward.

The states of spanning TREE PORT are blocking, LISTENING, learning, forwarding, and DISABLED.

The states of spanning tree port are blocking, listening, learning, forwarding, and disabled.

The root bridge is the bridge with the smallest (or lowest) bridge ID in a SPANNING TREE. Each bridge has a UNIQUE ID and a configurable priority number. The bridge ID contains both the numbers.

The root bridge is the bridge with the smallest (or lowest) bridge ID in a spanning tree. Each bridge has a unique ID and a configurable priority number. The bridge ID contains both the numbers.

Spanning tree uses spanning tree algorithm to FIND redundant links in the LAN by SELECTING the best paths. It puts all the links in either forwarding or blocking STATE. The links without a redundant LINK and the best links with a redundant link would be in the forwarding state. The redundant links that were not as good as the SELECTED links would be in the blocking state.

Spanning tree uses spanning tree algorithm to find redundant links in the LAN by selecting the best paths. It puts all the links in either forwarding or blocking state. The links without a redundant link and the best links with a redundant link would be in the forwarding state. The redundant links that were not as good as the selected links would be in the blocking state.

STP is a LINK MANAGEMENT protocol that works on Layer 2 and provides path REDUNDANCY while preventing UNDESIRABLE LOOPS in the network.

STP is a link management protocol that works on Layer 2 and provides path redundancy while preventing undesirable loops in the network.

The THREE functions of LAYER 2 SWITCHING are as FOLLOWS:
1. Address learning
2. Forward/Filter decision
3. Loop avoidance

The three functions of Layer 2 switching are as follows:
1. Address learning
2. Forward/Filter decision
3. Loop avoidance

SWITCHING is the process of TAKING an INCOMING FRAME from one interface and sending the frame out through ANOTHER interface.

Switching is the process of taking an incoming frame from one interface and sending the frame out through another interface.

LAYER 2 switches cannot BREAK the broadcast domain and this causes the performance issues and limits the size of the network. In addition, switches broadcast and multicast, BESIDE the SLOW convergence of spanning tree, which can cause major PROBLEMS as the network grows.

Layer 2 switches cannot break the broadcast domain and this causes the performance issues and limits the size of the network. In addition, switches broadcast and multicast, beside the slow convergence of spanning tree, which can cause major problems as the network grows.

Switches uses MAC ADDRESS table to determine the SEGMENT on which a datagram needs to be TRANSMITTED.

Switches uses MAC address table to determine the segment on which a datagram needs to be transmitted.

FOLLOWING are the EXAMPLES of PACKET SWITCHING technology:

•  Link Access Procedure
•  BALANCED (LAPB)
•  Frame Relay
•  Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS)
•  X.25

Following are the examples of packet switching technology:

The Application SPECIFIC Integrated CIRCUITS (ASICS) technology is used by SWITCHES to build and maintain their filter table.

The Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) technology is used by switches to build and maintain their filter table.

Switch is a device that ENABLES multiple physical LAN segments to be interconnected into a single larger network. Switches work at the DATA link LAYER of the OSI MODEL.

Switch is a device that enables multiple physical LAN segments to be interconnected into a single larger network. Switches work at the data link layer of the OSI model.

Switching implementations are preferred over bridging because of SUPERIOR THROUGHPUT PERFORMANCE, higher port density, LOWER per-port cost, and greater FLEXIBILITY.

Switching implementations are preferred over bridging because of superior throughput performance, higher port density, lower per-port cost, and greater flexibility.

PPP, SLIP, PPTP, L2TP WORK at the DATA LINK LAYER.

PPP, SLIP, PPTP, L2TP work at the data link layer.

The examples of APPLICATION layer protocols are SIP, SSI, DNS, FTP, GOPHER, HTTP, DHCP, SMTP, SNMP, TELNET, RIP, and BGP.

The examples of application layer protocols are SIP, SSI, DNS, FTP, Gopher, HTTP, DHCP, SMTP, SNMP, Telnet, RIP, and BGP.

ARP is a PROTOCOL which maps an IP address to a physical MACHINE address that is RECOGNIZED in the local network.

ARP is a protocol which maps an IP address to a physical machine address that is recognized in the local network.

TCP is a connection-oriented PROTOCOL; WHEREAS, UDP is a connection-less protocol.

TCP is a connection-oriented protocol; whereas, UDP is a connection-less protocol.

ROUTERS are USED to COMMUNICATE between SEVERAL NETWORKS.

Routers are used to communicate between several networks.

The packet sequencing, acknowledgments, and requests for RETRANSMISSION TAKE PLACE at the TRANSPORT layer.

The packet sequencing, acknowledgments, and requests for retransmission take place at the transport layer.

BIT SYNCHRONIZATION is HANDLED at the PHYSICAL LAYER.

Bit synchronization is handled at the physical layer.

The MAC address is translated into LOGICAL address at the NETWORK LAYER.

The MAC address is translated into logical address at the network layer.

The PACKETS are FORMED at the NETWORK LAYER from the FRAMES.

The packets are formed at the network layer from the frames.

The FORMATTING of application DATA takes PLACE at the presentation LAYER.

The formatting of application data takes place at the presentation layer.

The data link layer has two SUB LAYERS: MAC and LLC. The MAC sub layer defines how to transmit data on the physical layer; whereas, the LLC sub layer logically identifies different protocols and ENCAPSULATES them.

The data link layer has two sub layers: MAC and LLC. The MAC sub layer defines how to transmit data on the physical layer; whereas, the LLC sub layer logically identifies different protocols and encapsulates them.

At the NETWORK LAYER the IP is IMPLEMENTED.

At the network layer the IP is implemented.

The session layer establishes, MAINTAINS, and TERMINATES COMMUNICATIONS between applications located on DIFFERENT devices.

The session layer establishes, maintains, and terminates communications between applications located on different devices.

Error detection and recovery TAKE PLACE at the transport LAYER.

Error detection and recovery take place at the transport layer.

The network LAYER uses the LOGICAL ADDRESS to route the data.

The network layer uses the logical address to route the data.

ENCRYPTION TAKES PLACE at the PRESENTATION LAYER.

Encryption takes place at the presentation layer.

FLOW control takes PLACE at the TRANSPORT LAYER.

Flow control takes place at the transport layer.

TCP and UDP WORK at the TRANSPORT LAYER.

TCP and UDP work at the transport layer.

MIDI and JPEG WORK at the PRESENTATION LAYER.

MIDI and JPEG work at the presentation layer.

APPLICATION, presentation, session, transport, network, data link, and PHYSICAL.

Application, presentation, session, transport, network, data link, and physical.

Bits are packaged into FRAMES at the DATA link LAYER of the OSI MODEL.

Bits are packaged into frames at the data link layer of the OSI model.

The TCP/IP model describes a set of guidelines and IMPLEMENTATION of specific networking protocols to enable computers to communicate over a NETWORK. It has four layers: network, INTERNET, TRANSPORT, and APPLICATION.

The TCP/IP model describes a set of guidelines and implementation of specific networking protocols to enable computers to communicate over a network. It has four layers: network, Internet, transport, and application.

The TRANSPORT LAYER ensures the reliable DELIVERY of the complete file or MESSAGE.

The transport layer ensures the reliable delivery of the complete file or message.

The ROUTER WORKS at the NETWORK LAYER of the OSI model.

The router works at the network layer of the OSI model.

The BRIDGES and switches work at the DATA link layer, that is, Layer 2 of the OSI REFERENCE MODEL.

The bridges and switches work at the data link layer, that is, Layer 2 of the OSI Reference Model.

The HUBS, repeaters, and network ADAPTERS work at the PHYSICAL layer of the OSI Reference MODEL.

The hubs, repeaters, and network adapters work at the physical layer of the OSI Reference Model.

The main functions of the distribution LAYER are as FOLLOWS:

•  Provides routing, filtering, and WAN access
•  Determines how packets can access the CORE

The main functions of the distribution layer are as follows:

The MAIN FUNCTION of the core LAYER is to provide FAULT isolation and backbone connectivity.

The main function of the core layer is to provide fault isolation and backbone connectivity.

The three LAYERS of Cisco Three-LAYER Hierarchical Model are core layer, distribution layer, and LOCAL ACCESS layer.

The three layers of Cisco Three-Layer Hierarchical Model are core layer, distribution layer, and local access layer.